Chemical Characteristics Of Water Research Articles

Geochemical characterization and implications of soil gas and geothermal fluids in the fault zone of Xiongan new area

This study investigates the geochemical characteristics and implications of soil gas and geothermal fluids in the fault zone of Xiongan New Area (XNA). Spatial distribution analysis reveals high soil gas concentrations along the fault zone, prompting the establishment of measurement lines along specific fault segments, such as Niudong fault, with a vertical burial trend. The measured average Rn flux ranges from 71.44 to 335.35 mBq m−2s−1, while CO2 flux ranges from 25.96 to 78.23 g m−2d−1. Furthermore, the average Rn and CO2 concentration intensities range from 0.91 to 2.30 and 1.13 to 2.61, respectively, indicating significant degassing in the fault zone.Geothermal well samples are collected from the deep reservoir in XNA, displaying a predominance of Cl–Na composition. Analysis of the Na–K–Mg equilibrium diagram suggests that the chemical characteristics of deep geothermal water are a result of interactions with rocks and mixing with shallow cold water in XNA. Isotopic analysis indicates the atmospheric precipitation origin of the deep geothermal water with extensive lateral recharge from underground runoff, emphasizing strong water-rock interactions. Comparison with other tectonic units in the region reveals that the Niudong Fault Zone serves as a regional geothermal control structure, facilitating deep fluid convection.In the eastern part of XNA, the geochemical analysis reveals concentrated degassing and a relatively high proportion of mantle-derived sources near the Niudong Fault Zone. This observation suggests the fault zone serves as a primary conduit for deep gases and geothermal fluids. The findings of this research provide valuable scientific references for future urban planning, energy utilization, and geologic hazard monitoring in XNA. Continued monitoring efforts are crucial for understanding the nature of fault activity and resource distribution in the region.

Palatability Assessment of Subsurface Water in South India: An Experimental and Numerical Study

Monitoring the quality of groundwater is crucial and important for the environment, the human health and agriculture practices. This study focused on evaluating the physical and chemical characteristics of subsurface water of different selected places in Coimbatore. This study was also aimed for identifying the influence of sampling location to its characteristics. Twenty-five subsurface water samples were taken from distinct places and sources. The tests were conducted as per Indian standards. The findings indicate that temperature, available and residual chlorine, and pH are nearly identical for all groundwater samples; turbidity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, sulphates and iron change significantly depending on where the source was located. To determine the appropriateness of ground water samples for drinking purposes, findings were compared with Indian (IS 10500:2012) and WHO (2006) standards. It was determined that results for all parameters are within the acceptable limit. The statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS software to know the significance of the predicted results and it has been found that the results were statistically significant.

Comparative study of the quality of water produced by a solar distiller and by reverse osmosis

Freshwater is a vital resource for human well-being, accounting for about 2.5% of the water on our planet. However, the growing demand for freshwater puts its quality at risk. For meeting the water needs, desalination is a crucial solution, but it needs to be ensured that the water quality meets the international standards. In this article, we will compare the physical and chemical characteristics of water produced by solar distillation and reverse osmosis, using the same source water. We started with saline water with a pH ranging from 7.70 to 7.80, conductivity ranging from 49.5 to 51 ms/cm, and bicarbonate ion concentration ranging from 125 to 145 mg/l. We used a solar distiller and reverse osmosis to obtain distilled water with a pH of 7 to 7.20, conductivity of 0.2 to 1.6 ms/cm, and bicarbonate ion concentration of 14 to 28.5 mg/l. The results we obtained were found to comply with international drinking water standards.

