Changes In Physical Development Research Articles

COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF CHANGES WITHIN SOMATOTYPE COMPONENTS OF YOUNG PEOPLE (RURAL AND CITY RESIDENTS) DURING STUDyi NG IN A HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

Abstract. Relevance of the research topic. The constant trend towards reforms in the spheres of health care, education, and sanitary-epidemic service leads to changes in the control over the conditions of obtaining education from a medical point of view, and also confirms the urgency of finding solutions to improve the conditions of education in aim to preserve the health of those receiving education. In our opinion, control and observation of changes in physical development makes it possible to solve some urgent needs. Determination of the type of constitution, and especially somatotypological signs, is of actual practical and theoretical importance. The somatotypological characteristic of the human body is a biological portrait of a person that integrates and a set of hereditary somatic characteristics, as well as the influence of socio-economic and environmental factors. The aim of the study. Determining the features somatotype components changes of the rural and urban young main in full time education across the span of a year. Research materials and methods. A somatometric and somatotypological study of 200 practically healthy young men was carried out (100 residents of a village, 100 residents of the city) in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd years of study at the University of Life Safety. To determine the somatotype, the mathematical scheme of somatotyping according to J. L. Carter, B. H. Heath was used. The results. On the basis of the obtained data, a decrease in the indicators of the endomorphic component of the somatotype was discovered during education in both groups of young men, whereby the decrease prevailed in the first year of education, while the indicator of the mesomorphic component of the somatotype showed a tendency to increase throughout the entire course of education of residents of rural area and in the second year of education for urban residents, following the falling in the first year. The indicator of the ectomorphic component decreased during the span of education of students residing in rural areas, mainly in the second year, and remained unchanged among urban residents. Conclusion. The change of intergroup indicators across the span of a year for most components of the somatotype in the first year of education of the villagers were greater compared to that of the city residents, and the indicator for change of the endomorphic component across the span of a year had significant differences. In the second year of study, the intergroup change of somatotype components across the span of a year was again greater among rural residents, and the change of the ectomorphic component had significant differences.

Foot arches and physical fitness of 5-year-old children

Introduction Preschool age is a period of further changes in physical development, improvement of motor skills, and strengthening of the child's movement apparatus. At that time, especially between the ages of 4 and 7, morpho-functional changes in the feet are observed, leading to their longitudinal and transverse arches. The aim of the research was to try to assess the relationship between the curvature of the feet and the level of fitness and coordination abilities of children under the age of 5. Material and methods 414 children aged 5 participated in the study, including 178 girls and 236 boys. Podoscopic examination made it possible to assess the longitudinal arch of the feet using the Clarke's angle. The level of the child's motor development was characterized on the basis of the results of the tests of the Physical Fitness Test for Sekita's Preschoolers, and the Great Motility Test TGMD II was used to assess the coordination abilities. The results were statistically processed. Differences between the selected groups were estimated with the Student's t-test for independent groups. Results Based on our own research, it was found that preschoolers with flat feet are characterized by significantly lower body height and a higher BMI. On the other hand, such differences were not noted in body weight. On the other hand, the analysis of fitness abilities and motor predispositions proved the occurrence of small and insignificant differences between the described syndromes. Conclusion Therefore, it can be assumed that at this stage of ontogenesis, the level of the arched feet does not have a significant effect on the motor skills of the studied children.

Ретроспективний порівняльний аналіз фізичного розвитку дітей середнього шкільного віку

Objective: We determined the morphological indicators of 12-year-old schoolchildren in Lviv, established the differences between the anthropometric parameters of the children's population from other large cities of Ukraine, and assessed the trends in physical development changes over a long period. Materials and methods: According to the conventional methods of anthropometry, we examined 348 12-year-old schoolchildren (including 172 boys and 176 girls) studying at Lviv city general education institutions. Results: Gender peculiarities of morpho-functional development of 12-year-old schoolchildren in the large cities of Ukraine were revealed. They reflect the active endocrine remodeling of children, which is primarily inherent in the performance of girls. The values of individual anthropometric parameters, both among boys and girls, were determined to be significantly higher (p <0.05) than the National criteria (2013). At the same time, the height of Kyiv schoolgirls is smaller (p <0.05) against the national norms. During the analyzed period, pronounced accelerative processes were observed in the development of the 12-year-old children’s population in Kharkiv and Odessa, which indicates a certain dependence of the processes of growth and formation of the organism on the climatic and geographical conditions of habitat and the level of industrial development of the territory. The average statistical parameters of the basic indicators of physical development of Lviv schoolchildren are lower than the similar parameters of 12-year-old children in Poland. Conclusions: The obtained results of the study confirm our previous assumptions about the necessity to work out the regional standards for anthropometric indicators of middle age schoolchildren at the regional level and recommend to use them in the assessment of children's health by family doctors and pediatricians. In the future, it is planned to expand the list of major cities in Ukraine selected for our study, and increase the number of sample groups of 12-year-old schoolchildren, which will increase the level of statistical reliability of the results.

