Chemical Characteristics Of Water Research Articles

Visible-infrared spectroscopy and chemical properties of water in mining area.

The present research focuses on investigating the relationship between spectral and chemical characteristics of water samples in Darrehzar mine. In order to reach this aim, the chemical characteristics of water were measured through pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis. Furthermore, the visible near infrared (VNIR) and shortwave infrared (SWIR) spectra of water samples were measured by Analytical Spectral Devices (ASD) FieldSpec3 spectroradiometer and the relationships between spectral and chemical characteristics of water samples were calculated. Results of the pH and EC measurements showed that water with high acidity and EC values, which indicate the presence of acid drainage, was located inside the mine. High concentrations of copper, sulfur and iron in the samples could be related to copper mineralization and association with acid mine drainage. Results of spectroscopy revealed that second absorption feature (AF2) magnitude correlated significantly with pH (-0.599), EC (0.611) (p < 0.1) and total trace elements plus sulfur (0.822) (p < 0.05). The significant correlation of the AF2 magnitude with concentrations of S (0.854), Pb (0.914), Ni (0.836), Mn (0.834), Co (0.848) and AF3 with the concentration of Fe (0.886) confirms that absorption feature magnitude increases with increasing metals concentrations in water.

Physico Chemical Monitoring Tests of Geothermal Water Production Wells

This paper presents a study of the physico-chemical properties of geothermal fluids, coming from some wells in Sacuieni, Bihor County, Romania. The thermal energy of the geothermal waters studied is used for heating some industrial buildings, greenhouses, and administrative buildings. Continuous monitoring of physical and chemical characteristics of geothermal waters is needed. Based on this fact, a classification of these waters has been made according to their chemical composition. Using a silica-enthalpy thermodynamic model, it was possible to estimate the deep reservoir temperature, and compare it with the temperatures at depth, calculated by the silica (quartz and chalcedony) and Na+/K+ geothermometers. The WATCH program is used to estimate the mineral deposits that may accumulate due to boiling and cooling of the geothermal fluid when it is used in heat exchangers The results are confirmed by XRD spectrometric and thermogravimetric analyses.

Physico Chemical Monitoring Tests of Geothermal Water Production Wells

This paper presents a study of the physico-chemical properties of geothermal fluids, coming from some wells in Sacuieni, Bihor County, Romania. The thermal energy of the geothermal waters studied is used for heating some industrial buildings, greenhouses, and administrative buildings. Continuous monitoring of physical and chemical characteristics of geothermal waters is needed. Based on this fact, a classification of these waters has been made according to their chemical composition. Using a silica-enthalpy thermodynamic model, it was possible to estimate the deep reservoir temperature, and compare it with the temperatures at depth, calculated by the silica (quartz and chalcedony) and Na+/K+ geothermometers. The WATCH program is used to estimate the mineral deposits that may accumulate due to boiling and cooling of the geothermal fluid when it is used in heat exchangers The results are confirmed by XRD spectrometric and thermogravimetric analyses.

Physical, chemical and isotopic characteristics of groundwater and surface water in the Lake Chilwa Basin, Malawi

We measured the physical, chemical and isotopic properties of groundwater and surface water from streams and Lake Chilwa in the Lake Chilwa Basin in southern Malawi. The study objective was to assess water quality and determine the cause of water quality deterioration. Groundwater from 16 boreholes, 5 stream samples and 3 samples from Lake Chilwa were investigated for temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), major ions and stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen. Groundwater and water from Lake Chilwa had higher ionic concentrations (e.g., Cl−, HCO3−, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+) than stream water. Ionic evolution models indicate weathering of silicate minerals as the major control of the ionic concentrations in groundwater. The chemistry of water in Lake Chilwa is markedly affected by evaporation. The concentrations of the TDS, HCO3−, F− and NO3− in groundwater at several locations were above the recommended limits prescribed for drinking water by the World Health Organization. The results of this study show that poor groundwater quality for drinking and domestic use is due to natural water-rock interactions (TDS, HCO3−, F−) and anthropogenic pollution (NO3−). Because stream water is of good quality, and streamflow is supported by baseflow from fresh groundwater, efforts should be made to map fresh groundwater aquifers for domestic, agricultural and industrial use.

