Changes In Physical Development Research Articles

Gender-dependent changes in physical development, BDNF content and GSH redox system in a model of acute neonatal hypoxia in rats

Perinatal hypoxia–ischaemia is one of the leading factors that negatively influence the development of the central nervous system. Our aim was to investigate the effects of sex on the outcomes of acute neonatal hypoxia (ANH) in rat pups. Male and female Wistar rats were exposed to a hypoxic condition (8% oxygen for 120 min) at postnatal day 2 (P2). Immediately after ANH an increase in HIF1-α gene expression was observed in the rat brains, independently of sex. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glutathione peroxidase-4 gene expression was increased in female animals only. Hypoxic pups of both sexes showed a decreased reduced/oxidised glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratio in the blood and only males had an increased GSH content in the whole brain immediately after hypoxia. Furthermore, an increased BDNF content in the brain was found in both male and female rat pups at 0 h and in serum 4 h after hypoxia, but at 4 h after hypoxia only males had an increased BDNF level in the brain. Only hypoxic males displayed retarded performance in the righting reflex, but in a negative geotaxis test hypoxic pups of both sexes had an increased turnaround time. Moreover, hypoxic female but not male pups demonstrated less weight gain than control littermates for the entire observation period (until P18). These results demonstrate that ANH at P2 leads to both molecular and physiological impairments in a sex-specific manner and the described model could be used to represent mild hypoxic brain damage in very preterm infants.

POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT OF RATS' OFFSPRING FROM FEMALES GETTING NEUROGLUTAME DURING THEIR PREGNANCY

The two month long observation of offspring from female rats, which were getting neuroglutame in the dose of 650 mg/ kg (25-fold therapeutic dose) from the 6th to the 20th day of pregnancy, showed the absence of changes in physical development. At the same time comparison of the tested rats' offspring with the group of control ones showed effects: activation of body weight increase; surpassing of the terms of muscular strength maturation and opening of eyes, as well as formation of reflex of turning over in the free fall and cliff avoidance. Descent of testicles into the scrotum of the male rats and vagina opening of the female rats matched the physiological standard and did not differ from the control indices. According to the research results there was made a conclusion about the absence of damaging influence of neuroglutame in the dose of 650 mg/kg on the processes of organo- and fetogenesis registered in the postnatal period of the offspring's development.

CHANGES IN THE LEVEL OF FITNESS AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDREN FROM FIRST-GRADE SWIMMING CLASSES COMPARED TO PEERS

Introduction. In the changes occurring in competitive sport, proper choice and selection for sport and the age of starting the training are of great importance. Aim. Determining the magnitude of changes in physical fitness and physical development of first-grade children practicing swimming in relation to the non-training peers. Material and methods. The study included two groups of children - the first one was a children practicing swimming (26 boys and 23 girls) and the second one was a non-training class (26 boys and 23 girls). In both groups, MTSF trials were conducted in September and June. The results of the study focused on three aspects: the evaluation of sexual dimorphism, the identification of differences and their direction between groups and sex. Results. There were no statistically significant differences in physical development among children who practiced swimming. There were statistically significant differences in body heights in the non-training group - only in the first study (boys – 120.30; girls – 117.86) also in body weight in the first study (boys – 24.57; girls – 21.22) and also in the second study (boys – 26,80; girls – 22,83). In the assessment of physical fitness, in the group of children training swimming, sexual dimorphism was found in: standing long jump (only in the first study boys – 151,65, girls – 134,96); hand strength measurement (only in the first study boys – 23.5; girls – 19,36); bent arm hang, both in the first study (boys – 13,40; girls – 7,70) and also in the second study (ch-14,46; dz-6,31); forward stretches (only in the first study boys – 5; girls – 1.34); 4x10m run both in the first study (boys – 14,54; girls – 15,23) and also in the second study (boys – 13,66; girls – 15,11). Whereas, in the control group in: standing long jump (also only in the first study boys – 107.78; hand strength measurement in both the first study (boys – 18,95; girls – 12,26) as in the second study (boys – 12,09; girls – 12,77); bent arm hang (only in the first study (boys – 8.21; girls – 3.02); forward stretches in both the first (boys – 2,43; girls – 1,30) as in the second study (boys – 3,30; girls – 2,19). Conclusions. In both groups, boys as well as girls reported statistically significant changes in physical development, which is a normal symptom of growth, but only in the group of girls a statistically significant increase in BMI occured. In evaluating swimming training and its effect on fitness, it can be stated that the boys were positively influenced by such tests as (bent arm hang and sit-ups) and negatively by 50 m and 600 m run. On the other hand, among girls: positive only in the sit-ups test, and negative, as in the group of boys in at 50 m and 600 m run. In the group of girls, it was also noted that the trainees, despite the fact that in the first study achieved a significantly better result in the bent arm hang test, in the second attempt they obtained a considerably weaker result, while the non-training girls in the second measurement achieved a statistically better result than the first one.

