Change In Portugal Research Articles

Illustrating History: April 25th in Portuguese Comics

Abstract This essay offers a comprehensive analysis of Portuguese comics, with a specific focus on those that depict the April 25th Revolution of 1974. It traces the historical evolution of these comics, examining how they have engaged with significant political and social changes in Portugal. The study critically evaluates the term “BD de Abril” (April Comics), proposing a more nuanced categorization that reflects the thematic and chronological diversity within this body of work. By analyzing key works, including Utopia by Raquel Varela and Robson Vilalba, the essay explores how Portuguese comics have functioned as both artistic and historiographical tools, especially during periods of political upheaval. The research identifies four distinct phases in the development of “April Comics”: Denunciation (pre-revolution), Exaltation (immediate post-revolution), Revivalism (1990s–2000s), and Revisitation (2010s onwards). Each phase is contextualized within the broader socio-political landscape, revealing the evolving role of comics in reflecting and shaping historical consciousness. The essay concludes by arguing that while “April Comics” is a valuable category, it requires refinement to fully capture the complexity and richness of these works.

A lost cause?: Great Britain’s role in the Portuguese revolution, 1974-1975

The British case has been one of the least explored in the growing literature on the international dimensions of regime change in Portugal. This article focuses on analyzing the Labour government’s foreign policy towards Portugal between April 1974 and November 1975. What was the British contribution to maintaining the international statu quo, stabilizing the political crisis in Portugal and anchoring the country in the Western community? To address these questions, the article investigates Britain’s role in channelling the Portuguese revolution in a liberal and Western direction, aligned with British geopolitical and economic interests.

Uma causa perdida? O papel da Grã-Bretanha na revolução em Portugal, 1974-1975

The British have been one of the least studied cases in the growing literature on the international dimensions of regime change in Portugal. This article is an analysis of the Labour government’s foreign policy towards Portugal from April 1974 to November 1975. What was the British contribution to maintaining the international status quo, to stabilizing the deep political crisis in Portugal, and to the anchoring of the country in the Western bloc? To answer these questions, this article examines Britain’s role in channeling the Portuguese revolution in a liberal and Western direction that coincided with British geopolitical and economic interests.

The Asymmetric and Symmetric Effect of Energy Productivity on Environmental Quality in the Era of Industry 4.0: Empirical Evidence from Portugal

Energy has never been used in the same way or to the extent that it is today. The CO2 level in the atmosphere surpassed the previous record established in 1958 in May 2019 when it hit 415.26 ppm, and the climate system has reached a tipping point. New corporate initiatives are required to create more sustainable eco-market opportunities and enhance stewardship in order to make the transition to net zero carbon emissions. This research investigates the asymmetric and symmetric impact of energy efficiency on environmental quality in Portugal from 1990Q1 to 2020Q4, while accounting for the role of total energy consumption (TEC), trade openness (TRA), and economic growth (GDP) in driving environmental quality in the era of industry 4.0. Portugal has emerged as a crucial player, experiencing rapid economic and financial growth, and attracting an unprecedented inflow of foreign trade. While country growth is appreciable in the monetary sense, this research employs the nonlinear autoregressive distributive lag (NARDL) technique and econometric robustness tests to examine the consequence of CO2 emissions in Portugal. The results verify the asymmetric (different magnitude) impacts across the modeled variables; specifically, a 1% volatility to energy productivity (EP) reduces environmental degradation in Portugal by 3.247606%, while a 1% volatility to GDP, TRA, and TEC increase environmental degradation in Portugal by 0.29119%, 0.717775%, and 0.034088% over the long-term. Energy productivity sources are a great way to help Portugal keep its energy independence and reduce environmental erosion simultaneously. Switching from nonrenewable energy to investing in low-carbon technology is a crucial strategy for decarbonization and the best practical course of policy action for reducing climate change in Portugal.

Different taxation between diesel and gasoline: Is it justifiable for Portugal?

