Changes In Blood Glucose Concentration Research Articles

Blood glucose lowering effect of Solanum melongena (garden egg), Solanum lycopersicum (tomatoes), Daucus carota subsp. Sativus (carrot) extracts on lead induced toxicity in albino wistar rats

Lead is one of the heavy metal humans are often expose to either through food, cosmetics or environment. This study is aimed at investigating the positive effect of Solanum melongena (garden egg), Solanum lycopersicum (tomatoes) and Daucus carrots subsp.sativus (carrot) on blood glucose concentration, body weight, and feeding habits of albino rats on lead toxicity. In this study 35 albino rats weighing 80-120g were grouped into five. Group 1 served as normal control, group 2 negative control. The remaining three groups served as treatment groups 1, 2 and 3. All groups except group 1 (normal control) were administered 50mg/kg of lead acetate. Treatment groups were administered 200mg/kg of Solanum melongena (garden egg), Solanum lycopersicum (tomatoes) and Daucus carrots subsp.sativus (carrot). Group 3 was administered Solanum malongen and Daucus carrots subsp.sativus while group 4 was given Daucus carrots subsp.sativus and solanum lycopersicon. Group 5 was administered Solanum malongen, Daucus carrots subsp.sativus and Solanum lycopersicon. Changes in blood glucose concentration, body weight, feed and water consumption recorded at intervals. The result showed a significant decrease (P<0.05 and P<0.01) in blood glucose concentration in treatment groups compared to negative control. There was also significant increase (P>0.05, P>0.01 and P>0.001) in body weight and feed consumed in treatment groups compared to negative control. Combined therapy of any two of Solanum malongen, Daucus carrots subsp.sativus and Solanum lycopersicon juice can help in the management of hyperglycemia and reverse internal abnormality or injury resulting in weight loss in lead induced toxicity.

The challenge of predicting blood glucose concentration changes in patients with type I diabetes.

Patients with Type I Diabetes (T1D) must take insulin injections to prevent the serious long term effects of hyperglycemia. They must also be careful not to inject too much insulin because this could induce (potentially fatal) hypoglycemia. Patients therefore follow a "regimen" that determines how much insulin to inject at each time, based on various measurements. We can produce an effective regimen if we can accurately predict a patient's future blood glucose (BG) values from his/her current features. This study explores the challenges of predicting future BG by applying a number of machine learning algorithms, as well as various data preprocessing variations (corresponding to 312 [learner, preprocessed-dataset] combinations), to a new T1D dataset that contains 29,601 entries from 47 different patients. Our most accurate predictor, a weighted ensemble of two Gaussian Process Regression models, achieved a (cross-validation) loss of 2.7 mmol/L (48.65 mg/dl). This result was unexpectedly poor given that one can obtain an of 2.9 mmol/L (52.43 mg/dl) using the naive approach of simply predicting the patient's average BG. These results suggest that the diabetes diary data that is typically collected may be insufficient to produce accurate BG prediction models; additional data may be necessary to build accurate BG prediction models over hours.

82 - Effects of the Menstrual Cycle on Exercise Blood Glucose Responses to Exercise in Females With Type 1 Diabetes

To compare changes in blood glucose concentration during aerobic exercise performed in the follicular (FP) vs the luteal phase (LP) of the menstrual cycle in adult females with type 1 diabetes (FT1D).

Ononis natrix L. Lowers the Blood Glucose Concentration in Wistar Rats with Streptozotocin-induced Diabetes Mellitus