Assessing the impact of ground ice degradation on high mountain lake environments (Lago Nero catchment, Swiss Alps)

In high mountain hydrosystems, glacial meltwater composition is potentially affected by the degradation of alpine permafrost terrains and ground ice bodies releasing atmospheric pollutants that have been stored in permafrost terrains for several decades. In this study we investigate the potential local permafrost distribution as well as the physical and chemical ground water characteristics of the periglacial environments of the Lago Nero (“Black Lake”) catchment, a high alpine basin located in the Southern Swiss Alps. Our approach combines in situ geological and geomorphological mapping, potential permafrost distribution modelling, a thermal monitoring of ground surface temperatures and the study of the meltwater chemistry of an intact rock glacier (active or inactive rock glacier, i.e. containing ice) and several perennial ice patches. The comparison of elemental concentrations between the periglacial terrains and the Lago Nero outflow unveiled the presence of atmospheric chemicals in the meltwater. Considering the temporal concordance between the recorded peak of sulphur deposition between 1965 and 1980 and the last identified period of positive glacier mass balance occurred in the region (1961–1985), we argue that the enhanced melting of ground ice related to the recent severe warming is nowadays releasing “legacy” pollutants that have been stored in the cryosphere for several decades.

Berkeley pit and its impact on the environment

The article tells about the Berkeley Pit and its environmental impact. The main chemical characteristics of mine water and water treatment systems are outlined. Possible ways of dealing with problem of ground water pollution are discussed.

Analysis of chemical characteristics of water in the formation of the Sudong area

In Sudong area, the relationship between gas and water is complex and the hydrochemical characteristics of formation water is unclear, therefore, site managers are eager to figure out the formation water properties and its distribution characteristics in Sudong gas reservoir. In this paper, based on the analytical data of formation water, we studied the type of formation water, the chemical characteristics of produced water, and the hydrochemical characteristics coefficient. The results showed that the water produced in the south and north is formation water and the middle is condensate water; the fracturing fluid is discharged at the early stage of the gas well production, and the formation water is gradually produced in the later stage; the salinity is high in the southwest and lower in the northeast; the water storage condition in the southern formation is higher than that in the north; the time of the water and rock action in the southern area is stronger than that in the north, and from the perspective of oil and gas preservation, the south is better than the north. The research would have a great significance for improving the understanding of formation water in the Sudong block and guiding the rapid and efficient development of the gas field.

Physico-chemical and sensory characteristics of dumpling crackers with the addition of tilapia bone flour

This study was aimed to determine the physico-chemical, sensory characteristics, and the best treatment of dumpling crackers added by tilapia bone flour. The treatment given consisted of P0 (without addition), P1 (5% tilapia bone flour), P2 (10% tilapia bone flour), and P3 (15% tilapia bone flour). Analysis parameters observed were physical characteristics (volume expands and hardness), chemical (proximate, calcium, phosphorus), and sensory. The results showed that addition of tilapia bone flour 10% (P2) produced the best dumpling crackers with physical characteristics were volume expands of 83.58% and hardness of 1.28 N. Chemical characteristics (proximate) of water, ash, protein, fat, and carbohydrate content were 2.32, 4.62, 7.68, 27.35, and 60.34% respectively. The dumpling crackers (P2) contained calcium 1.21 and phosphorus 0.66%. The sensory characteristics of P2 raw dumpling crackers were brightly unevenly colored, less chewy, and slightly fish-scented while the fried dumpling crackers were yellowish creamy, crunchy, slightly fish-scented, and savory.

Исследование влияния антропогенных факторов на изменение геоэкологического состояния оз. Ходжагасан Азербайджана

The paper considers the results of geoecological and geophysical studies conducted in the Khojahasan Lake basin in the Western part of Baku. The main purpose of the work was to study the anthropogenic impact on geoecological conditions of the lake. To assess the development of exogenous geological processes in the coastal zone of the lake and their impact on the environment, geophysical studies were carried out by the vertical electric sounding (VES). From 1990 to 2014, the physical and chemical characteristics of water and sediments were studied in a representative section of the lake. Metal concentrations, including such toxic elements as Cu, Zn, Cd, Sr, Ba, Pb, Cr, and Ni, were determined in the trace element composition of bottom sediments. It was revealed that since the mid-XIX century and especially since the second half of the XX century the high rate of population growth and urbanization in the territory of the Absheron Peninsula (in the Republic of Azerbaijan the name Apsheron was changed to Absheron) led to intensive use of natural resources and increased anthropogenic load on the environment. Technogenesis actively violates the natural cycle of matter and energy in lakes (limnogenesis), along with other natu- ral media, as lake basins are located in lowlands and often accumulate industrial, municipal, agricultural, and other discharges. Pollutants accumulated in the lake basin affect hydrobiochemical conditions, transform quantitative and qualitative indicators of the aquatic environment and bottom sediments. Factors affecting the lake landscape are ge- netically different, unequal in the degree and nature of the impact, as well as induration.

