Cereal Products Research Articles

ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF VARIOUS CROPPING SYSTEMS IN LOWER-MIDDLE HIMALAYAN REGION OF WESTERN HIMALAYA, INDIA: A CASE STUDY

Energy efficiency is one of the most profound method to analyse the sustainability of any system. Although, modern technologies are highly energy intensive, but hill agriculture in Uttarakhand is still relying on traditional methods of farming. In the present study, various cropping systems practiced in a village of Almora district of Uttarakhand have been compared and analysed for their energy efficiency in order to bring out better performing systems in terms of energy. Out of six monocrops, three mixed crops, two agri-silviculture systems, one agri-horticulture system and one silvi-hortipasture system, legumes and pulses cultivation has proved to energy efficient while cereal production came out as less energy intensive. The systems with maximum total -1 -1 energy output (MJ ha ) were agri-horticulture (387548.9 MJ ha ) followed by agri-silviculture -1 (soybean+sorghum+trees; 335964 MJ ha ) and soybean monocrop (275971.5 MJ ha-1). It is recommended that legumes-based systems and silvi-hortipasture may be promoted for the long term sustenance of the hill agriculture as they are less input exhaustive, hence, may put less burden on farmers living on subsistence basis.

Profile and Development Agroindustry Strategy at Bone Regency

Over the past five years (2017-2021) the economic structure of Bone Regency has been dominated by 4 (four) business field category, namely agriculture, forestry, fisheries and the processing industry with a percentage of 48% of businesses (agriculture, forestry and fisheries) and 6.88% of the processing industry. To continue to spur the growth of the economic sector, especially after the pandemic, agroindustry development is the main choice. The purpose of this research is to build an agroindustry profile based on strong, medium, and weak criteria and develop an agroindustry development strategy according to the profile that has been built so that it can be useful as a source of information as well as a reference for relevant stakeholders. The categorisation of strong, medium and weak agroindustry is based on the analysis of industrial data obtained from both government and stakeholders complemented by literature study while for strategy formulation using SWOT analysis. The categorisation results place the agroindustry of forest products and livestock products into the category of weak agroindustry, agroindustry of horticultural and secondary crops and plantation products into the category of moderate agroindustry and for the category of strong agroindustry are Cereal Products and Fishery Products.

Climate Change Impact on Cereal Production and Food Security in Hebron Governorate: An Analytical Approach

Cereal crop failures result from climate shocks, which are caused by the climate\'s variables fluctuation and represent a complex system of interrelated elements. This study aims to explore the effects of climate change, especially precipitation and temperature fluctuations on cereal cultivation and food security in the Hebron Governorate. By utilizing a range of statistical methods, including the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach, and incorporating qualitative insights from local agricultural experts, this research provides a thorough analysis of climate dynamics and their potential consequences on cereal cultivation and food security. \nThe analysis results uncover a prominent causal connection between these climatic elements and agricultural production, emphasizing the negative impacts of heightened carbon levels, temperature, and unpredictable rainfall events and patterns, on cereal crop yields. Furthermore, the research highlights the intricate interrelationship between non-climatic factors like energy usage, workforce, and financial growth in influencing agricultural performance. Of course, this in turn affects the fragile food security at the Hebron governorate level.

Forming and developing the regional market of cereals under the influence of substitutes

The paper examines the cereal market of the Republic of Crimea, which is characterized by the lack of testing of scientific approaches to assessing the regional market in terms of influence on substitutes’ demand and by pronounced seasonality of sales. The methodology is based on economic and statistical methods using correlation and regression analysis tools. The article determines the state of the Crimean market for goods based on official statistics, explores the dynamics of changes in production volumes of grain crops and their processing into cereals, and assesses the prices for goods of the group under study, presented in the retail trade network as well as the indicators characterizing the regional market of cereal products. The authors identify major Crimean manufacturers whose products are represented in the distribution network, and consider the factors influencing the development of the cereal regional market. Based on the results of the study, the study identifies the groups of substitutes that form the structure of consumer demand, including pasta and fresh vegetables. Drawing on correlation analysis, the authors establish the dependence of sales volumes of cereals on the prices of substitutes. Using regression analysis, the authors present the forecast for further development of the regional cereals market. The novelty of the study lies in determining the degree of dependence of consumer demand when purchasing cereal products on the prices of seasonal substitute goods. Finally, the study shows a direct effect of the demand for cereals on the prices of fresh vegetables, with a positive sales growth trend in the region, where sustainable economic and political situation will affect the prices for socially important food products.

