Circuit Leakage Research Articles

AC Impedance Characteristics and Modeling of Electrical Leakage Circuit Within a Photovoltaic Module Installed in a Field

AC Impedance Characteristics and Modeling of Electrical Leakage Circuit Within a Photovoltaic Module Installed in a Field

A leakage-resistant catalytic hairpin assembly for ultrasensitive detection of miRNA-146a in systemic lupus erythematosus

a leakage-resistant catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) was developed for ultrasensitive detection of miRNA-146a in systemic lupus erythematosus. miRNA-146a can trigger the hybridization chain reaction (HCR) and form a long duplex. The two side chain of duplex can cleave the leakage-resistant hairpin and induce the CHA reaction. Simultaneously, the produced DNA fragment can also circularly catalyze and fasten the HCR reaction. The leakage-resistant hairpin used for CHA was firstly locked by substrate strand DNA. The special design inhibits the circuit leakage between hairpins, causing lower background than those traditional hairpin design. The limit of detection was improved to 1 fM by HCR coupled leakage-resistant CHA strategy. Significantly, it possibly provided an alternative strategy to prevent the leakage between hairpins. In addition, the incubation time had been obviously shorted by the recycle using of cleaved DNA fragments. It also showed a great specificity for miRNA-146a towards other similar sequence and great potential in early screening and clinical diagnosis.

Assessing the efficiency of measures to enhance electric power quality in variable-frequency drive for scraper conveyors

The intensive implementation of variable-frequency drive machines and installations in underground mining processes necessitates addressing several issues, with a primary focus on ensuring the quality of electric power. Elevating the energy resource of mining machines and enhancing the energy efficiency of mining operations requires maintaining the rated indicators of electric power quality in mine power distribution systems. Achieving this involves assessing the level and composition of higher harmonic components in voltage and current within power circuits equipped with variable-frequency drives (VFD). Key objectives encompass the development of a simulation model based on the equivalent diagram of the power distribution system substitution with a scraper conveyor VFD to scrutinize the spectral composition of higher harmonic components in the power circuits of the mine power distribution system (MPDS). Additionally, the study involves analyzing the impact of harmonic filters (HFs), reactors, and sine filters on the quality of electric power in the VFD system of a scraper conveyor. Further analysis extends to the spectral composition of higher harmonic components in circuits related to insulation leakage and metering circuits of the residual-current device. Practical recommendations for improving electric power quality in the VFD system of a scraper conveyor are then developed based on the research findings. The established model of a variable-frequency drive system for scraper conveyors facilitates the assessment of the effectiveness of electric power quality improvement measures. The harmonic composition of voltage and current in the mine power distribution system is determined under maximum distortion conditions and in the presence of HFs, reactors, and sine filters. Research methods are chosen to unveil the spectral composition of voltage and current in symmetrical and single-phase modes of insulation leakage, as well as in metering circuits of residual-current devices (RCDs). It is noted that the harmonic composition of leakage voltage and current is primarily influenced by the parameters of the output voltage modulated by the autonomous frequency converter inverter. Considering the high level of harmonic components in voltage and current, adjustments to RCD settings, capacitive current compensator, and the protective shunting unit are recommended for electrical safety. The study emphasizes the importance of scientifically substantiating the rated indicators of higher harmonic components for leakage circuits and further exploring the physiological effects of higher current harmonics on the human body. The feasibility of installing a harmonic filter (HF) directly on the low-voltage supply section of a scraper conveyor should be technically justified. Interestingly, the presence of HFs, reactors, and sine filters does not significantly impact the harmonic composition or the magnitudes of coefficients of the harmonic components in the phase voltage of the system concerning ground and leakage currents through insulation. However, higher harmonic components induced in leakage current circuits may pose a potential hazard, leading to a violation of magnetic compatibility and posing risks in case of contact with live parts of electrical equipment.

The Use of Bi-Nasal Prongs for Delivery of Non-Invasive Ventilation to Foals.

Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is a method of providing respiratory support without the need for airway intubation. The current study was undertaken to assess tolerance to bi-nasal prongs and NIV in healthy, standing, lightly sedated foals. Bi-nasal prongs were well tolerated by foals, remaining in place for the allocated five minutes in four of six unsedated foals and, subsequently, in five of six lightly sedated foals. All foals tolerated NIV through bi-nasal prongs, although increasing airway pressures were associated with increases in inspiratory volume, duration of inspiration and air leakage in most foals. These changes preceded discontinuation/intolerance of NIV on the basis of behaviour changes consistent with discomfort. Increased circuit leakage was associated with reduced return of expired air to the ventilator and increasing disparity between inspiratory and expiratory times and tidal volumes. The study results suggest that bi-nasal prongs might be suitable for NIV but that design or fitting requires further optimization and that behaviour and ventilator variables should be monitored to assess patient tolerance of the procedure.