We question the fiscal advantage enjoyed by diesel fuel in Portugal based on economic and environmental grounds. To do so, we estimate price and income elasticities for diesel and gasoline. Our results show that diesel consumption is inelastic to price changes in Portugal, and instead, this consumption is highly dependent on economic growth, given its strong use for commercial purposes. Consequently, higher taxes on diesel are not very effective to moderate demand and would hinder firm’s competitiveness. To protect the environment other policy options should be explored, such as environmental standards and incentives to electric mobility.

Patronos e identidades en la Monarquía Hispánica en el período de la disputa del patronato de Santiago (1618-1630)

En este artículo se trata la relación entre santidad, representación simbólica e identidad colectiva. Para analizar esa relación se estudia el período de cambio del patronato del Apóstol Santiago bajo Felipe III y Felipe IV (1618-1630) en favor de Teresa de Ávila. El análisis no se basa en los hechos de ese período, bien conocidos, sino en dos planos de observación: el territorial, planteando cómo se vivieron esos cambios en Portugal, en vísperas de su movimiento de separación de 1640, cuando ese reino creaba su propia identidad; el social, planteando si por debajo de las elites políticas y cortesanas implicadas e interesadas en esos cambios, los otros sectores sociales castellanos, en especial el campesinado, compartieron ese interés o si tenían algún sentido de la identidad.

‘Despite the special bonds that tie us’: Portugal, Brazil, and the South Atlantic in the late Cold War

ABSTRACT As the Cold War entered the mid-1980s, concerns over the Brazilian nuclear programme lingered on through the global stage. In this context, Brazil’s 1986 proposal for a Zone of Peace and Cooperation in the South Atlantic (ZOPACAS) emerged as an opportunity to recast the country’s external profile; yet, unexpected reservations emerged from the unlikeliest of its partners, Portugal. This article argues that while Portugal’s initial positioning was fuelled by broader Western concerns, including misperceptions over Brazil’s nuclear ambitions, the official predisposition towards such a project eventually shifted, following changes in Portugal, the region, and the world.

Modelling climate change impacts on attributable-related deaths and demographic changes in the largest metropolitan area in Portugal: A time-series analysis

Previous studies have consistently analyzed the impact that extreme temperatures will have on human health. However, there are very few data on temperature-related mortality burden considering future demographic changes in a context of climate change in Portugal. This study aims to quantify the impact of climate change on heat-, cold-, and net change mortality burdens, taking into account the future demographic changes in Lisbon Metropolitan Area, Portugal. We applied a time-series generalized linear model with a quasi-Poisson model via a distributed lag nonlinear model to project temperature-related mortality burden for two climatological scenarios: a present (or reference, 1986–2005) scenario and a future scenario (2046–2065), in this case the Representative Concentration Pathway RCP8.5, which reflects the worst set of expectations (with the most onerous impacts). The results show that the total attributable fraction due to temperature, extreme and moderate cold, is statistically significant in the historical period and the future projected scenarios, while extreme and moderate heat were only significant in the projected future summer period. Net differences were attributed to moderate cold in the future winter months. Projections show a consistent and significant increase in future heat-related mortality burden. The attributable fraction due to heat in the future period, compared to the historical period, ranges from 0 to 1.5% for moderate heat and from 0 to 0.5% for extreme heat. Adaptation should be implemented at the local level, so as to prevent and diminish the effects on citizens and healthcare services, in a context of climate change.

Portuguese Ministers as Political Survivors: an empirical analysis of the first 20 Constitutional Governments

ABSTRACT Introduction: In this study, we evaluated the proportional risk of Portuguese Prime-Ministers and Ministers leaving office. Materials and Methods: We used consecutive days in office for each one of the 432 citizens who served in a ministerial function since 1976. Results: Exploring several divisions in this population, we concluded that individuals supported by parliamentary majorities, who served after 1986, who had higher educational credentials, and who were members of political parties exhibited lower risks of being exonerated. Conversely, being an aged person, serving during bad economic conditions, assuming several ministries simultaneously and being in charge of too-specific ministries did not ensure longer political tenures for Portuguese ministers. Discussion: Besides being the first empirical assessment of all Portuguese Ministers after 1974, this work shows how higher skills are important assets for Ministers’ tenures and how economic crises are highly stimulating for cabinets’ changes in Portugal, which corresponds to the pattern observed in most recent democratic regimens.