Utilization Of Chia Seed Mucilage To Reduce The Fat Contents In Muffins

Chia is regarded as superfood due to its high concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), dietary fiber, antioxidants, and vitamins. The demand of these foods is increasing day by day due to the presence of functional ingredients. Chia mucilage usage is also increasing in food products containing high fat contents due to fat like functional properties. The aim of this study was to formulate novel cereal products i.e. functional muffins, by utilizing chia mucilage. For this purpose, chia mucilage was prepared and analyzed for chemical composition depicting 14.98% moisture, 6.56% ash, 27.65% fiber, 2.09% crude fat, 10.34% crude protein and 47.68% NFE. Afterwards, five formulations of muffins were prepared by gradually replacing the fat levels at the rate of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%, respectively, followed by their assessment for proximate, mineral, color, texture, and sensory analysis. The proximate parameters were ranged between 36.08-37.48% for moisture, 2.34-3.09% for ash, 18.11-23.44% for crude fat, 4.87-7.01% for crude protein, 0.44-1.61% for crude fiber, 31.58-32.83% for NFE. The mineral profile showed the range of calcium 24.09-79.42, potassium 71.44-109.04, phosphorus 69.63-144.64, and magnesium 8.16-38.06mg/100g sample. The color of the product ranged for lightness from 49.73 to 61.35 while a* and b* value was fall between 12.76-17.46 and 13.84-15.37, respectively. The texture depicted the hardness 6.36 to 12.49N while the energy value was decreased from 371.31 to 243.61 Kcal/100g. Later on, sensory analysis of the product showed muffins developed by 30% replacement (T3) of fat with chia mucilage was well received and considered as best treatment.

Relationship between dietary nutrition and chronic disease of Jinuo Minority residents aged 20-80 in Jinghong District in 2020

To analyze the relationship between food intake and chronic diseases of Jinuo Minority residents living in Yunnan Province. A total of 392 Jinuo Minority residents 20-80-year-old among 304 families(male 135, female 257; aged 20-49 years old 140, aged 50-59 years old 136, aged 60-80 years old 116)in Jinghong District in Yunnan Province were selected with stratified multistage cluster sampling method. To apply the method of food frequency questionnaire and questionnaire survey obtain the condition of dietary structure and overweight or obesity, diabetes and dyslipidemia among Jinuo Minority in the past 12 months. Non-conditional Logistic regression analysis was utilized to analyze the correlation between food intake and chronic diseases. In 2020, the prevalence of overweight/obesity, hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemias among Jinuo adults in Jinghong District were 38.8%(n=152), 19.1%(n=75), 3.6%(n=14)and 26.3%(n=103). Jinuo residents aged 20 and above who have consumed noodle and instant noodle(OR=1.677, 95%CI 1.028-2.736), fermented soybean curd(OR=3.056, 95%CI 1.853-5.038), grass carp(OR=2.245, 95%CI 1.270-3.971), ethnic food/peanut(OR=1.975, 95%CI 1.162-3.355) were more likely to experience overweight/obesity compared to those who did not consume them. On the other hand, individuals who consumed snacks/bread(OR=0.322, 95%CI 0.190-0.545) were less likely to develop overweight/obesity compared to those who did not consume them. Jinuo residents aged 20 and above who have consumed other cereals and cereals products, such as buckwheat(OR=7.029, 95%CI 1.494-33.070), were more likely to develop diabetes than those who did not consume them. And those who have eaten cabbage vegetables(such as cauliflower/cabbage)(OR=0.155, 95%CI 0.034-0.708), and kernel fruits(such as apple/pear)(OR=0.227, 95% CI 0.069-0.743) were less likely to develop diabetes than those who did not consume them. Adults who consumed cooked meat and other livestock and poultry, such as donkey/horse meat(OR=9.676, 95% CI 1.418-66.027), were more likely to cause dyslipidemias compared to did not consume them. Conversely, individuals who consumed root vegetables(such as radish/lotus root)(OR=0.405, 95%CI 0.204-0.803), cooked pork from animal foods(OR=0.482, 95%CI 0.263-0.885), snacks/snack bread(OR=0.590, 95%CI 0.357-0.974) and plum blossom(OR=0.173, 95%CI 0.038-0.793) were less likely to develop dyslipidemia than those who did not consume them. In Jinghong District, the overweight/obesity of Jinuo adults aged 20-80 was positively correlated to the consumption of noodles and instant noodles, fermented bean curd, grass carp, and ethnic food/peanut. And there was a negative correlation with the consumption of snacks/bread. Regarding diabetes, a positive correlation was observed with the consumption of other grains and products, while negative correlations were found with the consumption of cabbage vegetables and kernel fruits. For dyslipidemias, there was a positive correlation with the consumption of cooked meat and other livestock and poultry, and negative correlations were identified with the consumption of root vegetables, cooked pork from animal foods, snacks/snack bread, and prunes.

ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ ПОСЕВОВ ОЗИМОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ БИОПРЕПАРАТОВ В БОГАРНЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ РСО-АЛАНИЯ

The author presents the results of research on some possibilities of solving urgent problems of agricultural production of winter cereals in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania. The research was carried out in the steppe zone, in the rain-fed conditions of the Mozdok district of the Republic of Alania. The article is devoted to the study of the influence of new generation biologics – Stabilan and HEFC, BP. According to the results of the conducted studies, it was proved that treatment with growth stimulants contributed to an increase in the density of standing plants. The tubulation period in all experimental plots began in the first decade of May. With the use of growth regulators HEFC and Stabilan, the earing phase of plants occurred 2-3 days later than in the control variant. In the following phases of development – flowering, milky-waxy and full maturity, the same trend was observed. It was found that grain yield increases, the increase in control was up to 1.36 t/ha. The use of growth regulators Stabilan and HEFC for the studied varieties of winter wheat, respectively, showed the largest mass of 1000 grains. The largest grain size was established for the Alekseich variety – 789 g/l and for the Adel variety – 782 g/ l, using the HEFC growth regulator. The highest yield was obtained on the variant with the use of the HEFC growth regulator – 4.63 t/ha. The highest protein content was noted in the Alekseich variety – 16.0%, whereas in the Adele variety the same indicator is 15.31%. The largest percentage of ash in the studied varieties was revealed in the control variant. The calculation of economic efficiency allowed us to determine that with a maximum yield of 4.63 t/ha in the variant using the HEFC growth regulator on the Alekseich variety, the conditional net income amounted to 15.1 thousand rubles / ha, with a level of production profitability of 48.2%. In a similar variant with the Adele variety, the yield was 4.43 t/ha with a production margin of 41.5%.

The role of mineral fertilizers in the creation of pasture agrophytocenoses

The scientific paper presents the results of research for 2023, carried out at the experimental field of North-West Research Institute of Dairy and Grassland Economy in the Vologda region, on the influence of mineral fertilizers on the productivity and nutritional value of perennial cereals and legume-cereal grass mixtures. During the research, a noticeable effect of the nitrogen dose on the yield of the dry mass of the grass mixture was established. With an increase in the dose of nitrogen application by 30 kg a.d., the yield increase may average 0.408 tons. In total, during the season on herbage with the use of fertilizers, productivity amounted to 9.16-10.27 tons of dry weight, crude fat content 0.28-0.31 tons, crude protein 1.4-1.55 tons, metabolic energy – 92.65-103.84 GJ. The nutritional value on average for 4 cycles of bleaching on cereals and legume-cereal herbage with the use of fertilizers was 14.59‒15.77% crude protein, 20.74-23.99% crude fiber, 24.14-26.74% ADF, 43.64-49.58% NDF.