Single ended 12T cntfet sram cell with high stability for low power smart device applications

Static random-access memory (SRAM) is the most prevalent type of memory used in current system-on-chips (SOC). SRAMs built using Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) transistors, suffer from low stability and significant power dissipation at nano scale regime [1]. Studies show that the Carbon nanotube field effect transistor (CNTFET) are prominent to use at nano scale region. This article proposes a 12T CNTFET SRAM cell and its performance metrics like power, stability and delay are compared with various other recent SRAM cells by simulating them using CNTFETs. Two Schmitt trigger (ST) based cross coupled inverter arrangement make up the storage cell in the suggested 12T CNTFET SRAM bit cell. ST-based inverter has stacked N-type transistors, which reduces the circuit's leakage and the voltage transfer characteristics (VTC) of ST inverter is also sharper than the other conventional inverters, thereby enhancing the stability performance of the proposed bit cell. The cell also uses feedback cutting transistor and a separate read and write path to further improve the stability performances during read and write modes. The suggested 12T CNTFET SRAM cell shows higher write SNM, hold SNM and read SNM when compared to other state of the art SRAM cells. The read and write delay of the proposed 12T CNTFET SRAM cell is also seen to improve in contrast to the other SRAM designs. The proposed 12T CNTFET SRAM cell when simulated using 32 nm CNTFET at 0.9 V, shows write power, hold power, read power, write delay, read delay, write static noise margin (WSNM), HSNM and read static noise margin (RSNM), as 0.19 nW, 1.61 nW, 3.13 µW, 119 pS, 7.33 pS, 444 mV, 420 mV, 420 mV respectively. The suggested cell is also tested for parametric variations and its performance is also recorded. The proposed cell surpasses all other cells considered as far as power and stability are concerned making it suitable for usage in smart devices like smart bands, smart watches etc. A 32 nm Stanford University model is used to simulate the proposed 12T CNTFET SRAM cell using the HSPICE tool.

A Spatially Controlled Proximity Split Tweezer Switch for Enhanced DNA Circuit Construction and Multifunctional Transduction.

DNA strand displacement reactions are vital for constructing intricate nucleic acid circuits, owing to their programmability and predictability. However, the scarcity of effective methods for eliminating circuit leakages has hampered the construction of circuits with increased complexity. Herein, a versatile strategy is developed that relies on a spatially controlled proximity split tweezer (PST) switch to transduce the biomolecular signals into the independent oligonucleotides. Leveraging the double-stranded rigidity of the tweezer works synergistically with the hindering effect of the hairpin lock, effectively minimizing circuit leakage compared with sequence-level methods. In addition, the freely designed output strand is independent of the target binding sequence, allowing the PST switch conformation to be modulated by nucleic acids, small molecules, and proteins, exhibiting remarkable adaptability to a wide range of targets. Using this platform, established logical operations between different types of targets for multifunctional transduction are successfully established. Most importantly, the platform can be directly coupled with DNA catalytic circuits to further enhance transduction performance. The uniqueness of this platform lies in its design straightforwardness, flexibility, scalable intricacy, and system compatibility. These attributes pave a broad path toward nucleic acid-based development of sophisticated transduction networks, making them widely applied in basic science research and biomedical applications.

Regulable toehold lock for the effective control of strand displacement reaction sequence and circuit leakage

Strand displacement reaction enables the construction of enzyme-free DNA reaction networks, thus has been widely applied to DNA circuit and nanotechnology. It has the characteristics of high efficiency, universality and regulatability. However, the existing regulation tools cannot enable effective control of the reaction sequence, which undoubtedly limits the construction of complex nucleic acid circuits. Herein, we developed a regulation tool, toehold lock, and achieved strict control of reaction sequence without loss of the main reaction signal output. Furthermore, we applied the tool to scenarios such as seesaw circuits, AND/OR logic gates, and entropy-driven circuits, and respectively demonstrated its significant superiority compared to the original method. We believe that the proposed toehold lock has greatly optimized the efficiency of DNA strand displacement-based networks, and we anticipate that the tool will be widely used in multiple fields.