Efficacy of microbes in bioremediation of tannery waste water at Dindigul district

Tannery waste water contains an enumerous amount of chemicals and a high level of pH, TDS, TSS, BOD, and COD, which gets directly into the natural aquatic environment, thus polluting to the water quality. Because of that important to develop a cost-effective and eco-friendly technology to treat the tannery waste water. Our present research work has been done to investigate the physical and chemical characteristics of tannery waste water and to decrease the value of BOD, pH, and COD by the procedure of bioremediation using microbes. Among the physical and chemical characteristics analyzed BOD, pH and COD were find to be very huge value. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus were identified and isolated and utilized in the decrease of BOD, pH, and COD in the tannery waste water. Four different concentrations of untreated tannery waste water (control, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) were prepared. The treatment was carried out for 48 hrs (2 days). It is inferred from the results that Bacillus cereus to be more effective in reducing pH, BOD, and COD than the bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the untreated tannery effluents.

Nata de cincau: Pacitan’s black cincau (Mesona palustris BL) product innovation with respect to its physical, chemical and sensory characteristics

Black cincau (Mesona palustris BL) is a particularly abundant commodity in Pacitan, Indonesia. It has a higher fibre and antioxidant content compared to other varieties. Black cincau is potentially processed into nata de cincau in order to diversify food products in Pacitan. The aim of this study is to define the best formulation of nata de cincau, considering its physical (yield, thickness and texture) and chemical (water and crude fibre) characteristics. The best three formulations, based on physical and chemical characteristics, were chosen for sensory evaluation (colour, flavour, taste, texture and overall). Nata de cincau processing used various concentration of substrates (extract black cincau) (2.5%, 7.5% and 12.5%) and a variety of starter concentrations (5%, 10% and 15%) were added. Nata de cincau with 12.5% substrate concentration and 5%, 10% and 15% starter concentration were the best three formulations in terms of all physical and chemical characteristics. Sensory evaluation was performed on the best three formulations; 12.5% substrate concentration and 15% starter concentration was found to be the best formulation.

Influence of regional and long range transport air masses on fog water composition, contribution and toxicological response at Indo Gangetic Plain

Indo Gangetic Plain (IGP) is considered to be one of the hotspots for the occurrence of fog events during the winter time. However, the studies on fog water characteristics reported for IGP are limited and toxicological analysis have not been reported still which indirectly affects air quality. Towards this, we chose a rural site at northern edge of IGP and collected fog water samples during winter sampling campaign for the year 2017–18. Twenty-eight fog water samples were collected during the night time and analyzed for pH, conductivity, inorganic species, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), metals and toxicological evidence based on nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-KB) activity. Nitrate and sulfate were dominant anionic species but excess ammonium and calcium neutralized the fog water such that pH value averaged around 6.7 ± 0.2. Surprisingly, the concentration of DOC (200 ± 80 mg/l) was found to be comparable with the total inorganic ions (188 ± 62 mg/l). The concentration of DOC was found to have an inverse relationship with liquid water content influencing dilution effect whereas inorganic ions concentrations did not show any significant relation. The observed and predicted sulfate concentration in fog water highlighted the sulfate is contributed significantly by aqueous processing of gaseous SO2 into fog water droplets. Cluster analysis results for backward air mass trajectory showed that the contribution of inorganic species including nitrate and sulfate was significantly higher for long range associated air masses whereas regional air masses had significant DOC contribution. All the fog water samples showed pro inflammation response based on NF-Kβ activity values and which was further found to be 52% higher for the local emissions compared to long range transport emissions. Thus this study showed the influence of local and long range transport air mass on fog water chemical and toxicological characteristics.

