Abstract
Water is indeed the essence of life and an essential element for all living organisms. Determining the physical and chemical characteristics of water is crucial for assessing its suitability for various purposes such as drinking, irrigation, and fish farming. Water is the essential support needed by people to carry out their vital functions, including nutrition, swimming, digestion, reproduction, and excretion. During the study period, a total of 288 samples of carp fish (Cyprinus carpio) were collected from two fish farming stations in Daqoq and Lailan, in Kirkuk city, from January to July 2023.
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