Practitioners of traditional medicine use the decoction of Ononis natrix L. to treat hyperglycemia. The literature offers no evidence to support the use. To investigate the effect of the decoction of Ononis natrix L. on the blood glucose concentration in Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. We obtained 35 Wistar rats from the animal colony of The University of Jordan School of Medicine. We induced diabetes by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg body weight) and 23 rats (66%) survived to allocation. We randomly assigned the rats to one of four groups: negative control (1% Tween 80 in distilled water), positive control (100 mg/kg metformin), high-dose treatment (7.5 mL of the decoction), and low-dose treatment (3.5 mL of the decoction). We administered the doses twice daily by oral gavage for two weeks and measured the tailblood glucose concentration twice daily, once before the first dose and another time after the second dose. We used linear mixed-effects regression to model the change in blood glucose concentration as a function of the experimentation groups, with adjustments for pseudoreplication and temporal variation. The estimated mean change was 1 mmol/L (-30 to 31 mmol/L) for the negative control group, -26 mmol/L (-56 to 5 mmol/L) for the positive control group, -75 mmol/L (-108 to -42) for the low-dose treatment group, and -82 mmol/L (-111 to -53 mmol/L) for the high-dose treatment group. In conclusion, we demonstrate, for the first time, the hypoglycemic effect of Ononis natrix L. in an animal model of diabetes.

Noodles Made from High Amylose Wheat Flour Attenuate Postprandial Glycaemia in Healthy Adults.

Previous research has not considered the effect of high amylose wheat noodles on postprandial glycaemia. The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of consumption of high amylose noodles on postprandial glycaemia over 2-h periods by monitoring changes in blood glucose concentration and calculating the total area under the blood glucose concentration curve. Twelve healthy young adults were recruited to a repeated measure randomised, single-blinded crossover trial to compare the effect of consuming noodles (180 g) containing 15%, 20% and 45% amylose on postprandial glycaemia. Fasting blood glucose concentrations were taken via finger-prick blood samples. Postprandial blood glucose concentrations were taken at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min. Subjects consuming high amylose noodles made with flour containing 45% amylose had significantly lower blood glucose concentration at 15, 30 and 45 min (5.5 ± 0.11, 6.1 ± 0.11 and 5.6 ± 0.11 mmol/L; p = 0.01) compared to subjects consuming low amylose noodles with 15% amylose (5.8 ± 0.12, 6.6 ± 0.12 and 5.9 ± 0.12 mmol/L). The total area under the blood glucose concentration curve after consumption of high amylose noodles with 45% amylose was 640.4 ± 9.49 mmol/L/min, 3.4% lower than consumption of low amylose noodles with 15% amylose (662.9 ± 9.49 mmol/L/min), p = 0.021. Noodles made from high amylose wheat flour attenuate postprandial glycaemia in healthy young adults, as characterised by the significantly lower blood glucose concentration and a 3.4% reduction in glycaemic response.

AMY1 Gene Copy Number Correlates With Glucose Absorption and Visceral Fat Volume, but Not with Insulin Resistance.

The human amylase gene (AMY1) has a broad copy number (CN) variation that may associate with body mass index. Deoxyribonucleic acid was extracted from urine (n = 74) and serum (n = 6) samples (Protein, Fiber and Metabolic Syndrome [ProFiMet] cohort), and buccal (n = 17) samples (Oral Starch Challenge [OSC] cohort), and assessed for AMY1 CN by droplet digital polymerase chain reaction. The association of AMY1 CN with comprehensive markers of metabolic status (ProFiMet cohort) were analyzed with Pearson's correlation coefficient (CC). For the healthy, euglycemic OSC cohort, glycemic response to OSC was analyzed with independent sample t-tests (subgroups: high AMY1 CN 9-12, n = 10; low AMY1 CN 4-6, n = 7). There were significant inverse correlations of AMY1 CN with total visceral fat volume (CC -0.33; P = 0.004) and positive correlations of AMY1 CN with oral glucose insulin sensitivity score (derived from an oral glucose tolerance test, CC 0.26; P = 0.02), serum HDL-cholesterol (CC 0.325; P = 0.003), and serum adiponectin (CC 0.249; P = 0.026). Linear regression multivariate analysis (adiponectin as dependent variable), showed independent association of adiponectin with AMY1 CN (Beta = 0.29; P = 0.03). There were no significant associations between AMY1 CN and clamp-derived M-value, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (IR), hepatic endogenous glucose production, fecal floral signature, or macronutrient dietary preference. Delta (mean) change in blood glucose concentration (fasting to 30-minutes post-OSC) was significantly greater in the high versus low AMY1 CN subgroups (mean 1.7 mmol/l [SEM 0.6] vs 0.9 mmol/l [SEM 0.9], respectively; P = 0.016). High AMY1 CN associates with a favorable metabolic profile (lower visceral fat volume, higher serum adiponectin, enhanced glucose absorption following oral glucose, and OSC), but not with whole-body or hepatic IR.