Contribution of the triple hermetic bag in the preservation of locally processed cereal and legume products in Niger

Cereals and legumes constitute the staple foods in both urban and rural areas, and the main cereals and legume products in the Sahel region are millet, sorghum, maize, and cowpea. The small-scale processors of those products are facing storage and good packaging challenges. Triple hermetic bag technology is effective for the conservation of many stored grains against insect spoilage in Africa and around the world. This study aimed to examine the performance of the high-density polyethylene Purdue Improved Cowpea Storage (PICS) bags (HDPE, 80 microns thick) for the preservation of processed cereals (broken corn, millet pellet, and sorghum dagué) and legume (broken cowpea) products against insects of storage. In addition, the impact of this technology on the physical and functional parameters of the processed products (moisture content, pH, water-holding capacity, oil-holding capacity, and bulk density) after 6 months of storage was carried out. Rhizopertha dominica was revealed to be the damaging storage pest in the product of millet pellet and broken corn with the average number of live insects of 121.33 and 0.66, respectively, in experimentally designed bags. Significant differences (P < 0.01) and (P < 0.01) are found among the results of functional and physical properties tested on these processed products, using PICS bags versus other storage types of bags. The use of triple hermetic bag technology for storage of processed cereals and legume products has shown protection against damaging insects and preserved their physical and functional properties qualities.

Varietal productivity of cereals in conditions of Central Black Earth Region

The article presents the material on the assessment of productivity of released varieties of winter wheat in the conditions of the Central Chernozem region.On the territory of Russia more than half of the sown area of grain crops is occupied by wheat, 70% of which is the area of winter crops. In advanced farms there is a high culture of agriculture (crop rotation, fertilization, soil treatment, etc.). However, the yield of winter wheat throughout the country is still insufficient and does not reach the maximum potential of the crop. One of the reasons for this is the lack of a scientifically based varietal technology for growing this crop in relation to soil-climatic and regional zones.

Моделювання впливу кліматичних змін на продуктивність агросектора

The article proposes a conceptual approach to modeling the impact of climate change on the productivity of the agrarian sector, substantiates the factors of climate change, and forms the information base of the study. Specifically, rainfall data was taken from the Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station database (CHIRPS), which is a quasi-global dataset of precipitation amounts over 30+ years. CHIRPS incorporates 0.05° resolution satellite imagery together with data from local stations to create gridded rainfall time series to analyze trends and monitor seasonal drought. In order to obtain rainfall data for each of the selected countries, the Large-Scale International Borders (LSIB) database was used. This data is taken from two other datasets: the LSIB Lines Vector File and the World Vector Shoreline (WVS) from the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA). Additional precipitation information was obtained using the Google Earth Engine after performing procedures with a sample of geolocation data for each country, obtaining actual precipitation data for the observation period, exporting the data and processing them to bring the results to the annual figure. The formed information base on the factors of climate change has allowed to develop models of productivity of grain production in the countries that are the largest wheat producers in the world. The results of the development of models led to the conclusion that climate change affects crop yields in countries that are leading producers of cereals. The obtained results can be used to predict changes in yield and production depending on climatic parameters such as temperature and precipitation, as well as to determine the optimal and extreme values of climatic factors.

Grape pomace as a novel functional ingredient: Mitigating ochratoxin A bioaccessibility and unraveling cytoprotective mechanisms in vitro

Mycotoxins, secondary metabolites produced by molds, pose significant health risk through contamination of globally consumed cereals. Ochratoxin A (OTA), a prevalent mycotoxin in cereals, is associated with various health hazards, including immunotoxicity. This study explores the bioaccessibility of OTA in bread and its impact on the gastrointestinal barrier. A focus is placed on grape pomace (GP), a by-product of the wine industry, as a potential mitigator of OTA toxicity. Results demonstrate that GP reduces OTA bioaccessibility in the human gastrointestinal system from 94% to 81% at intestinal level, showing promise in limiting the absorption of the harmful toxin. Additionally, GP exhibits cytoprotective effects, enhancing cell viability and mitigating OTA-induced toxicity in both Caco-2 and Jurkat T cells. In view of the above, to understand the mechanisms by which OTA exhibits its toxic effects, flow cytometry was chosen as the main technique for the analysis of cell cycle, reactive oxygen species levels and mitochondrial parameters. Cytofluorimetric evaluation indicates GP's potential in limiting OTA-induced damage at cellular level. The study suggests that GP could serve as functional ingredient to reduce mycotoxin bioaccessibility and toxicity in cereal-based foods, offering a novel and promising approach to enhance food safety and protect public health. The finding highlights the potential of utilizing grape pomace in food formulations to mitigate mycotoxin contamination, providing a valuable contribution to the ongoing efforts to ensure the safety of globally consumed cereal products.

Genomic selection for tolerance to aluminum toxicity in a synthetic population of upland rice.

