Character Structure Research Articles

Offline English Handwritten Character Recognition using Sequential Convolutional Neural Network

Handwritten Character recognition falls under the domain of image classification that has been under research for years. The idea is to make the machine recognize handwritten human characters. The language focused in this research paper is English while using offline handwritten character recognition for identifying English characters. There are many publically available datasets from which EMNIST is the most challenging one. The main idea of this research paper is to propose a deep learning CNN method to help recognize English characters. This research paper proposes a deep learning convolutional neural network that is tested and compared with renowned pre-trained models using transfer learning. These parametric settings address multiple issues and are finalized after experimentation. The same hyper-parametric settings were used for all the models under test and E-Character with the same data augmentation settings. The proposed model named the E-Character recognizer was able to produce 87.31% accuracy. It was better than most of the tested pre-trained models and other proposed methods by other researchers. This research paper further highlighted some of the problems like misclassification due to the similar structure of characters.

As relações econômicas entre Costa do Marfim e França

he present article deals with the economic relations between Ivory Coast and France, analyzing the economic trajectory of the country under the presidency of Félix Houphouët Boigny (1960-1993). We seek to address the process of independence of the country, led by Boigny, dealing with the neocolonialist action of France through the use of the CFA Franc and the maintenance of military bases in the country, among others. In this context, we present a retrospective of Ivory Coast's economic policy, focused on agricultural production, mainly on the coffee-cocoa binomial. Much of the production continued to be exported to France after independence and, after a period of great export growth, in the 1980s the country entered a serious crisis, due to the maintenance of the economic structure of a colonial character. The crisis was marked by the fall in prices of the main export products, the external debt and its moratorium. Although there is a history of adoption of structural adjustment programs (SAP) in the 1980s, conducted by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development - World Bank (IBRD), the general effects did not lead to overcoming the crisis.

Rule-based fine-grained vocabulary for enhanced Chinese pre-training

Abstract Chinese pre-training is an essential direction in Chinese natural language processing, and vocabulary constitutes the foundation of pre-trained models. Existing methods for constructing vocabularies for Chinese pre-trained models typically treat each Chinese character as an indivisible token, overlooking the additional information embedded in the intrinsic structure of Chinese characters and its impact on model performance. To leverage this information, we propose a method of training with rule-based fine-grained vocabularies to directly learn the sequence of intrinsic structures of Chinese characters in Chinese pre-training. Specifically, we first construct a mapping rule-based fine-grained vocabulary based on the glyph and radical splitting mapping relationship of Chinese characters. Subsequently, we employ a whole char masking strategy to train Chinese pre-trained models based on this new vocabulary. Experimental results demonstrate that compared to the BERT baseline model, our model achieves promising performance on multiple downstream tasks, with fewer model parameters and stronger robustness. The proposed Chinese pre-training method exploits the intrinsic structural information of Chinese characters, providing a novel method for subsequent research in Chinese natural language processing.

Customized Pore Creation Strategies for Hyperelastic, Robust, Insulating Multifunctional MXene Aerogels for Microwave Absorption.

The construction of heterogeneous microstructure and the selection of multicomponents have turned into a research hotspot in developing ultralight, multifunctional, high-efficiency electromagnetic wave absorbing (EMA) materials. Although aerogels are promising materials to fulfill the above requirements, the increase in functional fillers inevitably leads to the deterioration of intrinsic properties. Tuning the electromagnetic properties from the structural design point of view remains a difficult challenge. Herein, we design customized pore creation strategies via introducing sacrificial templates to optimize the conductive path and construct the discontinuous dielectric medium, increasing dielectric loss and achieving efficient microwave absorption properties. A 3D porous composite (MEM) was crafted, which encapsulated an EVA/FeCoNi (EVA/MNPs) framework with Ti3C2Tx MXene coating by employing a direct heated cross-linking and immersion method. Controllable adjustment of the conductive network inside the porous structure and regulation of the dielectric character are achieved by porosity variation. Eventually, the MEM-5 with a porosity of 66.67% realizes RLmin of -39.2 dB (2.2 mm) and can cover the entire X band. Moreover, through off-axis electronic holography and the calculation of conduction loss and polarization loss, the dielectric property is deeply investigated, and the inner mechanism of optimization is pointed out. Thanks to the inherent characteristic of EVA and the porous structure, MEM-5 showed excellent thermal insulating and superior compressibility, which can maintain 60 °C on a 90-100 °C continuous heating stage and reached a maximum compressive strength of 60.12 kPa at 50% strain. Conceivably, this work provides a facile method for the fabrication of highly efficient microwave absorbers applied under complex conditions.