INNOVATIVE SYSTEM FOR RECYCLING OF BACKWASHING WATER IN DRINKING WATER PLANT

THE PRESENT study focuses on the efficiency of a suggested innovative system for the treatment of the sand filter backwashing water (SFBW) in the Drinking water treatment plant (DWTP). Usually, the DWTP is consumes between 15 to 20% of their clean treated drinking water to backwashing their sand filter. Such sand filter backwashing water (SFBW) is, usually, discharged as waste. Presently, the suggested innovative system as pilot plant (PP) was employed for the treatment of SFBW. Physical and chemical characteristics of the raw Canal fresh water and the treated drinking water were extensively determined via sampling program. Meanwhile, the inlet SFBW and the treated outlet of the suggested PP were also sampled and subjected to the physical and chemical analysis. The settled particles as sludge of the PP were sand filtered. The filtered water was also evaluated in terms of the physical and chemical characteristics. The suggested PP was operated continuously where it proved efficient removal of TSS, turbidity, and aluminum at 74.1, 84.2 and 71.4%, respectively. Removal of total residue, and alkalinity reached 30.1 and 29.1%, successively. The residual Al3+ was 3.0 mg/l. Correlation between the physical and chemical characteristics of Canal water in one hand and the treated SFBW and the filtered water of the sludge on the other hand indicated that both later waters were at better quality than the former. Therefore, it was suggested to reuse this treated effluents as an additional fresh water resource to the DWTP. The advantages are: saving this wasted water, save the intial supply of water to the DWTP, and to decrease the amount of added alum to the water treatment system while protecting the Canal water from the dischrge of the SFBW that contained residual of Al3+.

Avaliação físico-química e microbiológica das águas da bacia hidrográfica do rio Paraíso Jataí-GO

A atividade agropecuária é a principal consumidora e poluidora dos recursos hídricos, em que o desmatamento, a irrigação e os resíduos desta atividade são conduzidos à rede de drenagem. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar espacial e temporalmente as características físico-química e microbiológica das águas superficiais do rio Paraíso, e realizar o enquadramento do corpo d’água de acordo com a resolução CONAMA n° 357/05. As coletas de água no rio Paraíso foram realizadas em períodos distintos do ano: uma no mês de agosto (período seco) e outra em novembro (período chuvoso). Os parâmetros avaliados foram: temperatura da água, potencial hidrogeniônico, condutividade elétrica, salinidade, turbidez, oxigênio dissolvido, coliformes fecais, fósforo e nitrogênio. Os resultados dos coliforms fecais e fósforo apontam que os trechos amostrais de água localizados nas áreas de agricultura apresentaram maior inadequabilidade de acordo com a Resolução CONAMA n° 357/05, sendo o rio classificado como de classe III.

Evaluation of the physical and chemical characteristics of water on the removal efficiency of rotavirus in drinking water treatment plants and change in induced health risk

Rotavirus is one of the main waterborne causes of diarrhoea. Rotavirus type A is responsible for diarrhoea in infants and causes thousands of deaths annually around the world, especially in developing countries. Rotavirus is very small and is highly resistant to common disinfectants, so the World Health Organization (WHO) has chosen this virus as a reference pathogen in drinking water and has recommended a its 6-log removal by the conventional water treatment process to supply safe drinking water. We measured some physical and chemical characteristics of raw water at a water treatment plant in Tehran, Iran, including temperature, pH, total organic compound (TOC) concentration and initial turbidity, to determine their effect on rotavirus removal efficiency in various processes. We then measured rotavirus removal efficiency in clarified water and filtrate to determine their removal efficiency. Finally, we applied the WHO guideline and an empirical quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) model to estimate probable health risk based on a residual number of rotavirus in finished water. We found that TOC concentration and water temperature are both effective on residual rotavirus in clarified water but they have no significant effect on the efficacy of filtration in rotavirus removal. Maximum rotavirus removal efficiency by clarification and filtration was 97.2% and 4.5% in April and January respectively. TOC and water temperature were shown to have a significant effect on clarification virus efficiency, so filtration performance was independent of these variables. The results showed that induced risk by residual rotavirus is in an acceptable range (99.99945% removal annually), and also showed that the critical process in virus removal is clarification that can be affected by raw water quality.

The evolution of water chemical characteristics and their indicative function in CO2-enhanced water recovery

A monitoring method that uses the variation in water chemical characteristics of the deep storage layer was studied by a three-dimensional numerical model under the background of a CO2-enhanced water recovery (CO2-EWR) site in the Junggar Basin. The effect of water chemical characteristics on the migration of CO2 in different phases and the transformations of major sequestered carbon minerals were determined from the resulting mechanism. The results show that the evolution of water chemical characteristics, such as pH, Ca2+ and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), can effectively indicate the migration distance and time of dissolved CO2 and supercritical CO2. The times corresponding to the turning points of the pH and DIC change curves at the monitoring points can plot the isochronal maps of dissolved and supercritical CO2 migration, which can be used to quantitatively evaluate CO2 migration in the reservoir. The changes of DIC and Ca2+ can be used to infer the main carbon sequestration minerals: at the rapidly falling stage of Ca2+ concentrate over time and the low concentrate of DIC, the main carbon sequestration mineral is calcite, and in other conditions is ankerite. Water chemical characteristics can identify the extent of injected CO2 impact in the corresponding region. This paper provides an alternative method for monitoring CO2 migration and conversion in different phases and determining the extent of injected CO2 impact in a region by the type of sequestered carbon minerals.