Physical and Chemical Analysis of Water Quality at Al-Dur Water Treatment Plant

Background: Water is a fundamental element for sustaining life, playing a crucial role in supporting various organisms. Ensuring the quality of water is vital for public health and safety. This study aimed to examine the water quality at different stages of the Al-Dur Water Treatment Plant and household supplies serviced by the plant from September 2023 to February 2024. Methods: Five water samples were collected from different stages of the treatment process, including raw, sedimentation, alum, treated, and storage tank waters. Additional samples from household supplies were also gathered. Upon arrival at the laboratory, all samples underwent immediate physical and chemical testing. Parameters measured included air and water temperatures, turbidity, electrical conductivity, pH levels, total hardness, total alkalinity, salinity, and total dissolved solids (TDS). Results: During the study period, air temperatures ranged from 12.4°C to 34.4°C, and water temperatures varied between 11.4°C and 28.6°C. Turbidity values ranged from 1.58 NTU to 32.2 NTU, while electrical conductivity values ranged from 412 µS/cm to 585 µS/cm. pH values, predominantly alkaline, ranged from 7.3 to 9.6. Alkalinity values ranged from 40 mg/L to 180 mg/L, and TDS from 210 mg/L to 355 mg/L. Total hardness levels were between 138 mg/L and 338.3 mg/L, aligning with recommended drinking water standards. Conclusion: The findings contribute to a better understanding of the physical and chemical characteristics of water processed by the Al-Dur Water Treatment Plant, essential for ensuring water quality and safety in the region. This study aids in evaluating the effectiveness of the treatment processes and maintaining compliance with regulatory standards for potable water supply.

Ecological and statistical models to configure flow regime for environment benefit in highly engineered rivers: a case study in the MacKenzie River, Southeast Australia.

Ecological and statistical models were developed using freshwater algal assemblages to assess water quality and ecological health of a regulated river. These models were used to inform configuration of flows to maintain or improve environmental conditions of the waterway whilst meeting consumptive water supply commitments. The flow regime of the MacKenzie River, western Victoria, Australia, has been substantially modified since the construction of a water supply reservoir on its upper reach in 1887. Water is withdrawn at several locations downstream of the reservoir, creating a substantially modified flow regime, impacting key environmental values of the river. To assess the impact of the different flow regimes on river health and ecosystem function, ten sites were repeatedly sampled along the river between February 2012 and April 2014. Physical and chemical characteristics of water, including pH, temperature, turbidity, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, total nitrogen, total phosphorous, cations, and anions, were measured. Biological properties of the algal periphyton communities, including dry mass, ash-free dry mass, chlorophyll-a concentration, and species composition, were also measured. Exploration of the algal assemblage and water chemistry data using the computationally unconstrained ordination technique such as principal component analysis principal component analysis (PCA), correspondence analysis (CA), detrended correspondence analysis (DCA), and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated two strong gradients in the data sets. Furthermore, the quantitative ecosystem response models have been developed as the prototype tool to assist in the future configuration of flows in this river. The empirical data and models showed the lower reaches of the river to be in poor condition under low flows, but this condition improved under flows of 35 ML/day, as indicated by the reduction in green algae and cyanobacteria and improvement. Finally, the results are presented to tailor discharge and duration of water volume by amalgamation of consumptive and environmental flows to improve the condition of the stream thereby supplementing the flows dedicated to environmental outcomes.

GEOMORPHOLOGICAL, HYDROGEOLOGICAL AND GROUNDWATER QUALITY ANALYSIS IN KARST SYSTEMS OF THE CENTRAL-WESTERN PART OF METALIFERI MOUNTAINS

This scientific study focuses on the relatively lesser-known karst areas in the central-western part of Metaliferi Mountains. These surfaces display pronounced spatial fragmentation, forming limestone klippes with well-defined karst systems of geomorphic and hydrogeological complexity. Using GIS and statistical methods, the study highlights the morphological and distributional traits of the identified karst forms. Additionally, the area was analysed from a hydrogeological standpoint to explore the connections between the identified insurgences and exsurgences, and the impact of the karst environment on the chemical characteristics of karst waters. The geomorphological analysis reveals a clustered and non-uniform arrangement of depression forms, as shown by the nearest neighbour index, with a quasi-circular shape highlighted by the Circularity Index. From a hydrogeological perspective, there is an increase in carbonate ions (HCO3-) and calcium ions (Ca2+), along with a decrease in Fe and Al ions, indicating possible alluvium presence as a filter. The comparison of these values with legal thresholds demonstrates a high water quality in the analysed karst exurgences.