A novel methodology for offline English handwritten character recognition using ELBP-based sequential (CNN)

Handwritten character recognition falls under the domain of image classification, which has been under research for years. But still, specific gaps need to be highlighted as offline handwritten character recognition (OHCR) with the limitation of the unstructured hierarchy of character classification. However, the idea is to make the machine recognize handwritten human characters. The language focused on in this research paper is English, using offline handwritten character recognition for identifying English characters. There are many publicly available datasets, of which EMNIST is the most challenging. The key idea of this research paper is to recommend a deep learning-based ELBP-CNN method to help recognize English characters. This research paper proposes a deep learning CovNet with feature extraction and novel local binary pattern-based approaches, LBP (AND, OR), that is tested and compared with renowned pre-trained models using transfer learning. These parametric settings address multiple issues and are finalized after experimentation. The same hyperparametric settings were used for all the models under test and E-Character, with the same data augmentation settings. The proposed model, named the E-Character recognizer, produced 87.31% accuracy. It was better than most of the tested pre-trained models and other proposed methods by other researchers. This research paper further highlighted some problems, like misclassification due to the similar structure of characters.

Generative innovations for paleography: enhancing character image synthesis through unconditional single image models

Data scarcity in paleographic image datasets poses a significant challenge to researchers and scholars in the field. Unlike modern printed texts, historical manuscripts and documents are often scarce and fragile, making them difficult to digitize and create comprehensive datasets. Recently many innovations have been arrived on single image generative models for natural images but none of them are focused on paleographic character images and other handwritten datasets. In paleographic images like stone inscription characters, maintaining exact shape and structure of character is important unlike natural images. In this paper we propose an unconditional single image generative model, CharGAN for isolated paleographic character images. In the proposed system, augmented images are generated from a single image using generative adversarial networks, while maintaining their structure. Specifically, an external augmentation inducer is used to create higher-level augmentations in the generated images. In addition, the input to the generator is replaced with dynamic sampling from a Gaussian mixture model to make changes to the low-level features. From our experimental results, we infer that these two enhancements make single-image generative models suitable not only for natural images, but also for paleographic character images and other handwritten character datasets, the AHCD dataset, and EMNIST, where the global structure is important. Both the qualitative and quantitative results show that our approach is effective and superior in single-image generative tasks, particularly in isolated character image generation.

STRUKTUR KEPRIBADIAN TOKOH UTAMA DALAM NOVEL AKU WONG KAFIR KARYA TULUS SETIYADI

This research describes the personality structure of the main character, Sumirah, in the novel Aku Wong Kafir by Tulus Setiyadi. The method used is descriptive qualitative, and the approach taken is the literary psychology approach, using Sigmund Freud's personality structure theory, which includes the id, ego, and superego. The data source is the novel titled Aku Wong Kafir by Tulus Setiyadi. The research data consists of texts, words, sentences, narratives, and dialogues from the novel Aku Wong Kafir. This data was analyzed using data analysis methods comprising three parts: (1) data reduction, (2) data presentation, and (3) conclusion drawing. This research yields four main results. First, the character Sumirah experiences three structures: id, ego, and superego. The results of this study indicate that the personality structure of the main character Sumirah in the novel Aku Wong Kafir by Tulus Setiyadi is divided into three elements: id, ego, and superego.

Fine Segmentation of Chinese Character Strokes Based on Coordinate Awareness and Enhanced BiFPN.