Over half of the world's arable land is acidic, which constrains cereal production. In South America, different rice-growing regions (Cerrado in Brazil and Llanos in Colombia and Venezuela) are particularly affected due to high aluminum toxicity levels. For this reason, efforts have been made to breed for tolerance to aluminum toxicity using synthetic populations. The breeding program of CIAT-CIRAD is a good example of the use of recurrent selection to increase productivity for the Llanos in Colombia. In this study, we evaluated the performance of genomic prediction models to optimize the breeding scheme by hastening the development of an improved synthetic population and elite lines. We characterized 334 families at the S0:4 generation in two conditions. One condition was the control, managed with liming, while the other had high aluminum toxicity. Four traits were considered: days to flowering (FL), plant height (PH), grain yield (YLD), and zinc concentration in the polished grain (ZN). The population presented a high tolerance to aluminum toxicity, with more than 72% of the families showing a higher yield under aluminum conditions. The performance of the families under the aluminum toxicity condition was predicted using four different models: a single-environment model and three multi-environment models. The multi-environment models differed in the way they integrated genotype-by-environment interactions. The best predictive abilities were achieved using multi-environment models: 0.67 for FL, 0.60 for PH, 0.53 for YLD, and 0.65 for ZN. The gain of multi-environment over single-environment models ranged from 71% for YLD to 430% for FL. The selection of the best-performing families based on multi-trait indices, including the four traits mentioned above, facilitated the identification of suitable families for recombination. This information will be used to develop a new cycle of recurrent selection through genomic selection.

Fire and Explosion Hazard Aspects for Bucket Elevators

Technological installations for the vertical transport of cereal products, are affected by the presence of combustible dusts that can be mixed with air, in suspension, or in the form of dust layers of different thicknesses. The presence of these combustible dusts is a constant danger of fires or even explosions. In combustible dusts are swirled in the air in concentrations in their explosive range and there is also an ignition source, the dusts can burn quickly and even give rise to explosions, in which case the force and pressure developed is considerable. Since, in most cases, following a fire and especially a combustible dust explosion, the damage caused is quantified by immeasurable material damage and even by recording human losses, special attention must be paid to how they are identified and implemented protection and prevention measures to prevent fires and combustible dust explosions. In this paper, the principles and main factors that must be considered when quantifying the risk of fire and/or explosion for a bucket elevator used for the vertical transport of cereal products are highlighted. A number of recommendations for the safe use of these lifts are also presented.

The first survey using high-throughput sequencing of cereal and barley yellow dwarf viruses in Irish spring and winter barley crops

Yellow dwarf viruses (YDVs) are the most economically important plant viruses impacting cereal production worldwide and include viruses from the genus Luteovirus (e.g., barely yellow dwarf virus (BYDV)-PAV, BYDV-PAS, BYDV-MAV, BYDV-kerII, BYDV-kerIII) and Polerovirus (e.g., cereal yellow dwarf virus (CYDV)-RPV, CYDV-RPS). Until now, much of our knowledge on YDVs infecting Irish barley crops (Hordeum vulgare L.) has come from serological assays; however, due to cross-reactivity it can be difficult to discriminate between viruses of different species. In this study, we have carried out a high-throughput sequencing survey of symptomatic crops, positive with serological assays, to identify YDVs infecting Irish spring and winter barley crops and establish reference genomes to support further development of molecular surveillance tools. In total, RNA was extracted from 45 symptomatic crop samples that were collected across Ireland over 2 yr and sequenced following rRNA depletion. Three samples of barley plants from BYDV-infected aphid colonies were also included. BYDV-MAV was identified in all field samples sequenced. This confirms previous evidence based on serological assays that BYDV-MAV is the dominant YDV in Irish barley crops. We have also identified BYDV-PAS in 29% of symptomatic field samples, the first report of this species in Ireland. In addition, BYDV-PAV was also found, and crop samples with mixed infections were common; although in mixed infections the greatest proportion of YDV reads originated from BYDV-MAV. Finally, CYDV-RPS, the more severe variant of CYDV-RPV belonging to the genus Polerovirus, was identified in a single sample. The complete genomes, assembled from this first sequence-based survey, will enable the development of molecular surveillance tools with greater virus specificity, to further support the Irish aphid and YDV monitoring network.