The Chemical Weathering of Rocks and Its Carbon Sink Effect in the Naqu River Basin of the Nujiang River Source Area, Southwest China

Carbon plays an important role in global climate change. The mechanisms of carbon sources and carbon sinks have also received wide attention from society, and the physical and chemical characteristics of riverine ions can reflect the chemical weathering of rocks and carbon sink capacity of river basins. Based on the data on river, rainwater, and rock samples from 2019, this study used various methods, such as ion ratio diagrams and ternary diagrams, to analyze the chemical characteristics of water; the chemical weathering and carbon sink effects of rocks were also calculated while assuming three scenarios based on the main sources of ions in the Naqu River. The results showed that for the whole catchment, the main ion sources in the river were: carbonate rock chemical weathering > silicate rock chemical weathering > evaporite dissolution > atmospheric precipitation input. According to the calculations, in the three scenarios, the carbonate weathering rates were 16.84, 11.32, and 14.08 t/km2/yr, and the carbon sink capacities were 66.47, 121.13, and 93.80 mol/km2/yr, respectively; the evaporite weathering rates were 2.20, 9.63, and 5.92 t/km2/yr, respectively. The silicate chemical weathering rate and carbon sink capacity did not change significantly in either scenario, with 6.82 t/km2/yr and 248.6 mol/km2/yr, respectively. This study quantified the ion sources in the Naqu River basin and accurately analyzed their chemical genesis, which helps in understanding the role of the rivers of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau in the global carbon cycle and global climate change, in addition to providing a reference for the scientific development of the Nujing River.

Dynamics of dissolved Fe content in tributaries of Lake Teletskoe, depending on solar activity indicators

Relevance. The need to expand and deepen the understanding of the influence of solar radiation indicators on chemical characteristics of surface water, since the dependence of hydrochemical processes on periodic changes in solar activity has so far been studied extremely poorly. In addition, special attention is paid worldwide to the study of iron content in waters of rivers and lakes. Iron increased concentrations are one of the reasons for the "brownification" of surface waters in a significant part of the Northern Hemisphere. Aim. To establish a relationship between iron content and dynamics in the waters of the tributaries of Lake Teletskoe with indicators of solar activity (sunspots number, F-index). Methods. Water samples from the tributaries of Lake Teletskoe were collected into clean new polyethylene bottles in the estuaries of the rivers, from a depth of 0.5 m during the spring-summer high water and autumn low water, in 2016–2020. Content of total and dissolved Fe in the waters was determined by the ISP-MS method and by the AAS method. We used the data on solar activity indicators from the Belgian Observatory, which are freely available. Results. The total Fe content in the rivers of Lake Teletskoe basin for the period from 2016 to 2020 changes from 5 to 340 µg/l. Concentrations of dissolved iron (4 to 200 µg/l) do not exceed Russian standards, but they are often noticeably higher than the global average for river waters established abroad. The highest iron content, as well as the proportion of its soluble forms in the tributaries of Lake Teletskoe and in lake waters, was noted in 2016. It is probably due to the highest rates of solar activity. They cause certain changes in the environment – such as an increase in air temperature and water evaporation, and decrease in river flow, which accompanied by growth in concentrations of chemical elements in surface waters. Since 2016, there has been a steady decrease in dissolved iron concentration in surface natural waters of Lake Teletskoe basin, which may be a consequence of a decrease in solar radiation intensity in recent years.

Investigating limnological processes and modern sedimentation at Lake Żabińskie, northeast Poland: a decade-long multi-variable dataset, 2012–2021

Abstract. Here, we present a dataset of a decade-long monitoring project of Lake Żabińskie, a hardwater eutrophic lake in northeast Poland. The lake contains annually laminated (varved) sediments that form a unique archive of past environmental variability. Regular measurements of the lake water physical and chemical characteristics were done using a multiparameter sonde and a set of temperature sensors deployed in the water column. Seasonal variability in sediment fluxes was documented by a sediment trap. Field sampling provided information about the hydrochemistry of incoming streams and of the lake outflow. The overall monitoring program was designed to assess relationships among meteorological conditions, limnological processes, and modern sedimentation and to answer the question of whether meteorological and limnological phenomena can be precisely tracked with varves. However, this dataset can also be used for modeling physical and biogeochemical processes in lakes. The dataset is archived at https://doi.org/10.34808/w8w7-9x34 (Tylmann et al., 2023).

Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Evolution Processes of Karst Groundwater Affected by Multiple Influencing Factors in a Karst Spring Basin, Eastern China

Karst groundwater is an important water supply, especially in northern China. With the rapid development of China’s economy, anthropogenic activities have had a significant impact on karst groundwater formation, circulation and other processes. In this paper, the Baotu spring basin, which is closely related to anthropogenic activities, was selected as the research object to carry out a study of water chemical characteristics and evolutionary processes. And, mathematical statistics, Piper trilinear diagram, Gibbs diagram, and ion ratio methods were used to analyze the characteristics and evolution processes of groundwater. The results of this study show that the hydrogeochemical components of karst groundwater are mainly controlled by the weathering of rocks, mainly by the dissolution of carbonate rocks and silicates with the dominant cation of Ca2+ and the dominant anion of HCO3−. Considering the role of anthropogenic activities, including agricultural and industrial activities, the evolution process of karst groundwater is mainly controlled by hydrogeochemical effects such as mineral dissolution and filtration, the mixing of multiple water bodies, anthropogenic activities (domestic sewage, industrial and agricultural wastes), oxidation–reduction and cation alternating adsorption. Moreover, the influence of anthropogenic activities on the formation and evolution of karst groundwater gradually increases, leading to the rise in nitrate content in karst groundwater and accelerating carbonate rock dissolution. The research results of this paper can provide a favorable reference for environmental protection and research on karst groundwater in areas of intensive anthropogenic activity.

Study the Concentration of PAHS in Al-Rumayth River Water-Iraq

This study’s goals were to look into PAH concentrations and compositions as well as chemical and physical water characteristics. In Al –Rumaytha river. This study was conducted out during from November 2021 to October 2022. According to the results, sixteen PAHs compounds were found in the water, including According to the results, water contained sixteen different PAHs components including Acenaphthene and Acenaphthylene ranged between (47.1-91.5, 24.9-55.7) ppm, The values Anthracene, Naphthalene, phenanthene and fluorine results ranged (14.9-48.9 ppm,18.9 -68.7ppm,8.9-41.7 ppm,8.5-41 ppm) respectively, the minimum and maximum concentrations of Benzo[A]anthracen, Benzo[B]fluoranthene, Benzo [K] fluorantyene, Benz [G,H] perylen, Benz [A] Pryene, Chrysene, Dibenzo [A,H] Anthracene, Anthracene, Fluoranthene, Indeno and Pryene was 4.1-20.6 ppm, 20.1-69.7ppm, 30.1-97.4 ppm,4.1-36.9 ppm,0.29-1.6ppm 10.5-40.8 ppm, 8.9-36.9 ppm, 6.5-33.4 ppm,2.5-10.2 ppm,1.3-10.4 ppm. The results show that the Al-Rumaytha River is PAH-polluted, with human activities having the greatest negative effects on the river’s water quality and health.

Use of water quality index and DRASTIC index correlation for better assessment of groundwater vulnerability to pollution: a case study

Abstract DRASTIC method's vulnerability assessment for estimating the potential risk of contamination in shallow groundwater aquifers is the most acceptable technique. The method uses seven parameters, namely, depth to groundwater table, net recharge, aquifer media, soil media, topography, land use and land cover, and hydraulic conductivity to obtain vulnerability index values. These index values are validated with one or a few elements of water characteristics as pollution indicators. In most of the reported studies, the correlation coefficient between the DRASTIC index and the concentration of individual element(s) was low. The present study uses the water quality index (WQI) to correlate with the DRASTIC index value. In this paper, 11 physical and chemical water characteristics data of 31 well locations within the Faridabad District of Haryana, India are utilized to estimate the WQI. The correlation coefficients for single element concentration with DRASTIC index vary between the range of 0.104 to 0.304. The correlation coefficients for the concentration of NO3- and WQI are found to be 0.104 and 0.533, respectively. Thus, the DRASTIC index demonstrates a stronger correlation with the WQI when compared to single element concentration.