Impacts of Climate Change in Portugal: Common Perception of Causes and Consequences in Forest Development

Presently the world faces what most likely will be the greatest challenge humanity has ever faced. Climate change is a phenomenon, or rather a set of phenomena, that directly influences the daily lives of human populations all over the planet. However, this influence normally negative also affects ecosystems, with emphasis on agroforestry systems, of which human populations are directly dependent on food and in a large number of primary raw materials. It is with this premise as a starting point that this work makes an analysis on the current state of climate change in Portugal, since, being a country of Mediterranean climate influence, it should be one of the territories where changes will be felt with more intensity and severity. In this work, the current position on energy production in Portugal regarding Green House Gases (GHGs) emissions and the evolution prospects for the near future, namely in the perspective of the impacts caused on forest resources, are discussed.

The Evolution of Climate Changes in Portugal: Determination of Trend Series and Its Impact on Forest Development

Climate changes are a phenomenon that can affect the daily activities of rural communities, with particular emphasis on those directly dependent on the agricultural and forestry sectors. In this way, the present work intends to analyse the impact that climate changes have on forest risk assessment, namely on how the occurrence of rural fires are affecting the management of the forest areas and how the occurrence of these fires has evolved in the near past. Thus, a comparative analysis of the data provided by IPMA (Portuguese Institute of the Sea and the Atmosphere), was carried out for the period from 2001 to 2017 with the climatic normal for the period between 1971 to 2000, for the variables of the average air temperature, and for the precipitation. In this comparative study, the average monthly values were considered and the months in which anomalies occurred were determined. Anomalies were considered in the months in which the average air temperature varied by 1 °C than the value corresponding to the climatic norm, in at least 50% of the national territory. The same procedure was repeated for the variable precipitation, counting as anomaly the occurrence of a variation in precipitation of 50%, also in 50% of the national territory. Then the calculation of the moving averages for cycles of 3, 5 and 7 periods were applied, and the trend lines were projected. Subsequently, the relationship between the results obtained and the occurrence of rural fires as well as the spatial distribution of forest area, species and structure were analyzed. From the results obtained it was possible to confirm the existence of a tendency for the occurrence of climatic anomalies, highlighting the occurrence of an increasing number of months with temperatures higher by at least 1 °C. It was possible to foresee the relation between the occurrence of rural fires and the periods of anomaly and absence of precipitation. From the results obtained it is also possible to infer that, analyzing the tendency for these phenomena to occur, it can be necessary to change the “critical period of rural fires”, since it is verified that what is currently in use does not covers the entire period where anomalies occur and where large-scale rural fires potentially can happen.

Transitions to Adulthood and Generational Change in Portugal

Much of the research on contemporary youth in Western societies has shown that transitions to adulthood are being postponed, protracted, and becoming more complex (i.e., less likely to follow a predictable and “orderly” sequence as in earlier generations). Extended schooling periods, changes in the labor market and challenges to obtaining autonomous housing are some of the top drivers for such change. Demographers interpret such developments as a sign of a second demographic transition, whereas sociologists stress that they are a consequence of the broader process of social individualization, by which individuals are assuming an increasingly central role in the organization of their lives. While in younger cohorts the evidence base is strong concerning transitions to adulthood, in some national contexts comparisons with the past rely on impressionistic accounts or to easily assume that some social, economic, and cultural factors were present. Drawing on data from the “Family Trajectories and Social Networks: The life course in an intergenerational perspective” research project, this paper re-examines the transitions to adulthood of three Portuguese cohorts (born in 1935–1940, 1950–1955 and 1970–1975), namely in what concerns their timing, duration, and sequence. This is achieved by looking at their life-calendars across different domains (namely family and intimate relations, school, and work). Analysis of the results allows us to discuss critically to what extent current transitions to adulthood are different and to assess cohort heterogeneity according to class and gender. Additionally, it enables us to frame discussions on generational and structural change more adequately in Portugal.