Blood glucose concentration prediction based on kernel canonical correlation analysis with particle swarm optimization and error compensation

Background and objective: Blood glucose levels in humans change over time. Continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS), can constantly monitor the change of blood glucose concentration. Given the historical data of blood glucose, predicting the trend of blood glucose in a short term is important for diabetes. Appropriate behaviors can be adopted to prevent hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia. Methods: The method proposed in this paper only uses historical blood glucose data as input, rather than complex multi-dimensional input. Previous articles have demonstrated that canonical correlation analysis (CCA) can effectively predict blood glucose. The linear relationship between historical blood glucose values and predicted values was only considered regrettably. To compensate for this, this paper adds a kernel function to find out the non-linear relationship between blood glucose. In the introduced kernel function, some parameters need to be adjusted. To reduce the deviation caused by manual parameter adjustment, this paper discusses the role of particle swarm optimization (PSO). Besides, this article puts forward an error compensation for CCA to enhance the precision. Finally based on the prediction results of PSO-KCCA, a personalized hypoglycemic warning threshold is proposed. Results: The proposed method is validated using clinical data by the root mean square error (RMSE) and differential coefficient (R2). The average RMSE result in PSO-KCCA was 8.01, 11.98, 12.45, 13.23, 14.53, 16.40 mg/dL in prediction horizon (PH) =5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 min. The average R2 was 0.95, 0.95, 0.98, 0.97, 0.98, and 0.97, respectively. The CCA with error compensation (EC-CCA) reduced RMSE by 33.45% compared with CCA. For the hypoglycemic warning, the average sensitivity obtained at 6 different PH values was 94.37%, and the specificity was 92.25%. Conclusions: The experimental results confirm the effectiveness of PSO-KCCA in blood glucose prediction. The proposed EC-CCA successfully reduces the delay in the time series prediction. The personalized hypoglycemic warning threshold consider the influence of the model accuracy on the prediction results. This method guarantees the rate of underreporting during monitoring and ensures patient safety.

The Glucose Tolerance Test in Mice.

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by glucose intolerance, caused by insulin resistance in peripheral metabolic tissues and by impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, the hallmark of beta-cell dysfunction. The glucose tolerance test is used in clinic and research to identify individuals with impaired glucose tolerance and overt type 2 diabetes. It is the most routinely used physiological test for first pass assessment of glucose homeostasis in rodents because of its simplicity. The GTT measures changes in blood glucose concentration over a 2-h period following the administration of a bolus of glucose. However, this simplicity belies several important considerations which need to be addressed, to aid reproducibility and produce interpretable data. Here, we describe in detail how to perform a GTT using four different routes of glucose administration: intraperitoneal, oral, voluntary oral, and intravenous.

Lowering breakfast glycemic index and glycemic load attenuates postprandial glycemic response: A systematically searched meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Low glycemic index (GI) diets are recommended to reduce the risk for chronic diseases by managing postprandial elevations in blood glucose and insulin. However, to our knowledge, a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to investigate this relationship and interpret its clinical relevance has yet to be performed. This review aims to assess the effect of low versus high GI breakfast meals on postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses in adults. Two researchers independently screened 1100 articles from PubMed, CINAHL, Medline, and Cochrane databases and extracted data from 11 qualified RCTs. Meta-analyses were performed to calculate overall effect sizes of postintervention blood glucose concentration change values at different time points (60, 90, and 120 min) using a random-effects model, reporting their weighted mean differences (WMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Low GI breakfasts significantly reduced postprandial blood glucose concentrations at all time points: 60 min (WMD: -1.32 mmol/L; 95% CIs, -1.64 to -0.99), 90 min (WMD: -0.74 mmol/L; 95% CI, -0.92 to -0.56), and 120 min (WMD: -0.44 mmol/L; 95% CI, -0.63 to -0.26). Further analyses not only indicated similar trends following the stratification of studies according to the glycemic load, but also showed a more pronounced decline in glycemic response among individuals with metabolic impairments. These results highlight the benefits of lowering breakfast meal GI to provide clinically relevant reductions in acute glucose response.