Side-Channel Leakage in SFQ Circuits and Related Attacks on Qubit Control and Readout Systems

Single flux quantum (SFQ) technology is currently used as a cryogenic control and readout circuitry of superconducting quantum computers. The low power operation and high switching frequency of SFQ technology are instrumental to efficiently scale a quantum computer. With the growing interest in the hardware security of SFQ circuits, a novel side-channel leakage mechanism in SFQ-to-DC converters is uncovered in this paper. The leakage mechanism is investigated for two logic styles, namely rapid SFQ (RSFQ) and energy-efficient RSFQ (ERSFQ). By observing the fluctuations in the power supply provided by the room temperature electronics, a malicious adversary can extract critical information about the applied input signals. This type of side-channel leakage can lead to serious security vulnerabilities for superconducting electronics and quantum computers. Two potential side-channel attacks that exploit this vulnerability and target SFQ-based qubit control and readout systems are proposed.

고조파 비율을 이용한 고신뢰성의 A형 누전차단기 알고리즘에 관한 연구

In this paper, we propose an algorithm with high-reliability for A-Type leakage current detection by applying a Fourier transform. In this study, Fourier transforms were used to improve the reliability of distinguishing between A-type leakage currents and normal currents due to ZCT saturation. The components of each current waveform were analyzed and verified in the frequency domain, and an algorithm using the content of the third harmonic compared to the fundamental was applied. By applying the proposed algorithm, high-reliability were secured compared to the operation of the existing analog A-Type earth leakage circuit breaker.

An intelligent fault detection approach for digital integrated circuits through graph neural networks.

To quickly and accurately realize the fault diagnosis of analog circuits, this paper introduces the graph neural network method and proposes a fault diagnosis method for digital integrated circuits. The method filters the signals present in the digital integrated circuit to remove noise signals and redundant signals and analyzes the digital integrated circuit characteristics after the filtering process to obtain the digital integrated circuit leakage current variation. To the problem of the lack of a parametric model for Through-Silicon Via (TSV) defect modeling, the method of TSV defect modeling based on finite element analysis is proposed. The common TSV defects such as voids, open circuits, leakage, and unaligned micro-pads are modeled and analyzed by using industrial-grade FEA tools Q3D and HFSS, and the equivalent circuit model of resistance inductance conductance capacitance (RLGC) for each defect is obtained. Finally, the superior performance of this paper in fault diagnosis accuracy and fault diagnosis efficiency is verified by comparing and analyzing with the traditional graph neural network method and random graph neural network method for active filter circuits.

An enzyme-free turn-on fluorescent strategy for nucleic acid detection based on hybridization chain reaction and transferable silver nanoclusters.

A fluorescence biosensor has been developed based on hybridisation chain reaction (HCR) amplification coupled with silver nanoclusters (AgNCs) for nucleic acid detection. The fluorescence was activated via end-to-end transfer of dark AgNCs caged within a DNA template to another DNA sequence that could enhance their red fluorescence emission at 611nm. Such cluster-transfer approach allows us to introduce fluorogenic AgNCs as external signal transducers, thereby enabling HCR to perform in a predictable manner. The resulted HCR-AgNC biosensor was able to detect target DNA with a detection limit of 3.35 fM, and distinguish the DNA target from single-base mismatch sequences. Moreover, the bright red fluorescence emission was detectable with the naked eye, with concentration of target DNA down to 1pM. The biosensor also performed well in human serum samples with good recovery. Overall, our cluster-transfer approach provides a good alternative to construct HCR-AgNC assay with less risk of circuit leakage and produce AgNCs in a controllable manner.

A dual-biomarker-controlled DNA logic platform assisted with multivariate statistical analysis for accurate and high-throughput recognition of cancer cells

Present DNA logic platforms mainly focused on distinguishing a specific kind of cancer cell from several other types of cell lines, while limited efforts have been paid to high-throughput recognition of cancer cells. A new DNA logic platform coupled with multivariate statistical analysis was developed to classify seven kinds of cancer cells. Four confined DNA circuits containing localized catalytic hairpin assembly (LCHA) and apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1)-assisted circuits were conjugated to a protein of streptavidin (SA) for DNA logic platform. The mismatch minimizes the circuit leakage of the confined DNA circuits by inhibiting the incorrectly intramolecular structure switch. Benefitting from the spatial-confined effect, the DNA logic platform as a modified AND logic gate sensitively responded to the dual intracellular biomarkers, thereby generating strong dual fluorescent output signals in living cells. Based on the fluorescent cell imaging, multidimensional data collected from 50 individual cells were concatenated as a dataset for multivariate statistical analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) shows distinct clustering among the seven kinds of cancer cell lines. A random forest algorithm obtained the specificity and sensitivity of 100%. Therefore, the DNA logic platform coupling with multivariate statistical analysis shows promising potential for cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Flux‐adjusting characteristic analysis and optimization design of variable‐leakage‐flux interior permanent magnet motor