Correlates of Preadolescent Emotional Health in 18 Countries. A Study Using Children’s Words Data

Giving the rapid changes in physical development, behaviour and relationships with others, preadolescents are at risk of developing emotional problems. It is important to address these problems not only from the perspective of preadolescents’ mental health, but also from a boarder perspective, investigating the impact of individual and social determinants of their positive emotions. Emotional health, a dimension of emotional well-being, is the ability to understand, accept and manage emotions, feelings for oneself and others. The paper aims to identify the impact of individual characteristics and social factors on emotional health of preadolescents. We conducted secondary data analysis on data from second wave of the International Survey of Children’s Well-Being (ISCWeB). Using a linear sequential multiple regression model, we investigate the impact of individual and social factors on the emotional health of preadolescents from 18 countries. Results show that preadolescents` emotional well-being is mainly determined by gender, age, presence of parents in the household, family and school climate. However, cultural and socio-economic determinants should not be ignored, due to significant differences registered at intergroup level regarding the emotional health of children.

Developing Mental Skills in Youth Athletes

Youth sport coaches have an incredibly complex and challenging role. The physical developmental changes that youth and adolescents go through can seemingly happen overnight. It is not surprising, therefore, that coaches spend most of their time thinking about how to help players with their physical skills. However, the significant developmental changes (e.g. cognitive, social, and emotional) that are happening just below the surface are equally as important and may be the key to an athlete improving. The purpose of this article is to describe how coaches can incorporate strategies for developing mental skills in a youth sport setting. Three areas, cognitive, social, and emotional development, are discussed with specific strategies for how to coach when working with youth across various sport settings. In considering each of these areas of development, critical milestones are highlighted with a short discussion of how those milestones might impact youth sport coaching. The article also provides suggestions on how to teach mental skills to youth. Finally, a season-long planning tool for incorporating mental skills into training is discussed. Ultimately, understanding how athlete development should impact your coaching and how you can train mental skills are two areas that can improve your effectiveness as a coach.

SCIENTIFIC METHODICAL BASICS OF MILITARY APPLIED SKILLS DEVELOPMENT OF MOTORIZED RIFLE CADETS

The aim of the research is to determine the factors that shape military-applied skills of all the University cadets, to identify their most important motor abilities, to develop model scales for assessing the state of readiness and to compose practical suggestions. The research issues involve study of physical development changes of cadets based on a two-year scientific experiment, disclosure of physical training classes workload level and possible ways to increase their efficiency, as well as development and rationale of efficient methodology underpinning military applied skills according to the results of the scientific experiment.

Mapping Physical Development Changes in Lagos Island Local Government Area of Lagos State Using Geospatial Techniques

The scope of the research work comprised the planning and preliminary data requirement analyses, acquisition of preliminary data such as base map, data processing and database creation process, GIS implementation using linear referencing, map creation and analyses of data as well as the presentation of results. The aim of this research is to produce a new and updated map of the study area and document changes that have occurred over time. The objectives therefore includes; obtaining an older map of Lagos Island and update its features, obtaining the GPS coordinates within the study area for geo-referencing, analyzing the land use patterns for the study area, producing a new map in a Geospatial Information System Environment and analyzing the social-economic activities within the study area. The study area of this research is <i>Lagos Island Local Government Area</i>, in Lagos State, Nigeria. It is located in the South-western part of Lagos. The Study area is Located to the extreme south of Lagos, within the latitude 6°22′- 6°25′N and Longitude 3°25′E around Atlas Cove Depot and Jetty. Methodologically, this study employed field studies where equipments such as Garmin GPS MAP 62 (Series), Data storage, manipulation and retrieval hardwares were deployed. GIS operations were carried out using softwares such ArcGIS 10.8, AutoCAD 2007 for drafting, GoogleEarth-4.2 pro Application, Microsoft Excel 2007 for the storage of easting and northing (x, y) values, for all segment points and points of interest in the study area ArcGIS 10.8 software was used for Dynamic segmentation process and GIS analysis involving spatial analysis and search while Microsoft Word 2007 was used for documentation. The result showed new spatial features such as reclaimed wet lands, new roads, buildings and social amenities located in the updated map. Finally the study by demonstrating the capacity of the use GIS and remote sensing techniques for updating of maps.