Effects of CYP2C8 and SLCO1B1 Genetic Polymorphisms on Repaglinide Pharmacokinetics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to summarize the potential impact of CYP2C8 and SLCO1B1 genetic polymorphisms on repaglinide pharmacokinetics. A systematic search was conducted using electronic databases. Eligible studies reported data from pharmacokinetic evaluations of repaglinide in healthy adults according to different categories of CYP2C8 and SLCO1B1 genetic polymorphisms. Six studies including a total of 191 participants met the inclusion criteria. We noted that CYP2C8 *1/*3 carriers exhibited lower AUC(0-∞) (SMD: -0.77; 95%CI: -1.23 to -0.30; P=0.001) and Cmax (SMD: -0.94; 95%CI: - 1.41 to -0.47; P<0.001) than CYP2C8 *1/*1 carriers. There were no significant differences in AUC(0-∞), Cmax, t1/2 and mean change in blood glucose concentration between *1/*4 and *1/*1 carriers. Further, *3/*3 carriers had lower Cmax (SMD: -1.42; 95%CI: -2.66 to -0.17; P=0.026) than *1/*1 carriers. Additionally, *3/*3 carriers had lower Cmax than *1/*3 carriers (SMD: -1.20; 95%CI: -2.40 to -0.00; P=0.050). Finally, we noted that repaglinide pharmacokinetics did not differ by SLCO1B1 genotype. The current systematic review and meta-analysis indicated that the genotype of CYP2C8, but not SLCO1B1, may affect repaglinide pharmacokinetics. However, because of the comparatively insufficient number of published studies included, our conclusions require support from additional studies.

Incorporating dextrose gel and feeding in the treatment of neonatal hypoglycaemia

ObjectivesTo determine the impact of incorporating dextrose gel in the treatment of neonatal hypoglycaemia (NH) and the role of feeding type in NH outcomes.Study designWe conducted a retrospective analysis of...

Individual glucose responses to prolonged moderate intensity aerobic exercise in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: The higher they start, the harder they fall.

To evaluate the pattern of change in blood glucose concentrations and hypoglycemia risk in response to prolonged aerobic exercise in adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) that had a wide range in pre-exercise blood glucose concentrations. Individual blood glucose responses to prolonged (~60 minutes) moderate-intensity exercise were profiled in 120 youth with T1D. The mean pre-exercise blood glucose concentration was 178 ± 66 mg/dL, ranging from 69 to 396 mg/dL, while the mean change in glucose during exercise was -76 ± 55 mg/dL (mean ± SD), ranging from +83 to -257 mg/dL. Only 4 of 120 youth (3%) had stable glucose levels during exercise (ie, ± ≤10 mg/dL), while 4 (3%) had a rise in glucose >10 mg/dL, and the remaining (93%) had a clinically significant drop (ie, >10 mg/dL). A total of 53 youth (44%) developed hypoglycemia (≤70 mg/dL) during exercise. The change in glucose was negatively correlated with the pre-exercise glucose concentration (R2 = 0.44, P < 0.001), and tended to be greater in those on multiple daily insulin injections (MDI) vs continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) (-98 ± 15 vs -65 ± 7 mg/dL, P = 0.05). No other collected variables appeared to predict the change in glucose including age, weight, height, body mass index, disease duration, daily insulin dose, HbA1c , or sex. Youth with T1D have variable glycemic responses to prolonged aerobic exercise, but this variability is partially explained by their pre-exercise blood glucose levels. When no implementation strategies are in place to limit the drop in glycemia, the incidence of exercise-associated hypoglycemia is ~44% and having a high pre-exercise blood glucose concentration is only marginally protective.