In this paper, a novel variable-leakage-flux interior permanent magnet (VLF-IPM) motor is proposed, which is a kind of mechanical flux-adjusting PM motor. The VLF-IPM motor can obtain the advantages of the IPM motor and overcome the difficulty to adjust PM airgap flux by locating a self-activating device that is introduced in this paper on the rotor. The effect of the flux barriers on the flux leakage circuit is analysed by establishing a rotor parametric model to clarify the influence of flux barriers of the VLF-IPM motor on flux-adjusting performance. Then, the electromagnetic performance of VLF-IPM motors with different volume ratios of cylindrical permanent magnets (CPMs) and rectangular permanent magnets (RPMs) are compared by using the finite element analysis (FEA) method, and the experiment results show that VLF-IPM motor with characteristics of 0 < κrc < 1 has more advantages comprehensively. Moreover, a multi-objective optimization process is adopted based on sensitivity analysis which can reflect the influences of geometric parameters on the optimization objectives including average torque, torque ripple and cogging torque. Then, the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II(NSGA-II) is utilised to determine the optimal model. Finally, a prototype is manufactured and tested, and the effectiveness of the novel VLF-IPM motor and the self-activating device are verified by the simulation and experiments.

A dual DNA tetrahedrons and MnO2 nanosheets sustained entropy-driven DNA amplifier enables high-performance operation in live cells and bodies under a light-gated manner

Benefiting from the low chance of circuit leakage and the sufficient driving forces, the entropy-driven DNA amplifier has attracted great attention in constructing new fluorescent biosensors to operate in live specimen. But unfortunately, this promising signal amplification means still confront with some inevitable defects such as poor accuracy, inferior bio-stability and unsatisfactory biological uptake efficiency. To deal with these challenges, we propose here a series of rewarding sensing designs. First, an exceptional light-gated manner is integrated by embedding the sensing elements with a photocleavage-linker, under which the target specific recognition is capable of being initiated in a faultless control mode under a light irradiation. Then, dual DNA tetrahedrons are employed to anchor the linear DNA probes on their endpoints to significantly improve the enzyme resistance in complex biological medium. After that, a two-dimensional nanomaterial (MnO2 nanosheets) that can be efficiently reduced by biothiols is selected as an auxiliary nanovector to promote the endocytosis. By virtue of these efforts, this special biosensor is endowed with a good assay performance towards an underlying lung cancer related biomarker (microRNA-196a), wherein the sensitivity is as low as 3.2 pM and the specificity owns an identification ability for single-base mismatching. More importantly, our method can be utilized as a high-performance imaging toolbox for reliably detecting the target in live cancer/normal cells and bodies, offering a broad application prospect for cancer diagnosis.

Development of Smart Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker Using IoT and Power Electronics

The Smart Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker research is based on IoT& power electronics-based protective switchgear for domestic consumers for the protection against earth leakage faults. In this paper, we have shown how to create a custom web server using HTML and CSS language and hosting this webserver to ESP module using Serial Peripheral Flash File System (SPIFFS). Along with protection against earth fault it provides, controlling of tripping current or fault current, monitoring voltage, power, current, power factor parameters of the connected load, monitoring fault parameters, Indicating the device status whether the ELCB is on or off, and the condition of ELCB it is in faulty condition or healthy condition and to let the user set the value of the tripping current on the webserver at which the ELCB must trip.

A Novel Method to Control Leakage and Noise in Domino Circuit for Wide Fan-In OR Logic

This paper proposes a novel method to control leakage and noise in domino circuits for wide fan-in OR logic with low power consumption, low process variation, and higher noise margin under the similar delay condition. In the proposed method, output and dynamic nodes are isolated from the PDN (Pull-Down Network) to improve the noise immunity and reduce switching activity. Further, with the aid of a transistor in the stack, the sub-threshold current is reduced. Thus, the proposed domino is applicable for high-speed and low-power applications in deep sub-micro-range. Simulation results show that the proposed domino improves the noise immunity and figure of merit (FOM) by factors of 1.95 and 2.34, respectively, with respect to the conventional domino with a footer. Along with this improvement, 26% reduction is also observed in power consumption. The entire simulations for all the domino circuits are done at 45-nm CMOS technology by using SPECTRE simulator under the Cadence Virtuoso environment.

