Changes In Evapotranspiration Research Articles

Long-term analysis of reference evapotranspiration variations in the lower Bhavani basin

Evapotranspiration is a crucial component of the hydrological cycle and is profoundly influenced by climate change. Assessing regional evapotranspiration changes is essential for effective water resource management. The study investigated the dynamics of reference evapotranspiration in the Lower Bhavani Basin, a region with diverse landscapes increasingly vulnerable to climatic variability. Reference evapotranspiration data from the Food and Agriculture Organization using the AgERA5 dataset was analyzed to assess annual and seasonal trends from 2000 to 2022. The result showed that the mean yearly reference evapotranspiration in the basin is 1672.87 mm, with a significant decline of 3.53 mm per year. Seasonal analysis revealed a consistent decreasing trend across all seasons, with the southwest monsoon season showing the most significant reduction in evapotranspiration rates. The notable shift in the annual evapotranspiration rate was observed in 2016, highlighting the impact of climate change. Further, temperature, solar radiation and relative humidity were identified as the dominant factors influencing evapotranspiration rates in the basin. The relative moisture index indicated prevalent dry conditions, making the region susceptible to water stress. The findings provide critical insights for regional water resources management and accentuate the need for sustainable water management strategies to mitigate the impacts of climate change.

Assessing Hydrological Response and Resilience of Watersheds as Strategy for Climatic Change Adaptation in Neotropical Region

This study aimed to assess the hydrological response and resilience of watersheds in a neotropical region to identify regions sensitive to climate variations, enabling the development of adaptive strategies in response to global environmental changes. This study applied Budyko’s framework using Fuh’s hydrological model rewritten by Zhou to estimate hydrological response and Budyko’s metrics (deviation and elasticity) to estimate hydrological resilience to climatic changes in 26 watersheds in southeastern Brazil. The proposed modeling was able to capture the differences among the watersheds, with “m” values ranging from 1.79 to 3.63. It was possible to rank the hydrological resilience from low to high across watersheds using Budyko’s metrics, where the highest values of elasticity were found in watersheds with a higher percentage of forest cover. The sensitive analyses showed that watersheds with higher “m” values are more sensitive to changes in precipitation and potential evapotranspiration. The results also demonstrate that mean elevation and stream density were two key variables that influence the “m” value; these physiographic characteristics may alter the water and energy balance of the watershed affecting the water yield. A relationship between watershed’s hydrological response and resilience was proposed to identify critical areas for the stability of water yield in the watersheds, providing a guide for public policy and suggesting ways to help the management of water resources in watersheds.

Considerations in designing climate change assessments for complex, non-linear hydrological systems

Bias correction of climate model simulations is vital to allow climate change impacts to be assessed for water resources systems. However, there has been limited research to date on the implications of system non-linearity on bias correction approaches. Here we bias correct regional climate model simulations of precipitation and evapotranspiration and use the output to force hydrological and water balance models of five small, interconnected lakes located south west of Sydney. We show that substantial, non-linear storage within the lakes amplifies biases that are not evident when the climate forcing or even the hydrological model simulations are evaluated using daily distributions of the climate variables and streamflow.The non-linearity in the stage-storage relationships of the lakes means that each lake responds differently to the same climate forcings. For example, ensemble mean projections for one lake suggest increases in water level across the full distribution of lake levels, whilst other lakes are projected to have decreasing water levels up to the median of the distribution, but increases during wetter conditions. These differences are explained by the varying influence of potential evapotranspiration increases depending on the surface area of the lakes at different depths. Using bottom up climate change assessments, we further explore these non-linear responses of the lakes to different climate forcings. We show that bottom up climate change assessments can provide information on the relative role of potential evapotranspiration changes compared to precipitation changes, providing more guidance to ecosystem managers than just using bias corrected climate model simulations alone. The paper discusses opportunities for future work to improve representation of climate attributes important for storage dominated water resource and natural ecosystems