Considering the complex structure of Chinese characters, particularly the connections and intersections between strokes, there are challenges in low accuracy of Chinese character stroke extraction and recognition, as well as unclear segmentation. This study builds upon the YOLOv8n-seg model to propose the YOLOv8n-seg-CAA-BiFPN Chinese character stroke fine segmentation model. The proposed Coordinate-Aware Attention mechanism (CAA) divides the backbone network input feature map into four parts, applying different weights for horizontal, vertical, and channel attention to compute and fuse key information, thus capturing the contextual regularity of closely arranged stroke positions. The network's neck integrates an enhanced weighted bi-directional feature pyramid network (BiFPN), enhancing the fusion effect for features of strokes of various sizes. The Shape-IoU loss function is adopted in place of the traditional CIoU loss function, focusing on the shape and scale of stroke bounding boxes to optimize the bounding box regression process. Finally, the Grad-CAM++ technique is used to generate heatmaps of segmentation predictions, facilitating the visualization of effective features and a deeper understanding of the model's focus areas. Trained and tested on the public Chinese character stroke datasets CCSE-Kai and CCSE-HW, the model achieves an average accuracy of 84.71%, an average recall rate of 83.65%, and a mean average precision of 80.11%. Compared to the original YOLOv8n-seg and existing mainstream segmentation models like SegFormer, BiSeNetV2, and Mask R-CNN, the average accuracy improved by 3.50%, 4.35%, 10.56%, and 22.05%, respectively; the average recall rates improved by 4.42%, 9.32%, 15.64%, and 24.92%, respectively; and the mean average precision improved by 3.11%, 4.15%, 8.02%, and 19.33%, respectively. The results demonstrate that the YOLOv8n-seg-CAA-BiFPN network can accurately achieve Chinese character stroke segmentation.

The Psychological Structure of the Main Character in Novel It Ends with Us by Colleen Hoover

This research aims to analyze the psychological structure of the main character, Lily Bloom, in the novel It Ends with Us by Colleen Hoover. This research discovered the character structures of the Id, Ego, and Superego in the main character, which produced the most dominant psychological structure based on Sigmund Freud's theory. The researcher used a qualitative descriptive method based on the novel's dialogue and English story descriptions. It Ends With Us was the primary data source in this research. This research identifies ten results that show that the id dominates Lily Bloom's character. Lily Bloom shows a psychological structure resulting from her past trauma, trauma caused by violence perpetrated by her father and husband. Each of these five results identified that Lily Bloom is dominated by Id. Keywords: Psychological structure, characters, Psychoanalysis, Id, Ego, Superego

Graphemic Awareness Development of Polish Learners of Chinese as a Foreign Language

Metalinguistic orthographic awareness plays a crucial role in the development of Chinese language proficiency: writing, reading, and learning new words. However, few studies have explored the topic using qualitative methods. The aim of this work is to explore how the perception of Chinese characters of Chinese foreign language learners changes along with their proficiency. The responses were collected from 43 Polish university students of Chinese with the use of a graphemic awareness test during which participants were to decide on correctness of presented pseudo-characters. The results of this study show that beginners focus first and foremost on correctness of the strokes, the intermediate learners’ attention shifts to character elements and their correct position, and the advanced learners analyze the characters taking into consideration both character elements and structure of characters. It is suggested that the overall rapid development of graphemic awareness in the study group might be due to the explicit instruction. The conclusion can be drawn that the described shift in learners’ perception is a result of them learning to direct their attention towards the critical orthographic aspects of the characters.

The Integration of Character Structure and Personality Organization

Theories of both Personality Organization (PO) and Bioenergetic Character Analysis (BA) are born from Psychoanalysis. Due to the influence of a medical model of understanding and treating mental health disorders PO and BA have been taught and developed separately. This article explains PO to the Bioenergetic audience, via the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual, Second Edition (PDM-2), and proposes a circumplex model for how to integrate the two theories. A psychoanalytic understanding of how people can organize their sense of self in a borderline or psychotic way is described, in contrast to a medical model of viewing borderline and psychotic experiences as discreet disorders. A concept of the self is defined and provides the basis for the integration of theories. Dynamics and traits for borderline and psychotic organization are described and contrasted so that a clinician can identify the difference between the two. A case study is presented to demonstrate how the integration of the two theories looks in practice.

Декомпозиционная структура китайского иероглифа

The aim of the study is to systematically describe the decomposition structure of Chinese characters. The article contains a structural and categorical analysis of Chinese writing units. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the formulation of such a typological characteristic of Chinese character writing as lists, i.e., the constant need to compile various lists of characters and their components. These are lists of strokes; lists of characters; lists of indexing components; lists of indexing components series including lists of characters they form; lists of commonly used characters; lists of characters for learning Chinese as a foreign language, etc. As a result of analysing Russian and foreign scientific works on the research topic and the current language standards developed by the State Language and Writing Work Committee of the PRC (国家语言文字工作委员会), concepts and terms on the research topic (“stroke”, “character component”, “radical”, “indexing component”, “determinative”, “phonetic”) were clarified and systematised; the classification of character components depending on their location, the correlation between the concepts of the indexing component and the character component in diachrony and the structure of a hieroglyph in the process of its decomposition, i.e., in the process of breaking a hieroglyph into its constituent elements, were clarified.