Total Ionizing Dose Effect and Failure Mechanism of Digital Signal Processor

Ionizing radiation effect and failure mechanism of Digital signal processor (DSP) is studied through test-board and automatic test equipment to find the relationship between system function failure and parameter degradation. Static bias is more sensitive than dynamic bias when DSP is tested on-line during radiation. Core current, high-Z leakage current and timing parameter are sensitive to ionizing radiation. No enhanced low-dose-rate sensitivity is found by comparing experiment results under high and low dose rate radiation. External memory interface and Timer are deduced to be the sensitive module by step radiation and analysis basing full parameter test in Verigy 93000. The timing parameter degradation have a strong correlation to these module functions. And the degeneration mechanism is analysed on inverter through Hspice simulation which indicate the leakage circuit caused by radiation can lead a delay to the digital signal propagating. The parasitical capacitance among long connections make it worse to the data transmission around DSP, field programmable gate array and memory. Then an early function failure occurs in test board than Verigy 93000. This work provide support to systematic radiation hardness design and hardness assurance/lot acceptance testing in space applications.

Minimizing Leakage in Stacked Strand Exchange Amplification Circuits.

Signal amplification is ubiquitous in biology and engineering. Protein enzymes, such as DNA polymerases, can routinely achieve >106-fold signal increase, making them powerful tools for signal enhancement. Considerable signal amplification can also be achieved using nonenzymatic, cascaded nucleic acid strand exchange reactions. However, the practical application of such kinetically trapped circuits has so far proven difficult due to uncatalyzed leakage of the cascade. We now demonstrate that strategically positioned mismatches between circuit components can reduce unprogrammed hybridization reactions and therefore greatly diminish leakage. In consequence, we were able to synthesize a three-layer catalytic hairpin assembly cascade that could operate in a single tube and that yielded 3.7 × 104-fold signal amplification in only 4 h, a greatly improved performance relative to previous cascades. This advance should facilitate the implementation of nonenzymatic signal amplification in molecular diagnostics, as well as inform the design of a wide variety of increasingly intricate nucleic acid computation circuits.

Addition of mirror-image L-DNA elements to DNA amplification circuits to distinguish leakage from target signal

DNA amplification circuits that rely on thermodynamically-driven hybridization events triggered by a target nucleic acid are becoming increasingly utilized due to their relative simplicity. A drawback of these circuits is that non-specific amplification, or circuit leakage, must be estimated using a separate “no-target” control reaction to eliminate false positives. Aside from requiring an additional reaction, the problem with this approach is the difficulty of creating a no-target control for biological specimens. To overcome this limitation, we propose a strategy that combines both reactions into the same tube using naturally-occurring right-handed D-DNA circuit elements for the target detection reaction and identical synthetic mirror-image left-handed L-DNA circuit elements for the no-target control reaction. We illustrate this approach using catalyzed hairpin assembly (CHA), one of the most studied DNA amplification circuits. In a dual-chirality CHA design, the right-handed circuit signal is produced by target-specific amplification and circuit leakage, whereas the left-handed circuit signal is produced only by circuit leakage. The target-specific amplification is calculated as the difference between the two signals. The limit of detection of this dual-chirality CHA reaction was found to be similar to that of traditional CHA (81 vs 92 pM, respectively). Furthermore, the left-handed no-target signal matched the right-handed leakage across a wide range of sample conditions including background DNA, increased salt concentration, increased temperature, and urine. These results demonstrate the robustness of a dual-chirality design and the potential utility of left-handed DNA in the development of new DNA amplification circuits better-suited for target detection applications in biological samples.

Low Power Sub-threshold Domino AND Gate

A high performance digital system is the need of an hour, in the current scenario not only the area but the leakage power holds the key for the future devices. The development of handheld devices often gets restricted due to the limited power resources available in these devices. The conventional structure performs badly for these devices hence multiple design schemes like domino have surface for recent devices. The Domino logic circuits provide high speed operations in comparison to conventional structure. The problem of charge sharing, charge leakage in domino circuits results in improper output level which can be eliminated using Keeper and Pre-charge internal node technique. For achieving very low power all PMOS and NMOS transistors are conducted in sub threshold region. This paper has implemented ultra-low power Domino AND gate. Simulations has been done using Tanner 13 using 18u CMOS technology. A comparison has been carried out with different approaches available in literature and keeper circuit-based domino logic reveals least power consumption which makes it is suitable for ultra-low power devices.