Forest evapotranspiration trends and their driving factors under climate change

Forest evapotranspiration (ET) is expected to increase under global warming. However, the relative contribution of the major drivers (such as leaf area index (LAI), climate forcing, atmospheric CO2, etc.) to long-term ET trends in forest is unclear. In addition, the effects of ET changes induced by driving factors and ET changes induced by forest area changes on total forest ET are still remain to be determined. We aim to explore long-term ET trends in global forest and assess the relative contributions of their influencing factors by a remote sensing-based carbon–water coupling model, the second edition of the Penman-Monteith-Leuning (PML-V2). The results showed that: 1) the ET of global forest increased slightly (11.30 ± 4.23 mm year−1 decade-1, p < 0.05), with the greatest increase observed in evergreen broadleaf forest (20.89 ± 6.96 mm year−1 decade-1, p < 0.01). 2) Simulation experiment indicated that upward global forest ET trend was mainly dominated by climate forcing change (56.71 %), increased LAI (5.07 %), albedo and emissivity change (−0.77 %) and increased CO2 (−37.45 %). Only mixed forest exhibited a decrease in ET trend, which was caused by CO2 concentration counteracted the increase trend of ET induced by climate forcing change and LAI increase, resulting in a decrease trend of ET. Different from broadleaf forests and MF, the increase of LAI in needleleaf forests caused a negative contribution of ET. 3) In the overall increasing trend of global forest ET, the driving factors played a dominant role (53.09 %) and the forest area played a secondary role (46.91 %). Our findings highlight the divergent responses of various forest types under climate change, which is beneficial to forest management and sustainable development.

Analysis of changes before and after forest fires with LAI, NDVI and ET time series: Focusing on major forest fires in Korea

This study investigates the changes caused by forest fires and the following recovery processes, targeting four forest fire sites in Korea. The time series of two vegetation indices, leaf area index (LAI) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) are investigated along with evapotranspiration (ET) time series for the study objectives. The analysis results show that LAI is most sensitive to burn severity and burned area with its change ranging from 40 % to 70 %, while the changes of NDVI and ET remain 30 % and 20 %, respectively, regardless of forest fire sites. The recovery time from forest fire also varies according to indices: the recovery time is estimated to be about 15 years when considering LAI and NDVI, while just 5 years when considering ET. Overall, LAI seems better to analyze the change in vegetation before and after forest fires. Different vegetation shift patterns after the forest fire are also noticed, mostly from evergreen needleleaf trees to deciduous broadleaf trees. However, it is also found that bad soil fertility condition and artificial afforestation help to maintain the evergreen needleleaf trees after the forest fire.

Increasing evapotranspiration in peatlands from the monsoon regions of East China with the rapid warming during the early Holocene

Peatlands are one of the largest natural terrestrial carbon store, which evolve closely with the hydrological functioning. Evapotranspiration serves as a nexus of the carbon and water cycles in peatlands. Its long-term changes in the geological past are essential to gain a complete understanding of its response to global warming. Here, the evapotranspiration changes in peatlands from the monsoon regions of East China during the significant warming period of ∼ 11.5–10 ka in the Early Holocene are investigated, based on a new leaf wax δD record from the Hani peatland in Northeast China along with the previously reported representative records across monsoonal eastern China. All of the leaf wax δD records exhibit less depleted values during this episode, which follow neither with the changes in precipitation isotopes nor the vegetation compositions. They are thus interpreted as enhanced evapotranspiration. Further comprehensive comparisons based on paleoenvironmental records reveal that evapotranspiration changes are highly sensitive to rising temperatures but are intricately linked with precipitation variations. The strong evapotranspiration appears to be potentially linked to water table drawdown on longer timescales, which further actively interacts with peat-forming plants. Our results suggest that evapotranspiration is expected to increase in peatlands as the climate warms, but its changes might be complicated by accompanying hydrological and vegetational shifts.

Uncovering the impact of climate and vegetation changes on runoff in karstic regions of southwest China

The vegetation-runoff relationship remains unclear in karstic regions. The karst landform in southwest China is a focal area where significant changes in vegetation have occurred in the past few decades, which may substantially impact water resources. To date, the effects of these changes on runoff remain uncertain. This study employed statistical analysis, numerical simulation, and scenario analysis to investigate the temporal and spatial patterns of runoff, climate, and vegetation in 20 typical catchments. The study also evaluated the response of runoff to vegetation and climate changes and the underlying factors. The findings revealed precipitation changes dominated changes in runoff in these catchments (mean contribution of 53.03%), whereas the contributions of vegetation and potential evapotranspiration changes were 23.16% and 23.82%, respectively. The study also revealed that the impacts of vegetation changes on runoff were significantly dependent on vegetation and climate factors (R2 = 0.60, P < 0.01). Furthermore, under the same climate change conditions, a higher distribution of natural vegetation (such as forest) in the catchment resulted in a larger decreasing trend in runoff. The results provide guidelines for the prediction of runoff variation in southwest China, and benefits to decision-making on ecological restoration and water resources development.