Kepribadian Dan Emosi Tokoh Saka Dalam Novel Egosentris Karya Syahid Muhammad : Kajian Psikologi Sastra

This research discusses the personality and emotions of the character Saka in the novel Egocentric by Syahid Muhammad. The aim of the research is to explain an in-depth and detailed understanding of the personality structure and emotional classification of the Saka character. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. The approach used is literary psychology using Sigmund Freud's personality theory and David Krech's emotional classification theory. The data for this research is a quote from the novel Egocentric by Syahid Muhammad. The data collection method in this research uses the literature study method. The results and discussion show that Saka's character has an id, ego and superego personality structure and shows Saka's emotional classification.

Features of the discursive representation of the image of the Chinese in the play «Zoyka’s Apartment» by M. A. Bulgakov

The object of the study is Bulgakov’s play “Zoyka’s Apartment”, and the subject was the images of the Chinese, created by the author. The discursive representation of foreign cultural elements in Russian literature of the 1920s, the role of Chinese images in the plot, their place in the structure of characters are studied. “Chinese” theme is examined, an analysis of characters belonging to a different culture is provided, their ideological and artistic essence and the author’s manner of creating ethnic flavor are revealed. The author of the article connects the images of the Chinese created by the writer with his understanding of the historical and cultural events in the Soviet Union in the 1920s, with stereotypical and historically based ideas about the Chinese. The research is conducted on the general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as comparative, contextual, and interpretive methods. The main approach has become a comprehensive one, which allows us to consider images of the Chinese as components of the discursive structure of the work. The scientific novelty of the study is the identification of the special discursive representation that foreign cultural specifics received in Bulgakov’s play. In the depiction of Chinese heroes the author uses the techniques of grotesqueness, parody, sarcasm, and irony. Such qualities of the Chinese as love for the Motherland, the desire to demonstrate strength and defend their own honor, readiness to sacrifice, adventurous thinking, activity, being in constant motion, are depicted in close connection with the Soviet historical and cultural context of the 1920s. It is concluded that the images of the Chinese are paradoxical, ambiguous, contradictory: they participate in the author’s creation of illusory, borderline space and at the same time help to depict it accurately, taking into account historical, cultural, and temporal realities.

A Study on Influencing Factors of Dynamic Chinese Character Stroke Writing Behavior in CFL Beginners Using Digital Ink Technology

Abstract Exploring the intricacies of learning Chinese, this study leverages digital ink technology to observe the stroke writing behaviors of novice learners. We delved into the nuances of stroke order, direction, and the fluidity of writing, scrutinizing 2,131 Chinese characters to uncover the relationship between character structure and writing behavior. Our findings illuminate beginners’ challenges, offering a novel perspective on teaching Chinese characters that caters to the dynamic nature of writing and learning.

Факторы усложнения структуры драматического героя («На всякого мудреца довольно простоты» А. Н. Островского)

The article argues that the historical factor of complicating the structure of the dramatic character is dominant. During the work on the comedy “Enough Stupidity in Every Wise Man,” N. A. Ostrovskii comprehended the new hero of post-reform Russia in the 1860s in the context of the opposition of the general (folk) and the personal in the transitional eras of Russian history. The literary factor in understanding a new hero relies on the experience of “eternal” images, such as Chatsky and Molchalin. According to the author of the article, their combination in the image of Glumov led to the creation of a holistic and original character with an expanded range of properties, including opposite ones. The author of the article concludes that the search for internal connections and attempts to identify transition situations between them determined the stages of the playwright’s work on the comedy from the first draft notes to the final text. For the first time, the article identifies new pretexts in the historical and literary context of the comedy of 1868 (at different stages of its writing).