Assessment of the dynamics of indicators of physical development and motor qualities during the implementation of the program of physical rehabilitation of preschoolers with the consequences of hip dysplasia

This article evaluates the dynamics of indicators of physical development and motor skills in the process of implementing the program of physical rehabilitation of preschoolers with the consequences of hip dysplasia. Disharmonious physical development with insufficient body weight was revealed in 11,8% of children, there were significantly more females than males among them. The disproportion of growth and maturation of the organism, deterioration of balance in children with the consequences of hip dysplasia from hip injury (p &lt;0,05) were confirmed. It was proved that the indicators of flexibility, speed of strength of the muscles of the lower extremities, strength endurance of the abdominal muscles were better in the comparison group than in the group of children with hip dysplasia (p&lt;0,05). Analysis of the results of motor skills testing showed that girls have lower scores than boys of this age (p &lt;0,05).&#x0D; The physical rehabilitation program was developed based on the previous clinical and instrumental screening of functional disorders of the hip joints, formed as a result of dysplasia in preschool children. This program included preventive and rehabilitation blocks. The developed program provides for the implementation of a comprehensive approach to restoring the physical and functional state of the preschool ORA through the use of game, simulation, traction, relaxation, stretching, special power, breathing, corrective and various coordination exercises.&#x0D; The application of the physical rehabilitation program was allowed to effectively influence the processes of growth and development of the child's body. There was tendency to positive changes in physical development among children of the main group, which increased in the direction of harmony of physical development by 17,2%, and the control group only in 6,1%. It was revealed significantly better indicators of the development of motor skills in children of the main group than in the control group (p&lt;0,05).

Sleep Disorders in Adolescents.

Chronic sleep deprivation is a common, treatable condition among adolescents. Growing literature supports a myriad consequences that impact overall health, behavior, mood, and academic performance in this vulnerable age group during a time when there are rapid changes in physical development and emotional regulation. This article reviews the epidemiology and health effects of sleep deprivation in adolescents as well as common disorders leading to sleep loss and evidence to support treatment. Although a variety of important sleep disorders may disrupt quality of sleep in adolescents, such as obstructive sleep apnea, restless leg syndrome, and narcolepsy, this article will focus on common disorders that affect the quantity of sleep, such as poor sleep hygiene, circadian rhythm disorders, and insomnia.

Дослідження впливу занять оздоровчим плаванням на фізичний розвиток, функціональний стан і фізичну підготовленість жінок

Purpose: to study the influence of recreational swimming classes on physical development, functional state and physical preparedness of women aged 17–19. Material & Methods: data collection was carried out in the fitness groups of the Pioneer pool. A group of 15 women aged 17–19 years was formed. Classes were held for 21 weeks, 3 times a week. The duration of one lesson is 45 minutes. During the study, testing was conducted of the physical development, functional state and physical preparedness of the subjects. To analyze physical development, anthropometric data were measured; functional status was determined using the Harvard step test and heart rate measurement. Testing of physical preparedness was carried out in accordance with State tests and standards for assessing physical fitness of the population of Ukraine. The obtained quantitative data were processed by methods of mathematical statistics. Results: studies indicate that in women aged 17–19 years of health-improving swimming cause positive changes in physical development, physical preparedness and functional status. Changes in indicators are reliable. Conclusions: at the initial stage of the study, the anthropometric indicators of the respondents were age-appropriate; the physical preparedness of women aged 17–19 years on almost all indicators was at the level of unsatisfactory; Harvard step test indices were below the average. After lengthy swimming lessons, the majority of anthropometric indices of the studied contingent improved (P(t)<0,01–0,001). All indicators of physical fitness of young women improved (P(t)<0,01–0,001). Recovery processes after dosed muscular work (Harvard step test) and heart rate (P(t)<0,05–0,01) significantly improved.