Changes in mean evapotranspiration dominate groundwater recharge in semi-arid regions

Abstract. Groundwater is one of the most essential natural resources and is affected by climate variability. However, our understanding of the effects of climate on groundwater recharge (R), particularly in dry regions, is limited. Future climate projections suggest changes in many statistical characteristics of the potential evapotranspiration (Ep) and the rainfall that dictate the R. To better understand the relationship between climate statistics and R, we separately considered changes to the mean, standard deviation, and extreme statistics of the Ep and the precipitation (P). We simulated the R under different climate conditions in multiple semi-arid and arid locations worldwide. Obviously, lower precipitation is expected to result in lower groundwater recharge and vice versa. However, the relationship between R and P is non-linear. Examining the ratio R/P is useful for revealing the underlying relation between R and P; therefore, we focus on this ratio. We find that changes in the average Ep have the most significant impact on R/P. Interestingly, we find that changes in the extreme Ep statistics have much weaker effects on R/P than changes in extreme P statistics. Contradictory results of previous studies and predictions of future groundwater recharge may be explained by the differences in the projected climate statistics.

Sensitivity of montane grassland water fluxes to warming and elevated CO2 from local to catchment scale: A case study from the Austrian Alps

Study region: Montane grassland within the Gulling catchment, Austrian Alps. Study focus: A climate-change experiment in a grassland ecosystem used lysimeters and HYDRUS-1D models to quantify changes in evapotranspiration (ET) and groundwater recharge (GWR) due to warming (＋3 °C) and elevated CO2 concentrations (ΔCO2; ＋300 ppm). Findings at the plot-scale were generalized and transferred to the surrounding catchment, half comprised of grassland, using three lumped rainfall–runoff models and two spatially-distributed Community Water Models, differing in soil hydraulic properties.New hydrological insights for the region: Warming increased ET and decreased GWR and river discharge compared to ambient conditions. ΔCO2 increased stomatal resistance, which partially offset warming effects. In scenarios combining warming and ΔCO2, the impact of warming was higher than ΔCO2 effect. Elevation influenced the sensitivity of ET to warming, which was greater at the catchment scale than at the plot scale, while GWR was more sensitive to warming at the plot scale. Under dry conditions, GWR and discharge exhibited increased sensitivity to warming at both scales. HYDRUS-1D successfully reproduced lysimeter experiment results and their sensitivity to warming and ΔCO2. Despite model agreement on water flux sensitivity to climate changes, the varying response magnitudes highlight the need for a multi-model approach in climate impact assessments. This study provides insights into how climate change might impact hydrological dynamics of montane grassland systems across the Central European Alps.

Study on the Response Mechanism of Climate and Land Use Change to Evapotranspiration in Aksu River Basin

Research on evapotranspiration and its drivers in the Aksu River Basin from the perspectives of climate change and land use is of great significance for promoting the efficient use and precise allocation of its water resources. Theil-Sen median trend analysis (T-S) and the Mann–Kendall nonparametric test (M-K), in addition to correlation analysis, partial correlation analysis, complex correlation analysis, and driving-factor zoning principles, were used to examine the characteristics of the spatiotemporal changes in evapotranspiration and to explore the driving mechanism of the changes in evapotranspiration. The results indicated that the range of fluctuations in the multiyear average evapotranspiration in the Aksu River Basin from 2001 to 2020 was between 481.58 and 772.37 mm/a, which showed the spatial distribution characteristics of being high in the west and central part of the basin, and low in the north and south of the basin. The positive correlation between evapotranspiration and precipitation was stronger, and the negative correlations with temperature and relative humidity were stronger. The change in evapotranspiration in cultivated land is mainly driven by precipitation and relative humidity × precipitation; for grassland, the main drivers were relative humidity and precipitation × relative humidity; for woodland, the main drivers were relative humidity and other climatic factors; and for other land types, the main drivers were other climatic factors.