PO-066 The Function of t Lycium Barbarum Juice Supplemen in Exercise Stress Regulation during Increasing Resistance Training

Objective The purpose of this study was to explore the function of Lycium Barbarum juice on exercise stress regulation when male university students drank Lycium Barbarum juice during increasing resistance exercise, by observing the effects of oral Lycium Barbarum juice on the blood glucose, serum Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH), insulin and glucagon concentration.&#x0D; Methods 21 to 22, healthy, 28 male university students participated in the study. They were randomly divided into a control group (n=16)and an experimental group(n=12). All participants completed four-stage incremental load movement for a total of 32 days. The exercise intensity of four stages was 60% VO2max, 70% VO2max, 80% VO2max and 90% VO2max, respectively. Each stage was exercised every-other-day, 4 times per stage and 1 hour each time. During the exercise, each subject in the experimental group drank 100 ml of 100% Lycium Barbarum juice before going to bed every day.&#x0D; Before the experiment and the morning after the end of each phase, a participant’s elbow-venous blood was collected to separate the serum. In all serum substances, the concentrations of ACTH, insulin, glucagon were detected by ELISA system. Fasting blood glucose concentration was detected by a blood glucose meter (Kyoto GT-1640 glucose meter, Japan). SPSS 17.0 software was used for statistical analysis.&#x0D; Results 1) The serum ACTH concentration of the subjects continually increased with the progress of the incremental load exercise and reached the highest at the end of the fourth stage. Compared with the increase in the control group (P&lt;0.05), the experimental group was more significant (P&lt;0.01). 2) Compared with before the experiment, both control group and experimental group were no obvious changes of blood glucose concentration in the first and second stages, and the control group was significantly decreased in the third and fourth stages (P&lt;0.05), while the experimental group was not (P&gt;0.05). 3) During the increasing load exercise, the changes of insulin in serum of the participants were basically the same. The insulin level increased significantly at the end of the first stage and decreased successively at the end of the last three stages. At the end of the fourth stage, the serum insulin level of the control group decreased more significantly (P&lt;0.05) than the experimental group (P&gt;0.05). 4) The glucagon concentration in the control group continued to increase with the increase of the load. By contrast, the glucagon concentration in the experimental group gradually decreased at the end of the first stage and then increased at the end of the fourth stage. However, all of the increase and decrease are not statistically significant.&#x0D; Conclusions During increasing resistance exercise, drinking Lycium Barbarum juice can increase the ability of the body to regulate Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH), insulin and glucagon through the exercise stress regulation systems, the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Cortical Hormone system (HPA) and the Sympathetic-Adrenal Medullary system. It plays an important role in maintaining blood sugar levels during increasing resistance exercise and accelerating post-exercise function recovery after exercise.

Curcumin alleviates postprandial glycaemic response in healthy subjects: A cross-over, randomized controlled study

In the current study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of a single dose of curcumin and/or fish oil on postprandial glycaemic parameters in healthy individuals. This was a randomised, placebo-controlled and crossover study. Sixteen (n = 16) volunteers were randomised to receive placebo, curcumin (180 mg) tablets, fish oil (1.2 g long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) capsules and curcumin + fish oil prior to a standard meal on 4 test days separated by a week. Blood glucose, serum insulin and triglycerides were measured at intervals between 0–120 min. Difference between the treatments was measured using two-way repeated measures analysis of variance and pair-wise comparisons using Wilcoxon signed-rank or paired t-test as appropriate. Postprandial glucose concentrations were significantly lower in the curcumin (60.6%, P = 0.0007) and curcumin + fishoil group (51%, P = 0.002) groups at 60 min from baseline. Compared with placebo, area under the curve (AUC) for change in blood glucose concentration was reduced by curcumin (36%, P = 0.003) and curcumin + fishoil (30%, 0.004), but not fish oil alone (p = 0.105). Both curcumin (P = 0.01) and curcumin + fishoil (P = 0.03) treatments significantly lowered postprandial insulin (AUC) by 26% in comparison with placebo. Curcumin, but not fish oil, reduces postprandial glycaemic response and insulin demand for glucose control.