ОБҐРУНТУВАННЯ ДИФЕРЕНЦІЙОВАНОГО ПІДХОДУ НА ЗАНЯТТЯХ ІЗ ФІЗИЧНОГО ВИХОВАННЯ СТУДЕНТІВ ІЗ ГІПЕРМОБІЛЬНІСТЮ СУГЛОБІВ

Introduction. Experts point to a decrease in the level of health of youth with manifestations of connective tissue dysplasia. One of the most common signs of connective tissue dysplasia is joint hypermobility (JH). In the JH understands the excess of range of motion in one or several joints compared with the average norm. JH is accompanied by disharmonious changes in physical development, a decrease in functional indicators, muscle hypotension occurs, leading to frequent injuries. Therefore, it is necessary to organize the educational process in physical education, in such a way as to provide the necessary healing and educational effect in physical education classes. The research hypothesis is that the application of a differentiated approach in physical education classes will help to increase the effectiveness of the educational process and improve the physical condition of female students with different levels of severity of joint hypermobility. The purpose of the study: substantiate a differentiated approach in the physical education of female students with hypermobility of joints to improve their physical condition. Materials and methods: analysis of literary sources, questionnaires, anthropometry, methods for studying the functional state of the body and assessing physical health, performance assessment, pedagogical testing, pedagogical experiment, methods of mathematical statistics. The research involved 155 students aged 17-20 years, who studied at the State Institution "Dnepropetrovsk Medical Academy of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine." Results: The results of the study indicate a positive effect of a differentiated approach in physical education classes on the physical condition of female students with hypermobility of the joints. This gives grounds to recommend it for practical use in the process of physical education of university students. Conclusions. 1. The use of a differentiated approach in physical education classes in accordance with the functional capabilities of students with different levels of joint hypermobility contributed to improved results in cardiovascular and respiratory systems, dynamometry of the right hand, back muscle strength (p &lt;0.05). 2. The number of female students who have a low level of somatic health has decreased and an increase in performance and adaptive capacity has been established, and physical fitness has been promoted. Key words: physical condition, female students, hypermobility of joints, physical education.

Perceived Effect of Pubertal Developmental Body Changes on Academic Achievement Among Public Primary School Pupils in Sagana, Kirinyaga West Sub-County, Kenya

Pupils in puberty face several challenges that affect their academic achievement. Academic achievement of pupils is also affected as boys and girls in puberty perform dismally. Puberty is a developmental stage for a human being characterized by increased changes in bodies of the young people. The body changes are manifested in emotional, physical and attitude changes that affect their academic performance. During the onset of this period, many young people attending school become affected posing potential risks to optimal academic achievement. The purpose of this study was to determine the perceived effect of pubertal developmental body changes on academic achievement among pupils in Sagana, Kirinyaga West Sub-County, Kenya. This study employed descriptive survey research design that comprises both quantitative and qualitative research procedures used for obtaining information from a large population. The researcher targeted 480 respondents comprising of twelve class teachers and 468 pupils in classes six and seven in six schools. Simple random sampling technique was used to obtain a sample size of 214 pupils from the target population of 468 pupils. The researcher also used purposive technique to obtain a sample of twelve class teachers. The researcher used questionnaires for teachers and pupils as well as achievement records for pupils to collect data. Validity of the instruments was confirmed through expert judgment from the Department of Education at Chuka University. The questionnaires and achievement tests were tested for reliability. Two schools were purposively selected for testing of the instruments using split half method. With a coefficient (α=0.81), the instruments were considered reliable for data analysis. Both qualitative and quantitative data were generated. Computer programme Statistical Package for Social Sciences Version 21 was used to analyse quantitative data that generated frequencies and percentages which were presented in Tables and Graphs. For qualitative data, content analysis was used to arrange data into themes. Findings indicating perceived effect of pubertal developmental body changes on academic achievement were established. Findings indicated that girls are affected more than boys in terms of academic performance. Also, the findings revealed that pubertal physical development changes are manifested differently in boys and girls with girls being affected most. This study concluded that while pubertal physical body changes occur in both boys and girls, the manifestation of the changes is more in girls than boys with boys exhibiting fewer effects. The study recommends that more strategies to help girls manage the pubertal changes should be devised as a means of improving their academic performance. The findings of this study will benefit pupils, teachers, NGOs, Ministry of Education and academicians. Perceived Effect, Academic performance, pubertal body development, body changes, primary school pupil DOI : 10.7176/JEP/10-35-11 Publication date: December 31 st 2019