Elevated CO2 alleviates the exacerbation of evapotranspiration rates of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) under elevated temperature

Climate change is increasing crop water consumption while reducing precipitations in most places where grapevines are grown. This study aimed to quantify whole-plant water consumption of grapevines under climate change factors to determine what are the biggest contributors to changes in evapotranspiration under climate change conditions. Two experiments were carried out: i) Cabernet Sauvignon grafted onto 110 R grown in the temperature gradient greenhouses (TGG) exposed to elevated CO2 (700 µmol mol−1) and/or elevated temperature (+4 °C) and ii) Tempranillo vegetative cuttings grown in the controlled environment greenhouses (CEG) exposed to ambient CO2 and standard temperatures (i.e CA24°C) or elevated CO2 combined with elevated temperature (i.e CE28°C) under cyclic water deficit conditions. In the overall, the combination of elevated CO2 and elevated temperature did not increase pot evapotranspiration, and in the only case this happened, it was mediated by a greater leaf area per plant. There was an interaction in which CO2 compensated for the increase in evapotranspiration induced by elevated temperature. Plants under elevated CO2 and elevated temperature (CETE) had lower stomatal conductance which resulted in similar transpiration rates to plants under ambient CO2 and ambient temperature conditions (CATA) despites the 4 °C increase. Net assimilation was greater under elevated CO2, and thus, instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE). Pot evapotranspiration was correlated to parameters such as leaf area per plant, gas exchange transpiration rates, reference evapotranspiration and plant available water content in the substrate. Pot lysimeters are a good compromise to study whole-plant water consumption rates under controlled conditions. Climate change conditions will likely continue to threat the sustainability of crops due to water shortages, however, our results point out that the interaction between elevated temperature and CO2 should be considered. The sensitivity of plant responses to elevated CO2 could be exploited as a key trait for the adaptation of crops to climate change.

The Abrupt Change in Potential Evapotranspiration and Its Climatic Attribution over the Past 50 Years in the Sichuan–Chongqing Region, China

The Abrupt Change in Potential Evapotranspiration and Its Climatic Attribution over the Past 50 Years in the Sichuan–Chongqing Region, China

Mapping Crop Evapotranspiration by Combining the Unmixing and Weight Image Fusion Methods

The demand for freshwater is increasing with population growth and rapid socio-economic development. It is more and more important for refined irrigation water management to conduct research on crop evapotranspiration (ET) data with a high spatiotemporal resolution in agricultural regions. We propose the unmixing–weight ET image fusion model (UWET), which integrates the advantages of the unmixing method in spatial downscaling and the weight-based method in temporal prediction to produce daily ET maps with a high spatial resolution. The Landsat-ET and MODIS-ET datasets for the UWET fusion data are retrieved from Landsat and MODIS images based on the surface energy balance model. The UWET model considers the effects of crop phenology, precipitation, and land cover in the process of the ET image fusion. The precision evaluation is conducted on the UWET results, and the measured ET values are monitored by eddy covariance at the Luancheng station, with average MAE values of 0.57 mm/day. The image results of UWET show fine spatial details and capture the dynamic ET changes. The seasonal ET values of winter wheat from the ET map mainly range from 350 to 660 mm in 2019–2020 and from 300 to 620 mm in 2020–2021. The average seasonal ET in 2019–2020 is 499.89 mm, and in 2020–2021, it is 459.44 mm. The performance of UWET is compared with two other fusion models: the Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model (STARFM) and the Spatial and Temporal Reflectance Unmixing Model (STRUM). UWET performs better in the spatial details than the STARFM and is better in the temporal characteristics than the STRUM. The results indicate that UWET is suitable for generating ET products with a high spatial–temporal resolution in agricultural regions.

Northern hemisphere land-atmosphere feedback from prescribed plant phenology in CESM

Abstract Plant phenology influences both the terrestrial carbon cycle and land-atmosphere interactions, and therefore can potentially modify large-scale circulations in the atmosphere. However, considerable discrepancies are present among models and between model simulations and observations of plant phenology, adding large uncertainties to future climate projections. Here we modified plant phenology in the Northern Hemisphere in the Community Earth System Model and conducted simulations to characterize how differences in plant phenology influence land-atmosphere coupling. Plant phenology changes the land surface and land-atmosphere interactions by directly modulating absorbed solar radiation and evapotranspiration and indirectly modifying cloud feedback and snow-albedo feedback. Over the Northern Hemisphere, the largest effects occur from March to June when seasonal deciduous phenology is modified from satellite-derived values to model simulations, which results in a &gt;3K increase in surface temperature that propagates to 500hPa (~5km height). Phenology-induced changes in canopy evapotranspiration and surface temperature depend on soil moisture availability during the growing season. Surface temperature decreases significantly due to increasing latent heat flux and cloud reflection where soil moisture is abundant, while soil moisture control over evapotranspiration increases and surface temperature remains little-changed or even increases in more arid regions. Characterizing the influence of phenology on biogeophysical processes is critical, as significant impacts are present both at the land surface and in the atmospheric layers above.