PENGARUH FASADE BANGUNAN TERHADAP KARAKTER VISUAL KAWASAN (Studi Kasus: Pecinan Semarang, Malaysia Dan Singapura)

An area, in this case a road corridor is expected to have its own distinctive character that has the image. One of the region that still famous with its distinctive character is the Chinatown area. However, the current physical development changes in Chinatown area, particularly on its building function may change the façade of the buildings. Hence, this article aims to explore the charateristic of façade in chinatown area with the case of Chinatown areas in Indonesia (Semarang city), Malaysia and Singapore. The exploration of these areas not previously been examined and contributes on the development of historic Chinatown area, particularly in Semarang. This study used a qualitative method with dependent indicator is a visual character, while the independent indicator is component of façade. This research found that the areas that still have strong visual character and still preserve the architectural character of the Chinese is Singapore Chinatown area, followed by Malaysia, and Semarang.

The Trends of Physical and Functional Indicators of Junior Elite High Performance Traditional Karate Do Athletes during Transitional Period

While preparing high performance karate do athletes and aiming for the highest results at international competitions, the training of athletes is based on the fundamental sport training elements. It is relevant to know how athletes’ body functions change during all periods of training, however we have the least knowledge of how the qualification of athletes varies during a transitional period. A relevant goal for the transitional period is to create right conditions so that athletes’ body system would recover after great physical and psychological strains experienced at training sessions and competitions. It is also important to ensure that athletes’ physical, functional and technical qualification wouldn‘t decrease at a large scale during the transitional period. The aim of the study was to examine high performance level traditional karate do athletes’ changes in physical development, physical and functional capacity during the transitional period. To pursue the above stated aim, these methods of research were used: diagnostic analyses identified somatometric and physiometric indicators of physical development, also indicators of anaerobic alactic muscle capacity, psychomotoric functions and physical performance. After generalizing the survey data it was determined to form only one sample of the research subjects. The results of research were processed by mathematical statistics methods. We found that during the transitional period the functional capacity of circulatory and respiratory systems had a tendency to improve, psychomotoric reaction time and movement frequency during the time of research didn‘t change. At significantly increased height of maximal jump and a shortened time of take-off, it was seen a tendency of one-time‘s muscle contraction power growth. The indicators of a short muscle action power didn‘t change. This shows that the transitional period didn‘t have a significant influence on functional and physical capacity of athletes‘ body systems. After summer holidays most athletes start preparatory period having a good physical and functional capacity that makes the training at a preparatory period easier. Keywords: adaptation, physical load, muscle power, annual cycle, activity. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/sm.2017.8

Динамика физического и психоэмоционального состояния женщин под влиянием занятий плаванием