What Happens to Blood Glucose Concentrations After Oral Treatment for Neonatal Hypoglycemia

Objective To determine the change in blood glucose concentration after oral treatment of infants with hypoglycemia in the first 48 hours after birth. Study design We analyzed data from 227 infants with hypoglycemia (blood glucose Results The overall mean increase in blood glucose concentration was 11.7 mg/dL (95% CI 10.4-12.8). The increase was greater after buccal dextrose gel than after placebo gel (+3.0 mg/dL; 95% CI 0.7-5.3; P = .01) and greater after infant formula than after other feedings (+3.8 mg/dL; 95% CI 0.8-6.7; P = .01). The increase in blood glucose concentration was not affected by breast feeding (+2.0 mg/dL; 95% CI −0.3 to 44.2; P = .09) or expressed breast milk (−1.4 mg/dL; 95% CI −3.7 to 0.9; P = .25). However, breast feeding was associated with reduced requirement for repeat gel treatment (OR = 0.52; 95% CI 0.28-0.94; P = .03). Conclusions Treatment of infants with hypoglycemia with dextrose gel or formula is associated with increased blood glucose concentration and breast feeding with reduced need for further treatment. Dextrose gel and breast feeding should be considered for first-line oral treatment of infants with hypoglycemia.

Physiological responses during a 25-km time trial in elite wheelchair racing athletes.

Observational study. To characterize the cardiorespiratory and metabolic response of elite wheelchair racing (WCR) athletes during a 25 km, field-based time trial. University laboratory and field racing course in Urbana, Illinois, USA. Seven elite WCR athletes (4 men/3 women) with spinal cord injury completed an incremental exercise test to exhaustion on a computerized wheelchair roller system to determine peak cardiorespiratory capacity in the laboratory. The athletes then completed a long-distance, field-based time trial (i.e., 25 km) within 5 days. Energy expenditure was measured continuously during the time trial with a portable metabolic unit. Blood samples were collected to determine blood lactate and glucose concentrations. Core temperature was measured using an ingestible sensor thermistor. Five participants completed the long-distance time trial with usable cardiorespiratory data. Median heart rate and oxygen consumption during the time trial was 93.6% and 76.6% of peak values, respectively. Median energy expenditure was 504.6 kcal/h. There was a significant increase in blood lactate concentration from 0.7 to 4.0 mmol/L after the time trial (p = 0.03). There were no changes in blood glucose concentrations after the time trial (p = 0.27). Lastly, core temperature significantly increased from 37.1 at baseline to 38.7 °C immediately after the time trial (p = 0.01). Elite WCR athletes sustained a high exercise intensity that was consistent across the long-distance time trial, and exercise intensity outcomes were generally lower than those documented for elite able-bodied long-distance athletes in other studies. Our findings provide accurate estimates of energy expenditure that can be used to design effective training and racing strategies for elite WCR athletes.

Antidiabetic potential of the ethyl acetate extract of Physalis alkekengi and chemical constituents identified by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS

Ethnopharmacological relevanceThe edible plant Physalis alkekengi (PA) is used in traditional medicine to treat diabetes. However, the anti-diabetic effects and constituents of the fruit and aerial parts of this plant have not been studied extensively. Aim of the studyThe purpose of this study was to investigate the antidiabetic potential of Physalis alkekengi and identify its chemical constituents. Materials and methodsIn the present study, the in vitro glucose uptake capacity was tested using the 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]-2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-NBDG) assay in HepG2 cells. Secondly, the anti-diabetes effects of the ethyl acetate extracts of the aerial parts/fruit (EAP/EAF) of P. alkekengi were evaluated in high-fat diet-fed and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (seven groups, n = 7) daily at doses of 300 and 600 mg/kg for 28 days. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) was measured with a glucometer and the levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), glycated serum protein (GSP), and fasting insulin (FINS) were measured by ELISA. Furthermore, insulin sensitivity index (ISI) and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) were calculated based on FBG and FINS. Changes in blood glucose concentration were assessed after an oral glucose challenge in diabetic rats treated with EAF and EAP extracts. In all assays, rosiglitazone, a current antidiabetic drug and insulin sensitizer, was also tested. Finally, the compounds in EAP were identified by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS analysis. ResultsEAP increased the uptake of 2-NBDG, a measure of direct glucose uptake, in HepG2 cells. Next, in diabetic rats treated with P. alkegenki extracts for 28 days, the levels of FBG, TC, TG and GSP and were lowered effectively, while FINS was increased significantly. EAP/EAF enhanced insulin sensitivity significantly as measured by ISI and HOMA-IR along with oral glucose tolerance test analysis. The EAP generally exerted the greatest effects. Lastly, a HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS analysis identified 50 compounds, including 26 physalins, 10 flavonoids, and 9 phenolic acids, with 21 compounds found for the first time in P. alkekengi. ConclusionsThe results support the merit of P. alkekengi as an antidiabetic herbal medicine or dietary supplement.