Effect of ecological restoration on evapotranspiration and water yield in the agro-pastoral ecotone in northern China during 2000–2018

Evapotranspiration (ET) and water yield (WY) play a crucial role in sustaining available water resources, and are greatly affected by climate and anthropogenic activities. The agro-pastoral ecotone in northern China (APENC) has been undergoing ecological restoration projects since 2000 to rehabilitate ecosystem services such as food production and water availability. Previous studies have primarily accessed the combined effect of vegetation greening and climate change on ET. However, the independent influences of these factors, particularly land use/cover change (LUCC) and vegetation greening on both ET and WY remain poorly understood. In this study, we systematically investigated the effect of LUCC, vegetation greening, and climate change scenarios on regional ET and WY variations from 2000 to 2018 in the APENC using a coupled carbon and water model. Results showed a significant increase in the mean annual ET, with a trend of 5.8 mm/y while the WY had a statistically insignificant trend of −0.6 mm/y from 2000 to 2018. Areas with significant increases in ET and decreases in WY mainly occurred in the southeastern part of the APENC. Vegetation greening induced by ecological restoration had a more pronounced impact on ET variation than climate change, while LUCC resulted in relatively minor changes in ET in the APENC. The variations in WY were primarily influenced by changes in precipitation, the increase in precipitation effectively offset the decrease in WY caused by vegetation greening. These findings provide valuable information to policy/decision markers for sustainable management of large-scale ecological restoration programs in dry regions.

Driving Factors and Numerical Simulation of Evapotranspiration of a Typical Cabbage Agroecosystem in the Shiyang River Basin, Northwest China

Two years of field experiments were conducted at the National Field Observation Experiment Station for Efficient Agricultural Water Use in the Wuwei Oasis, Gansu Province. Based on the eddy correlation system, the evapotranspiration (ET) of the cabbage agroecosystem during the growth period was obtained and the main driving factors of ET changes were determined. The Root Zone Water Quality Model 2.0 version (RZWQM2 model) was used to simulate ET during the growth period. The results showed the following: (1) The ET of cabbage during the growth period was 260. 1 ± 24.2 mm, which was basically lower than other crops planted in this area. (2) Through partial correlation analysis and principal component analysis, it can be found that environmental and physiological factors jointly drive changes in ET. The main driving factors include gross primary productivity, net radiation, and water use efficiency. (3) The RZWQM2 model can simulate the ET of the cabbage agroecosystem well, especially in simulating the total ET value and its trend. The growth period ETs were 7.3% lower than the ETm. Cabbage is an important cash crop in Northwest China, and ET is an important component of the water cycle in the agroecosystem. Determining the main driving factors of ET is of great significance for the sustainable utilization of agricultural water resources in Northwest China. Our results can provide a scientific basis for the cultivation of cabbage as a cash crop and the development of water saving agriculture.

Estimates of net primary productivity and actual evapotranspiration over the Tibetan Plateau from the Community Land Model version 4.5 with four atmospheric forcing datasets