Investigating the Impact of pH Levels on Water Quality: An Experimental Approach

Abstract: Water quality is a critical aspect of environmental health and human well-being. pH, as a fundamental parameter, plays a significant role in determining the chemical characteristics of water. This experimental study aims to investigate the impact of pH levels on water quality. The research involved collecting water samples from various sources and subjecting them to controlled pH variations in a laboratory setting. Multiple parameters, including dissolved oxygen, nutrient availability, microbial activity, heavy metal contamination, algal blooms, turbidity, and ecological health, were assessed to evaluate the effects of pH on water quality. The results revealed that pH fluctuations had a substantial influence on these parameters, indicating a direct relationship between pH levels and water quality. The study findings contribute to the understanding of the complex interactions between pH and water quality, providing valuable insights for water resource management and environmental conservation efforts. Further research is warranted to explore additional factors that may influence the relationship between pH and water quality and to develop sustainable strategies for maintaining optimal pH levels to ensure safe and healthy water resources. I have mainly focus in this research paper the effect of pH and TDS in deferent temperature of deferent water sample.

Evaluation of reservoir environment by chemical properties of reservoir water‒A case study of Chang 6 reservoir in Ansai oilfield, Ordos Basin, China

The development of oil and gas resources has always been highly concerned by scholars at home and abroad. The chemical property of the reservoir water is very important to the evaluation of reservoir, and is an important indicator of the sealability of reservoir oil and gas resources. Therefore, the caprock of Chang 6 oil reservoir in Yanchang Formation was evaluated. This paper selects water samples from 30 wells in the Chang 6 reservoir of Ansai Oilfield in the basin to test and analyze water chemical characteristics. The results show that the Chang 6 reservoir water in Ansai Oilfield is dominated by calcium chloride water type, and its sodium chloride coefficient is generally less than 0.5; the chloride magnesium coefficient is between 33.7 and 925.5, most of which are greater than 200.The desulfurization coefficient ranges from 0.21 to 13.4, with an average of 2.227; the carbonate balance coefficient is mainly concentrated below 0.01, with an average of 0.008; the calcium and magnesium coefficient ranges from 0.08 to 0.003, with an average of 0.01.The above results combined with the characteristics of the four corners territory of the reservoir water show that the graphics are basically consistent.

A Comparison of External Parasites Pathogenic to Fish in Two Fish Ponds Located in Kirkuk Governorate

Water is indeed the essence of life and an essential element for all living organisms. Determining the physical and chemical characteristics of water is crucial for assessing its suitability for various purposes such as drinking, irrigation, and fish farming. Water is the essential support needed by people to carry out their vital functions, including nutrition, swimming, digestion, reproduction, and excretion. During the study period, a total of 288 samples of carp fish (Cyprinus carpio) were collected from two fish farming stations in Daqoq and Lailan, in Kirkuk city, from January to July 2023.

Mapping of Soil Macronutrient Status and Analysis of Quality of Irrigation Water of Adhiyamaan College of Agriculture and Research Farm

Abstract: Macronutrients such as N,P,K Play a vital role in increase crop yield by and enhance soil fertility. It is well known that a balanced nutrient supply ensures high crop yields and stable cropping system. Water Quality can be defined as the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water, usually in respect to its suitability for a designated use. Water can be used for recreation, drinking, fisheries, agriculture or industry. Each of these designated uses has different defined chemical, physical and biological standards necessary to support that use. For example, there are stringent standards for water to be used for drinking or swimming compared to that used in agriculture or industry. Water quality analysis is required mainly for monitoring purpose. Some importance of such assessment includes: To check whether the water quality is incompliance with the standards, and hence, suitable or not for the designated use, To monitor the efficiency of a system, workingfor water quality maintenance, To check whether upgradation / change of anexisting system is required and to decide what changes should take place and To monitor whether water quality is incompliance with rules and regulations.