Millimeter-Wave Sensing of Diabetes-Relevant Glucose Concentration Changes in Pigs

The paper presents the first in vivo glucose monitoring animal study in a pig, which correlates radio frequency signal transmission changes with changes in blood glucose concentration in the 58–62 GHz frequency range. The presented non-invasive glucose sensing system consists of two opposite facing patch antennas sandwiching glucose-loaded samples. Prior to the animal study, the system was tested using saline solution samples, for which a linear relationship between changes in transmitted signal and glucose concentration was observed. In the animal study, glucose concentration changes were induced by injecting a known glucose solution in the blood stream. The non-invasive transmission measurements were compared to the glucose levels obtained invasively from the animal. Our results suggest that the system can detect spikes in glucose concentration in the blood, which is an important milestone towards non-invasive glucose monitoring.

Effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on blood glucose concentration in diabetic rats

Objective To investigate the effects of different concentrations of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on blood glucose concentration in diabetic rats. Methods SD rats’ bone marrow was isolated, purified and cultured to obtain BMSCs. The expression of surface markers CD34, CD44, CD45 and CD90 was detected. The models of diabetic rats were randomly divided into control group, the low concentration group, high concentration group and normal feeding group. Low concentration group and high concentration group were injected with 1×105 and 5×106 BMSCs respectively, and the normal group and the control group were injected with equal volume of phosphate buffer (PBS). The dynamic changes of blood glucose concentrations at 1st, 2nd and 3rd week after injection were statistically analyzed. Results BMSCs were proved by immunofluorescence with CD34 (-), CD44 (+ ), CD45 (-) and CD90 (+ ). After treatment with BMSCs, blood glucose had no significant change in the first two weeks, but decreased by 16.1% at 3rd week in the low concentration group. As compared with the control group, blood glucose concentration was significantly decreased, and decreased by 42.0% at 3rd week in the high concentration group. There was no obvious change in blood glucose concentration before and after treatment in the normal and control groups. Conclusion High concentration (5×106 cells) BMSCs can control and regulate the blood glucose concentration in diabetic rats. Key words: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells; Diabets; Rat; Blood glucose concentration

Glucose transporter 2 mediates the hypoglycemia-induced increase in cerebral blood flow

Glucose transporter 2 (Glut2)-positive cells are sparsely distributed in brain and play an important role in the stimulation of glucagon secretion in response to hypoglycemia. We aimed to determine if Glut2-positive cells can influence another response to hypoglycemia, i.e. increased cerebral blood flow (CBF). CBF of adult male mice devoid of Glut2, either globally (ripglut1:glut2−/−) or in the nervous system only (NG2KO), and their respective controls were studied under basal glycemia and insulin-induced hypoglycemia using quantitative perfusion magnetic resonance imaging at 9.4 T. The effect on CBF of optogenetic activation of hypoglycemia responsive Glut2-positive neurons of the paraventricular thalamic area was measured in mice expressing channelrhodopsin2 under the control of the Glut2 promoter. We found that in both ripglut1:glut2−/− mice and NG2KO mice, CBF in basal conditions was higher than in their respective controls and not further activated by hypoglycemia, as measured in the hippocampus, hypothalamus and whole brain. Conversely, optogenetic activation of Glut2-positive cells in the paraventricular thalamic nucleus induced a local increase in CBF similar to that induced by hypoglycemia. Thus, Glut2 expression in the nervous system is required for the control of CBF in response to changes in blood glucose concentrations.