Іноваційні програми з оздоровчого плавання та їх вплив на фізичний розвиток жінок 30–40 років

Liliia SheikoPurpose: to analyze the impact indicators of recreational swimming classes on the physical development of women 30–40 years old. Material & Methods: data collection was carried out in the fitness groups of the Pioneer pool sport school on water sports named after Yana Klochkova. The study involved 20 women aged 30–40 years, 2–3 times a week, attend fitness groups swimming. The duration of one lesson is 45–60 minutes. A comparative analysis of changes in the physical development of the studied contingent in the process of applying innovative programs from recreational swimming was carried out. The methods used were: survey, testing, biomedical control. The obtained quantitative data were processed by methods of mathematical statistics. Results: study suggests that in women 30–40 years old, recreational swimming classes cause positive changes in physical development. In both groups of the studied, significant changes in anthropometric indicators and indicators of the state of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems took place. Conclusions: the targeted use of innovative recreational swimming programs positively influenced the anthropometric indicators of women aged 30–40. A significant improvement in the indicators of the functional state of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems of women involved in swimming was established. It was revealed that anthropometric indicators and indicators of the functional state of the cardiovascular system after a year of classes are significantly high compared to the initial data (P(t)<0,01; P(t)<0,001).

THE NEW PHYSICAL EDUCATION AT SCHOOL: CORRECTIONAL AND HEALTH-IMPROVING USAGE OF STUDENTS’ PHYSIOLOGICAL INDEXES AS MARKERS OF PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT AND HEALTH DISORDERS

Aim. The article deals with establishing the efficiency of applying control and measuring indexes at Physical Education classes (physical development indexes, heart rate variability) as factors of health development and academic performance assessment. Materials and methods. We examined 20 fifth-grade male pupils (n = 20) from school No 90 (Togliatti), who formed the basic experimental group and followed a correction and development program. We also examined pupils of the same gender, age, and number at school No 91 (Togliatti) to form the control group with a standard school program. The following methods of diagnostics were used: a computer program ‘Express Assessment of Pupils’ Physical Health’ and heart rate variability assessment by means of Varicard 2.51 hardware and software complex. Results. The article provides the experimental justification of using the dynamics of functional indicators (physical development indexes, heart rate variability) as control and measuring indexes at Physical Education classes. We established that at the initial stage of the pedagogical experiment there were no significant differences between the indicators of physical health in the experimental and control groups. In the experimental group, after lessons, including the selection of correction and development exercises depending on physical development indexes and heart rate variability, we registered a significant improvement of the parameters studied. In the control group, there were no significant changes in physical development or health status. Therefore, physiological markers provide a maximal objectivation of physical development, health, and academic progress assessment in pupils at PE lessons. Conclusion. Measuring physical development and health indexes in screening mode allows: 1) to perform a dynamic control of children ontogenesis, 2) to detect and promptly prevent dysontogenesis, 3) to prevent schoolchildren’s disadaptation after overloads.

Взаємозв’язок спортивної майстерності і компонентів тренувального навантаження у студентів-легкоатлетів (на прикладі бігу на середні дистанції)