Abstract The accuracy of the simulation of carbon and water processes largely relies on the selection of atmospheric forcing datasets when driving land surface models (LSM). Particularly in high-altitude regions, choosing appropriate atmospheric forcing datasets can effectively reduce uncertainties in the LSM simulations. Therefore, this study conducted four offline LSM simulations over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) using the Community Land Model version 4.5 (CLM4.5) driven by four state-of-the-art atmospheric forcing datasets. The performances of CRUNCEP (CLM4.5 model default) and three other reanalysis-based atmospheric forcing datasets (i.e. ITPCAS, GSWP3 and WFDEI) in simulating the net primary productivity (NPP) and actual evapotranspiration (ET) were evaluated based on in situ and gridded reference datasets. Compared with in situ observations, simulated results exhibited determination coefficients (R2) ranging from 0.58 to 0.84 and 0.59 to 0.87 for observed NPP and ET, respectively, among which GSWP3 and ITPCAS showed superior performance. At the plateau level, CRUNCEP-based simulations displayed the largest bias compared with the reference NPP and ET. GSWP3-based simulations demonstrated the best performance when comprehensively considering both the magnitudes and change trends of TP-averaged NPP and ET. The simulated ET increase over the TP during 1982–2010 based on ITPCAS was significantly greater than in the other three simulations and reference ET, suggesting that ITPCAS may not be appropriate for studying long-term ET changes over the TP. These results suggest that GSWP3 is recommended for driving CLM4.5 in conducting long-term carbon and water processes simulations over the TP. This study contributes to enhancing the accuracy of LSM in water–carbon simulations over alpine regions.

Attributing the Decline of Evapotranspiration over the Asian Monsoon Region during the Period 1950–2014 in CMIP6 Models

Evapotranspiration (ET) accounts for over half of the moisture source of Asian monsoon rainfall, which has been significantly altered by anthropogenic forcings. However, how individual anthropogenic forcing affects the ET over monsoonal Asia is still elusive. In this study, we found a significant decline in ET over the Asian monsoon region during the period of 1950–2014 in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) models. The attribution analysis suggests that anthropogenic aerosol forcing is the primary cause of the weakening in ET in the historical simulation, while it is only partially compensated by the strengthening effect from GHGs, although GHGs are the dominant forcings for surface temperature increase. The physical mechanisms responsible for ET changes are different between aerosol and GHG forcings. The increase in aerosol emissions enhances the reflection and scattering of the downward solar radiation, which decreases the net surface irradiance for ET. GHGs, on the one hand, increase the moisture capability of the atmosphere and, thus, the ensuing rainfall; on the other hand, they increase the ascending motion over the Indian subcontinent, leading to an increase in rainfall. Both processes are beneficial for an ET increase. The results from this study suggest that future changes in the land–water cycle may mainly rely on the aerosol emission policy rather than the carbon reduction policy.

Estimating Evapotranspiration in the Qilian Mountains Using GRACE/GRACE-FO Satellite Data

Evapotranspiration (ET) is the most significant constituent of the response to climate warming. It serves as a crucial link in the soil–vegetation–atmospheric continuum. Analyzing the driving forces and response of ET to regional-scale climate warming holds scientific significance in improving global water resource assessment methods and drought monitoring techniques. The innovation presented in this article is the calculation of ET by using GRACE/GRACE-FO satellite data through the water balance equation. The inter-annual and seasonal changes in ET in different regions of the Qilian Mountains were analyzed, along with quantifying the contribution of environmental meteorological factors to ET. The ETGRACE and ETMonitor products have good consistency, with a monthly correlation coefficient of 0.92, an NSE coefficient of 0.80, and a root mean square error of 10.38 mm. The results indicate that the increasing trend of ET in the Qilian Mountains region exhibits a “medium–high–low” distribution pattern. The rate of increase in ET is 5.2 mm/year in the central segment. In spring and summer, the overall trend of ET is an increasing one. However, the central and western segments exhibit a slight decreasing trend of ET in autumn. During winter, the southern part of the Qilian Mountains experiences a notable reduction in ET. The correlation between the changes in ET and soil moisture exhibited a strong association, with soil moisture change contributing significantly to ET: 57.8% for the eastern section, 52.8% for the middle section, and 46.9% for the western section. The thermal effect primarily controls ET variations within eastern sections, where temperature change accounts for approximately 6.7% of the total variation in ET levels. Conversely, the moisture factor dominates western sections, where precipitation change accounts for about 6.5% of the total variation in ET levels. Due to the distinct gradient characteristics of environmental meteorological factors in the central segment, the fluctuation of these factors collaboratively drives ET changes. This article provides a new approach for obtaining continuous and reliable actual evapotranspiration in high-altitude areas.

The Relationship between Reference Crop Evapotranspiration Change Characteristics and Meteorological Factors in Typical Areas of the Middle of the Dry-Hot Valley of Jinsha River

The Relationship between Reference Crop Evapotranspiration Change Characteristics and Meteorological Factors in Typical Areas of the Middle of the Dry-Hot Valley of Jinsha River