Comparing the variation and influencing factors of CO2 emission from subsidence waterbodies under different restoration modes in coal mining area

Subsidence waterbodies play an important role in carbon cycle in coal mining area. However, little effort has been made to explore the carbon dioxide (CO2) release characteristics and influencing factors in subsidence waterbodies, especially under different restoration modes. Here, we measured CO2 release fluxes (F(CO2)) across Anguo wetland (AW), louts pond (LP), fishpond (FP), fishery-floating photovoltaic wetland (FFPV), floating photovoltaic wetland (FPV) in coal mining subsidence area, with unrestored subsidence waterbodies (SW) and unaffected normal Dasha river (DR) as the control area. We sampled each waterbody and tested which physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of water and sediment related to variability in CO2. The results indicated that F(CO2) exhibited the following patterns: FFPV > FPV > FP > SW > DR > LP > AW. Trophic lake index (TLI) and microbial biomass carbon content (MBC) in sediment had a positive impact on F(CO2). The dominant archaea Euryarchaeota and Thaumarchaeota, and dominant bacteria Proteobacteria promoted F(CO2). This study can help more accurately quantify CO2 emissions and guide CO2 future emission reduction and subsidence waterbodies estoration.

Hydrochemical Characteristics and Formation Mechanism of Quaternary Groundwater in Baoshan Basin, Western Yunnan, China

The shallow groundwater of the quaternary system in the Baoshan basin, Yunnan Province is seriously polluted, threatening human health and restricting local socio-economic development; therefore, it is necessary to investigate the hydrochemical characteristics and formation mechanisms of the shallow groundwater of the quaternary system in the Baoshan basin. This study used EVS 2022 to establish a 3D visual geological model of the quaternary system in the basin and divided the shallow groundwater aquifers of the quaternary system into three groundwater systems, sampling 22, 9, and 4 groups in each groundwater system, respectively. Mathematical statistics, Piper’s trilinear diagram, Gibbs plots, the Gaillardet model, the ion ratio method, groundwater saturation, and the PCA-APCS-MLR model were used to analyze the groundwater hydrochemical characteristics and genesis of the study area. The results show the following: (1) The types of groundwater chemicals are mainly HCO3-Ca-Mg type and HCO3-Ca, the causes of the water chemical characteristics are mainly influenced by water–rock interaction and alternate cation adsorption, and the rock types with which the groundwater exchanges substances are carbonate rocks and silicate rocks. (2) The Fe2+, Mn2+, and NH3-N contents in groundwater systems I and II exceed the standard, which is the human activity area, and groundwater pollution is mainly affected by human activities. (3) Four main categories of factors were obtained according to the PCA-APCS-MLR model, namely dissolution filtration, migration and enrichment factors, geological and human activity factors, and environmental factors and pollution factors; the cumulative contribution of variance was 77.84%, and the groundwater chemical characteristics were jointly influenced by hydrogeological conditions and human activities. The results of this study provide a basis for groundwater protection and management in the Baoshan basin, where groundwater system I is the key area for pollution and should be strengthened for control.

Abundance and composition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface sediments of twelve alpine lakes in the Central Taurus Mountains.

The regions of Bolkar Mountains and Aladağlar accommodate a unique ecosystem in Turkey, due to being in a transitional climate between the continental and the Mediterranean and hosting alpine lakes which are considered as good indicators of regional and atmospheric pollution due to being far from directhuman impact. On the other hand, these regions are surrounded by various power plants, and also subject to occasional human activities, where anthropogenic effects are expected to be. Sediment samples were collected from 12 lakes in Central Taurus Mountains, 6 lakes in Bolkar Mountains, and 6 lakes in Aladağlar. Fifteen PAHs, identified as priority pollutants by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), as well as lake water chemical characteristics were determined. The distribution of analyzed PAHs was investigated, and PAH diagnostic ratios were calculated to identify their potential sources. It was a remarkable observation that only low-molecular-weight PAHs exist in the lakes of Aladağlar, whereas high-molecular-weight PAHs are also found in the lakes of Bolkar Mountains, likely reflecting more isolated characteristics of the Aladağlar region. As compatible with this observation, total PAHs (T-PAHs) were found lower in Aladağlar (0.00-105.78ng/gw.w.) than in Bolkar Mountains (9.08-380.16ng/gw.w.). Overall, T-PAHs of sampled lakes were found in a similar range when they are compared to the other high-altitude alpine lakes around the world, indicating no significant difference in terms of atmospheric pollution of the global average.

Water Chemical Characteristics and Water Quality Evaluation of the River under the Ecological Water Replenishment: A Case Study in the Yongding River Basin in North China

Water Chemical Characteristics and Water Quality Evaluation of the River under the Ecological Water Replenishment: A Case Study in the Yongding River Basin in North China