Мета роботи – виявити вплив різних компонентів тренувального навантаження на вдосконалення спортивної майстерності легкоатлетів на етапах попередньої підготовки і початкової спеціалізації. Матеріал і методи. В дослідженні взяли участь студенти віком 17 років, які займались у легкоатлетичній секції і виконували нормативні тести на рівні ІІІ спортивного розряду. Їх розділили на 2 групи: експериментальну та контрольну (по 10 чол. в кожній). Студенти експериментальної групи проходили підготовку за авторською 6-ти компонентною програмою тренувальних навантажень. Студенти контрольної групи займались за програмою розробленою у науково-дослідному інституті фізичного виховання і спорту. Досліджували показники фізичного розвитку (ріст, вага тіла, функціональні резерви кардіо-респіраторної системи) і фізичну підготовленість (витривалість, швидкісні і силові показники) кожні 6 місяців протягом 5 років. Результати. Розроблена програма, яка реалізується на етапах попередньої підготовки і початкової спеціалізації легкотлетів передбачає розвиток спеціально орієнтованих фізичних здібностей і дозволяє підвищувати рівень спортивної майстерності. На це вказує динаміка отриманих позитивних результатів тестування основних антропометричних даних і показників фізичної підготовки студентів-легкоатлетів. При цьому необхідно також враховувати напрямок розвитку фізичних здібностей, що базується на розвитку основних показників кардіо-респіраторної системи та провідної ролі механізмів, що впливають на регуляцію рівня загальної витривалості, швидкості рухів і силових характеристик у цілісному організмі. Програма передбачає систематичне, але поступове ускладнення фізичних навантажень, що визначає відповідні умови для реалізації основного принципу фізичного виховання у вищих навчальних закладах і розвиваючого навчання студентів-спортсменів різної кваліфікації. Висновок. Результати 5-ти річного тестування студентів-легкоатлетів після впровадження авторської програми у тренувальний процес, вказують на виражені позитивні зрушення у фізичному розвитку і фізичній підготовленості, що виражається у підвищенні рівня їх спортивної майстерності і досягнення спортивних результатів, які відповідають І спортивному розряду.

Физическое развитие и функциональное состояние женщин 20–35 лет, занимающихся плаванием

Liliia Sheiko Purpose: determining changes in physical development and functional state of women 20–35 years old, engaged in swimming. Material & Methods : 20 women aged 20–35 years old took part in the study, which consisted of two groups: the main group (MG) and the control group (CG). The OG included women swimming in the fitness and fitness groups of the author's swimming school of Yu. V. Bliznyuk and Pioneer pool (water sports school named after Yana Klochkova); in the CG – women who lead active lifestyles, but in health groups are not engaged, swimming only on weekends. The tested people had the same swimming preparedness. Applied: survey, testing, instrumental methods for studying the cardiovascular system. Lung capacity and dynamometry were determined. To study the functional reserves of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, the Skibinsky index was used. The obtained quantitative data were processed by the methods of mathematical statistics. Results : the study suggests that in women of 20–35 years old swimming lessons cause changes in physical development and functional state. According to the parameters of the physical development of women of MG and CG swimming during the year has a positive effect on the body. First of all, swimming helps to improve the state of the cardio-respiratory system and the strength abilities of women. Conclusions: the positive effect of swimming on the physical development and functional status of women aged 20–35 years engaged in recreational swimming is substantiated and proved.

Влияние занятий оздоровительным плаванием на физическое развитие женщин 18–25 лет

Purpose: determine the degree of influence of health swimming lessons on changes in the physical development of women 18–25 years of age. Material & Methods: the study involved 30 women 18–25 years. Data collection was carried out in the physical culture groups of the Author's School of Swimming Yu. V. Bliznyuk and the Pioner pool (public educational institution sport school for water sports Yana Klochkova). Subjects had the same swimming readiness. Applied: interrogation, testing, instrumental methods of studying the cardiovascular system. The obtained quantitative data were processed by methods of mathematical statistics Results: the study suggests that in women 18–25 years of health swimming exercises cause positive changes in physical development. In both groups of studied events, significant changes in anthropometric indicators and indicators of the state of the cardiovascular system. Significant improvement in indicators The most characteristic is revealed after a year of regular studies. Conclusion: swimming exercises positively influenced the anthropometric indicators of women aged 18–25. It has been established that there have been significant improvements in the indices of the functional state of the cardiovascular system of women swimming. It was revealed that the anthropometric indices and indices of the functional state of the cardiovascular system after a year of occupations in comparison with the initial data were significantly high (P(t)<0,01; P(t)<0,001).