The monarchical engagement of Portuguese immigrants in Brazil: A case of nineteenth-century transnational politics

ABSTRACTThis article examines the transnational political practices of the Portuguese immigrant community in Brazil during the late nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth. In the light of fresh empirical evidence, it aims to prove the true impact of the political engagement of those Portuguese living abroad during the course of late nineteenth-century political changes in Portugal. It focuses particularly on the struggle between Portuguese monarchist and republican parties to captivate the political sympathy of the emigrants and, later on, on the transatlantic monarchical counter-revolutionary network created after the republican revolution in 1910. It argues that this sort of migrant political activity can be analyzed beyond the framework of the diffusion of domestic politics and acknowledged as a truly transnational phenomenon. Therefore, it seeks to demonstrate how the transnational nature of these Portuguese migrants’ action was decisive to their success on seriously compromising the first republican experience in Portugal.

Is This What The Democratic City Looks Like? Local Democracy, Housing Rights and Homeownership in the Portuguese Context

AbstractThis article analyses the creation of a normative framework for the democratic city during the regime change in Portugal in 1975—the answers that were given to the question, ‘What should a city be like in a democratic regime?’ While I critically discuss post‐democracy and its use of post‐foundational contributions, I review the post‐revolution Portuguese constitutional debate, contending that the call for democratization brought by urban popular organizations was answered with a political compromise that exchanged expectations of a participatory city for a commitment to a social rights city, enhanced with a promise of homeownership for urban popular segments. In light of this, in this article I question post‐democratic proposals, arguing that when this approach implicitly establishes equivalence between democracy and ‘the political’, it has difficulties in interpreting how the grammar of democracy is ‘organized’ in conflictual and contingent processes of democratic institutionalization. As an alternative, I contend that a critical debate concerning democracy and the urban must address how democratic expectations of emancipation have been translated into institutions and rights through interwoven and situated processes of politicization and depoliticization that allow both politicization of the urban and the production of consent.

Evaluation of weed flora changes in Portugal in a 10 year basis

Evaluation of weed flora changes in Portugal in a 10 year basis

Understanding Driving Forces and Implications Associated with the Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Portugal

Understanding the processes of land use and land cover changes (LUCC) and the associated driving forces is important for achieving sustainable development. This paper presents the LUCC in Portugal at the regional level (NUTS II) from 1995 to 2010 and discusses the main driving forces and implications associated with these LUCC. The main objectives of this work are: (a) to quantify the land use and land cover (LUC) types (level I of LUC cartography) by NUT II in Portugal for the years 1995, 2007 and 2010; (b) to assess the spatio-temporal LUCC; and (c) to identify and discuss the main driving forces of LUCC and corresponding implications based on correlations and Principal Components Analysis. The results revealed large regional and temporal LUCC and further highlighted the different and sometimes opposite time trends between neighboring regions. By associating driving forces to LUCC, different influences at the regional level were observed, namely LUCC into agriculture land derived from the construction of dams (Alentejo region), or the conversion of coniferous forest into eucalypt forest (Centre region) associated with increased gross value added (GVA) and employment in industry and forestry. Temporal differentiation was also observed, particularly in the settlements that expanded between 1995 and 2007 due to the construction of large infrastructures (e.g., highways, industrial complexes, or buildings), which is reflected on employment in industry and construction and respective GVA. However, certain LUCC have implications, particularly in energy consumption, for which different behavior between regions can be highlighted in this analysis, but also on land-use sustainability.