Different Stages of Aquatic Vegetation Succession Driven by Environmental Disturbance in the Last 38 Years

In recent years, investigating the trend of aquatic plant diversity in response to different disturbance events has received increasing interest. However, there is limited knowledge of the different stages of aquatic vegetation succession over a long period in eutrophic lakes. In this study, we analyzed aquatic plant species richness and its relation to the physical and chemical characteristics of water in Chenghai Lake for the period of 1980–2018. This study shows that the richness and distribution of aquatic vegetation in Chenghai Lake are related to chlorophyll-a concentration, dissolved nutrients, base cations, and micronutrients. The results show that the long-term succession of aquatic plants in this lake classified in different stages: (I) A peak in species richness occurred at an intermediate stage that lasted from 1980 to 1992, and this was caused by more aquatic species being able to coexist since the competition for resources was lower; (II) after 26 years of secondary succession (1992–2018), the diversity and distribution area of aquatic plants gradually declined because pioneer species or human activities may have altered habitat conditions to render habitats less beneficial to pioneer species and more suitable for new aquatic plant species. Thus, species diversity and growth performance of aquatic plants in their communities may be useful indicators of Chenghai Lake’s trophic status, especially during the transition period from a mesotrophic lake to a eutrophic one.

AWARENESS ON ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AMONG BED STUDENT TEACHERS

Environmental pollution is the undesirable change in physical, chemical and biological characteristics of air, land and water. As a result of over-population, rapid industrializations, and other human activities like agriculture and deforestation etc., earth became loaded with diverse pollutants that were released as by-products. The paper is an attempt to identify the awareness on environmental pollution among BEd student teachers. The investigator adopted the survey method to study the awareness on environmental pollution among BEd student teachers. The study is based on primary data which is collected from 300 BEd student teachers in and around Coimbatore district using simple random sampling technique. The findings reveal that there is a difference in the level of awareness on environmental pollution among BEd student teachers.

AWARENESS ON ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AMONG BED STUDENT TEACHERS

Environmental pollution is the undesirable change in physical, chemical and biological characteristics of air, land and water. As a result of over-population, rapid industrializations, and other human activities like agriculture and deforestation etc., earth became loaded with diverse pollutants that were released as by-products. The paper is an attempt to identify the awareness on environmental pollution among BEd student teachers. The investigator adopted the survey method to study the awareness on environmental pollution among BEd student teachers. The study is based on primary data which is collected from 300 BEd student teachers in and around Coimbatore district using simple random sampling technique. The findings reveal that there is a difference in the level of awareness on environmental pollution among BEd student teachers.FCASR

Water Contaminant Measurement Using Pollution Indexing in Case of ground water

One important factor in human life is the need for water used for bathing, washing, and others. Water quality is determined by the chemical, physical, biological, and radiological characteristics of water. It is a measure of water conditions that are based on the feasibility of use for example used by humans in their lives. Water pollution can be measured by analyzing water samples in physical, chemical and biological tests. Specific contaminants that lead to water pollution include chemical and physical changes such as temperature and discoloration. In this study, a water contaminant measuring instrument was made based on related sensors by utilizing water characteristics from pH, turbidity, temperature, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP) indicators. Calibration of the system is conducted manually by applying the pollution index (PI) method. The proposed system involves a sensor technology and a set of embedded processing systems that are able to make decisions in indication of water pollution. This system has 4 main features: (1) Making measurement with water quality sensors, (2) Data acquisition and pre-processing, (3) Intelligent processing units, (4) Data transmission and visualization. Three parts of the system are (1) Data acquisition unit, (2) Console Unit, and (3) Web visualization. We conducted an experimental study water contaminant measurement at groundwater source points (wells) using a Pollution Index. Based on the experiments, our proposed system measured water contaminants successfully; including can make decision of the water contaminants category.