Gender-dependent changes in physical development, BDNF content and GSH redox system in a model of acute neonatal hypoxia in rats

Perinatal hypoxia–ischaemia is one of the leading factors that negatively influence the development of the central nervous system. Our aim was to investigate the effects of sex on the outcomes of acute neonatal hypoxia (ANH) in rat pups. Male and female Wistar rats were exposed to a hypoxic condition (8% oxygen for 120 min) at postnatal day 2 (P2). Immediately after ANH an increase in HIF1-α gene expression was observed in the rat brains, independently of sex. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glutathione peroxidase-4 gene expression was increased in female animals only. Hypoxic pups of both sexes showed a decreased reduced/oxidised glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratio in the blood and only males had an increased GSH content in the whole brain immediately after hypoxia. Furthermore, an increased BDNF content in the brain was found in both male and female rat pups at 0 h and in serum 4 h after hypoxia, but at 4 h after hypoxia only males had an increased BDNF level in the brain. Only hypoxic males displayed retarded performance in the righting reflex, but in a negative geotaxis test hypoxic pups of both sexes had an increased turnaround time. Moreover, hypoxic female but not male pups demonstrated less weight gain than control littermates for the entire observation period (until P18). These results demonstrate that ANH at P2 leads to both molecular and physiological impairments in a sex-specific manner and the described model could be used to represent mild hypoxic brain damage in very preterm infants.

POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT OF RATS' OFFSPRING FROM FEMALES GETTING NEUROGLUTAME DURING THEIR PREGNANCY

The two month long observation of offspring from female rats, which were getting neuroglutame in the dose of 650 mg/ kg (25-fold therapeutic dose) from the 6th to the 20th day of pregnancy, showed the absence of changes in physical development. At the same time comparison of the tested rats' offspring with the group of control ones showed effects: activation of body weight increase; surpassing of the terms of muscular strength maturation and opening of eyes, as well as formation of reflex of turning over in the free fall and cliff avoidance. Descent of testicles into the scrotum of the male rats and vagina opening of the female rats matched the physiological standard and did not differ from the control indices. According to the research results there was made a conclusion about the absence of damaging influence of neuroglutame in the dose of 650 mg/kg on the processes of organo- and fetogenesis registered in the postnatal period of the offspring's development.

CHANGES IN THE LEVEL OF FITNESS AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDREN FROM FIRST-GRADE SWIMMING CLASSES COMPARED TO PEERS

Introduction. In the changes occurring in competitive sport, proper choice and selection for sport and the age of starting the training are of great importance. Aim. Determining the magnitude of changes in physical fitness and physical development of first-grade children practicing swimming in relation to the non-training peers. Material and methods. The study included two groups of children - the first one was a children practicing swimming (26 boys and 23 girls) and the second one was a non-training class (26 boys and 23 girls). In both groups, MTSF trials were conducted in September and June. The results of the study focused on three aspects: the evaluation of sexual dimorphism, the identification of differences and their direction between groups and sex. Results. There were no statistically significant differences in physical development among children who practiced swimming. There were statistically significant differences in body heights in the non-training group - only in the first study (boys – 120.30; girls – 117.86) also in body weight in the first study (boys – 24.57; girls – 21.22) and also in the second study (boys – 26,80; girls – 22,83). In the assessment of physical fitness, in the group of children training swimming, sexual dimorphism was found in: standing long jump (only in the first study boys – 151,65, girls – 134,96); hand strength measurement (only in the first study boys – 23.5; girls – 19,36); bent arm hang, both in the first study (boys – 13,40; girls – 7,70) and also in the second study (ch-14,46; dz-6,31); forward stretches (only in the first study boys – 5; girls – 1.34); 4x10m run both in the first study (boys – 14,54; girls – 15,23) and also in the second study (boys – 13,66; girls – 15,11). Whereas, in the control group in: standing long jump (also only in the first study boys – 107.78; hand strength measurement in both the first study (boys – 18,95; girls – 12,26) as in the second study (boys – 12,09; girls – 12,77); bent arm hang (only in the first study (boys – 8.21; girls – 3.02); forward stretches in both the first (boys – 2,43; girls – 1,30) as in the second study (boys – 3,30; girls – 2,19). Conclusions. In both groups, boys as well as girls reported statistically significant changes in physical development, which is a normal symptom of growth, but only in the group of girls a statistically significant increase in BMI occured. In evaluating swimming training and its effect on fitness, it can be stated that the boys were positively influenced by such tests as (bent arm hang and sit-ups) and negatively by 50 m and 600 m run. On the other hand, among girls: positive only in the sit-ups test, and negative, as in the group of boys in at 50 m and 600 m run. In the group of girls, it was also noted that the trainees, despite the fact that in the first study achieved a significantly better result in the bent arm hang test, in the second attempt they obtained a considerably weaker result, while the non-training girls in the second measurement achieved a statistically better result than the first one.