Purpose: to reveal influence of occupations in recreational swimming on the psychoemotional sphere and the general indicators of women's health. Material & Methods: 52 women at the age of 25–40 years have participated in research. Data collection was carried out in recreational groups of author’s swimming school of Y. Bliznuk and the pool Pioneer. Methods applied: poll, testing, instrumental methods of cardiovascular system and anthropometry research; indicators of physical, mental and social health were determined by S. Stepanov's technique; assessment of health, activities and moods was carried out by means of questionnaire HAM. The obtained quantitative data were processed by methods of mathematical statistics. Results: conducted research demonstrates that recreational swimming occupations cause positive changes in physical development, physical fitness and psychoemotional condition of women; improvement of indicators of physical and psychoemotional state is most explicitly revealed after 2 years of occupations. Conclusions: it is established that occupations in recreational swimming for 2 years have positively affected on the psychoemotional sphere and the general indicators of women's health.

Dental Composites and Amalgam and Physical Development in Children

Resin-based composite dental restoration materials may release bisphenol-A, an endocrine-disrupting chemical. Using secondary analysis of a randomized clinical safety trial of amalgam vs. composites, we tested the hypothesis that dental restoration materials affect children’s growth. Children (N = 218 boys, N = 256 girls) aged 6 to 10 yrs at baseline with ≥ 2 decayed posterior teeth were randomized to amalgam or composites (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl-dimethacrylate composite for permanent teeth, urethane-dimethacrylate compomer for primary teeth) for treatment of posterior caries throughout follow-up. Primary outcomes for this analysis were 5-year changes in BMI-for-age z-scores, body fat percentage (BF%), and height velocity; exploratory analyses (n = 113) examined age at menarche. Results showed no significant differences between treatment assignment and changes in physical development in boys [(composites vs. amalgam) BF%, 4.9 vs. 5.7, p = 0.49; (BMI-z-score) 0.13 vs. 0.25, p = 0.36] or girls (8.8 vs. 7.7, p = 0.95; 0.36 vs. 0.21, p = 0.49). Children with more treatment on primary teeth had greater increases in BF% regardless of material type. Girls assigned to composites had lower risk of menarche during follow-up (hazard ratio = 0.57, 95% CI 0.35-0.95). Overall, there were no significant differences in physical development over 5 years in children treated with composites or amalgam. Additional studies examining these restoration materials in relation to age at menarche are warranted (clinicaltrials.gov number NCT00065988).

Effects of Maternal Dietary Supplementation with Selenite on the Postnatal Development of Rat Offspring Exposed to Methyl Mercury in Utero

Female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a control standard diet or a selenite (Se) supplemented diet (1.3 p.p.m. Se) for 8 weeks before mating and during gestation and lactation. Blood glutathione peroxidase activity (GSH-Px) was measured as a biomarker of Se in dames. After mating, the females from two dietary groups were divided into three subgroups (6 groups with 10 animals in each) given 0 (vehicle), 2 or 6 mg/kg methyl mercury (MeHg) by gavage on days 6-9 of gestation. Day 2 post parturition all litters were standardized to 6 pups per litter and remaining pups were used for determination of blood and brain total Hg contents. Behavioural testing was performed at two months of age. The results of the study showed that supplementing the diet with Se partly antagonized some adverse effects of the MeHg such as hypoactivity especially in the high MeHg dose group. There were no changes in physical development or body weight except a tendency to decreased body weight in offspring of mothers exposed to 6 mg Hg/kg. The GSH-Px activity was significantly increased in animals fed on Se supplemented diet. The dietary Se supplementation resulted in considerably increased concentrations of mercury in the blood of the offspring despite milder signs of CNS toxicity and no increase in brain concentrations of mercury.

Demonstrating Physical Fitness Improvement in the EMR

It was the purpose of this study to assess changes in physical development in educable mentally retarded boys as a result of a structured physical education program. Included in the study were 42 boys (24 experimental and 18 control). From the posttest and followup data analyses the following conclusions seem supported: (a) levels of physical fitness can be so significantly improved as to allow a favorable comparison with the nonretarded peer group, and (b) significant gains demonstrated at the end of the experiment proper remained significant over a 6 week post experiment followup period.