Não se fazem mais excomunhões que prestem nos dias de hoje: libertinos, Reformismo Ilustrado e a defesa da tolerância religiosa no mundo luso-brasileiro (1750-1803)

Resumo: Este artigo procurou investigar proposições em defesa da tolerância religiosa na documentação inquisitorial produzida sob o Reformismo Ilustrado no mundo luso brasileiro, tendo como hipótese de que as reformas institucionais tocantes à Inquisição, Igreja e cleros regular e secular criaram, de forma indireta, condições para que a defesa da tolerância religiosa fosse difundida mais amplamente. Concentramos nossa análise entre a segunda metade do século XVIII e primeira década do XIX e nas proposições presentes nas falas dos libertinos, cotejando-as com debates e condições presentes no contexto de amplas mudanças institucionais em Portugal e suas colônias. Procuramos, assim, mapear as possíveis aproximações entre concepções religiosas que remetem a uma religiosidade popular com outras concepções de tolerância de matriz iluminista, e em que medida elas foram influenciadas pelo contexto e discurso de modernização por parte da Coroa.

Painting Comics as a “Permanent Commentary on the State of the Arts”

SummaryEduardo Batarda (b. 1943, Coimbra, Portugal) is a Portuguese painter, whose work has, by its particular characteristics, been questioning art history, as well as the relation between art and politics throughout the years, since 1964. I propose to focus particularly in some examples of his paintings from the 1970s when Batarda developed a watercolour technique of saturated colours and refined drawing to make an explicit cumulative figuration akin to underground comics. He used it not only to comment the changing in the art world but in the world itself, namely the political changes in Portugal and the colonial war, as well as foreign policies, mixing all up in layers of multiple readings, and intrinsically connecting art history and politics. The fact that he used comics to do it was a way of mocking the art world with a language that was considered “low”. He also used the watercolour technique consciously for its conventional relegation to a less prestigious realm, and both this technique along with the painstaking quality of execution, with highly complex drawing and painting skills, contrasted to an at times explicitly pornographic thematic. There is in these options a constant and deliberate contradiction in terms as a way to show the absurdity of conventions. The paintings from this period have been described by the painter as “permanent commentaries on the state of the arts”. This paper will analyse the way these commentaries used comics as a tool for criticism from within the medium of painting.

Labour market regulation and collective bargaining in Portugal during the crisis: Continuity and change

This article examines the changes to employment regulation in Portugal during the sovereign debt crisis and assesses their impact on collective bargaining in manufacturing. The changes were wide-ranging and had a negative immediate impact on the process and outcome of bargaining. While this is consistent with the experience of other EU member states in similar circumstances, the changes in Portugal continued the pre-crisis path of reform. Despite significant corrosion and weakening of collective bargaining, there were also signs of resilience. Nevertheless, prospects for a renewed regulatory role for collective bargaining still appear uncertain. We offer some explanations for the distinctive experience in Portugal.

Value-Added Tax: Portuguese Experience and Anticipated Impact on the Greek Tourism Industry

This paper estimates the impact of the recent 10% VAT increase on Greek tourism industry, the effect on firm profitability and probability of firm survival by testing the consequences of an equivalent VAT change in Portugal. The analysis is divided into 3 periods: before and after the VAT hike, and during the financial crisis with the total time period from 2003 to 2013. The sample is composed of 23,388 Portuguese and 4,969 Greek unique firms with 5.1 and 6.9 year-observations per firm for Portugal and Greece, on average and respectively. The results show that the increase of VAT from 13 to 23% will lead to a negative scenario with the effect even more dramatic than the recent financial crisis. The equivalent 10% VAT raise in Portugal caused a significant decline in firm profitability, an average drop of 9.4% compared to 1.15% during the financial crisis, a massive increase in the number of inactive firms and amplified the likelihood of firms to become bankrupt by 3.063 times. Such consequences will inevitably affect unemployment and will cause a slump in tax revenue in the long run. Hence, this research has wide practical and academic implementation and should be considered by the Greek and Portuguese government before taking a next step of interventions in the tourism sector.