Амплуа и архетип в театральной сказке В. М. Шукшина

The paper presents a thorough examination of the character structure in the theatrical fairy tale created by Vasily Shukshin. The analysis of the theatrical characters results in an attempt to substantiate a specific approach to the artistic comprehension and visual content of the the-atrical character. This approach is based on the canonical system of roles and the invariants of the archetype. The early stage of the writer’s creativity is characterized by the search for artistic identity, with the focus on developing the character, bringing the hero and the creator closer. However, in the later period, Shukshin takes a different approach by distancing himself from the hero. The rejection of literary characters in favor of roles in “Point of view” marks an exit from the zone of social conflicts into the space of aesthetic issues. Contrasting accents in identical roles are used to counterpoint the neutral position of the author, instantly discoloring and devaluing the plot. This strategy emphasizes the interest in exploring the subjective/objective nature of an artistic image and the essence of character. The next step taken in “Before the third cocks” is to transform and rethink the character plan. Instead of being simplified, the characters are condensed to an archetype. This allows the artist to make anthropological generalizations, placing a Person in the center of philosophical and aesthetic discourse, surpassing the limitations of eccentric and “unsolved” individuals.

Struktur Kepribadian Tokoh Utama dalam Cerpen Kalaupun Mati Aku Mau dalam Dekapan Ibu

This research aims to explain the personality structure of the main character in the short story entitled "Even If I Die, I Want to be In My Mother's Arms" which comes from a collection of short stories by Isbedy Stiawan ZS entitled I’m a Female You’re a Woman. This research is a qualitative descriptive study based on Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory. Data was obtained using reading and note-taking techniques. The method used uses a literary psychology approach. The results obtained show that the main character (Aku) in the short story “If I Die, I Want to be In My Mother's Arms" has an id, ego, and superego. The main character (Aku) tends to be controlled by the id, this can be seen from the short story quotes which directly and indirectly describe the behavior of my character as a robber who kills his victims. A dominant id can occur because the individual's ego cannot take over the id and superego optimally, resulting in an imbalance in the character's personality structure. Psychologically healthy individuals tend to be dominated by ego. So it can be said that my character is psychologically unhealthy.

REPRESENTATION OF THE MESSAGE OF PEACE IN THE FILM KINGDOM OF HEAVEN (2005)

There were efforts to send a message of peace seem necessary to eliminate all kinds of terrorist stereotypes against Muslims. Many western films were produced to convey the message of peace were made with many attempts. One of these is Ridley Scott's Kingdom of Heaven (2005), set during the Crusades in the late 12th century as a historical piece from the Battle of Jerusalem. This study focused on the character structure of the film Kingdom of Heaven in such a way that the message of peace is conveyed in the film. The study used a qualitative approach combined with the descriptive analysis approach of Charles Sanders Peirce's semiotic theory, called the trichotomy of sign meaning. Data collection techniques using observation, identification and documentation for the film Kingdom of Heaven. The results showed that the image of the message of peace expressed in the film was a war in the name of religion and does not seem to defend a particular religion, but is shaped by different interests. In conclusion, the film determined that not all westerners are good and not all Muslims are bad. Keywords: kingdom of heaven, signs messages of peace, Charles Sanders Peirce's semiotic theory

Strengthening the Prohibitive Illocutionary Function Through Conversation Implicatures of the Main Characters of the Web Series My Lecturer My Husband Season 2

Conversational implicature is able to strengthen the contradictory illocutionary function. This paper aims to describe information on strengthening the illocutionary function through conversational implicatures by analyzing the language and sentence structure of the main character's utterances. This research use desciptive qualitative approach. The object of this research is implicitly determined through the utterances of the main characters Arya and Inggit who play “My Lecturer My Husband Season 2” taken from webseries media. The data taken was in the form of words and sentences implied in Arya's conversation/dialogue with Inggit. Data collection techniques used free-involved listening (SBLC), notes/transliteration techniques, and content analysis techniques. Method triangulation is used to examine several combinations of methods/techniques in research related to testing the credibility and validity of data. The process of data analysis was carried out by describing all the uses of conversational implicatures in strengthening the speech of contradictory/unusual illocutionary functions. The results of this study indicate that the language variations in the utterances conveyed by the main characters Arya and Inggit in the webseries "My Lecturer My Husband Season 2" prove that there are many implicit/hidden utterances uttered by the two of them with specific intentions. Conversational implicatures in the webseries "My Lecturer My Husband Season 2" include conversational implicatures forbidding, refusing, complaining, and affirming as well as strengthening the illocutionary function of changes in sentence structure (prohibition-asking), (prohibition-threats), (prohibition-innuendo), (prohibition-command), (ban-affirmation).