Potential of volatile organic compounds in the management of insect pests and diseases of food legumes: a comprehensive review.

Cool season legumes (Faba bean, chickpea, lentil, pea, and grass pea) are important protein harvests for food and nutrition security in many countries. They play key roles in sustainable cereal production through their ecological benefits. However, diseases and pests attack continue to have a substantial impact on crop yield and quality. Although growers used different control options to manage these biotic stresses such as pesticide application, cultural practices, and resistant varieties, there is a pressing need for the development of new, more cost-effective and environmentally friendly solution to help farmers in facing the existing environmental issues. Recently, there is a growing interest among researchers in exploiting Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) for the elaboration of disease and pest control strategies in food legumes and other crops. These compounds have important functions in ecological relationships occurring between plants and their surrounding environment, as well as plants and others species, such as pests and pathogens. Due to their unique properties, VOCs can be employed in improving management alternatives for food legume diseases and pests. In this assessment, we investigated the role of VOCs in plant-pest and plant-pathogen interactions and their present applications in pest and diseases control strategies. We emphasized the ecological importance of employing plant VOCs in legume farming and crop breeding. Additionally, we highlighted the potential of microbial VOCs in facilitating microbe-microbe, microbe-plant and microbe-plant-pest interactions, along with their role in food legume protection.

Зернопродуктовый подкомплекс Крыма: предпосылки к совершенствованию межотраслевого взаимодействия

The article considers the problems of the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Crimea and substantiates the need for its reform. The author analyzes the structure of the grain-product subcomplex of the agro-industrial complex of the region, identifies the factors constraining its development. The resource potential of the republic is characterized. The problems of agricultural producers and possible solutions have been identified. Priority directions for the development of the flour and cereal industry are highlighted. The state of the Crimean market of cereal products is presented. The reasons for the uncompetitiveness of the products of local manufacturers have been established. The prerequisites and directions of reforming the grain production subcomplex of the Republic of Crimea are determined.

Determination of protein content in cooked foods consumed by toddlers aged 1-2 years in Sri Lanka

In early life, protein deficiency as well as heavy protein intake cause adverse conditions. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the protein adequacy of diets in 1-2-year-old toddlers in the Alawwa Medical Officer of Health (MOH) area, Kurunegala, Sri Lanka. Data on food consumption was obtained by 24-hour dietary recall method from selected caregivers (n=60) andcommonly consumed foods (n=30) were cooked using household preparation protocols practiced in the area. They were homogenized and analyzed for protein. The majority of toddlers among the selected population consumed rice-based meals (73%) as the main meal (cooked rice with vegetable accompaniments), while 27% preferred mixed diets (a mixture of vegetables, pulses, leafy vegetables and fish along with rice). A serving of commercial cereal products provided the highest estimateddaily intake (EDI) of protein (10.70 ± 0.40 g). The average EDI of protein of all categories of foods per portion (rice, vegetables, pulses, green leaves, fish, eggs, rice mixtures and cereal products) was 31.55 ± 0.88 g, contributing to the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of 242.64% and 150.17% for 1-2 year toddlers as defined by the Department of Agriculture, United States (USDA) and Sri Lankan RDA defined by Medical Research Institute (MRI), respectively. In conclusion, the cooked foods prepared according to local recipes fulfilled the dietary requirements of protein for toddlers aged 1-2 years in the Alawwa MOH area following USDA and Sri Lankan nutrition guidelines.
 Keywords: Estimated Daily Intake, Protein, Recommended Dietary Allowance, Toddlers

Determination of Rheological and Chemical Properties of Hemp, Rosehip Seed and Safflower Flours

The use of alternative flour in the production of cereal products such as bread can improve the functional and nutritional properties of bread. However, the addition of substitute flour to wheat flour may have some technological, sensory, and rheological disadvantages. To eliminate these problems, the alternative flours should be used in different proportions. The aim of this study is to evaluate the remaining proportions of hemp, safflower and rosehip seeds, which are raw materials of edible and cosmetic oil industry, after oil extraction and to determine their chemical properties (protein, fat, ash) and to investigate the effect on rheological dough properties with Mixolab when used as a substitute for wheat flour. Accordingly, safflower, hemp and rosehip seed flour were added to wheat flour in five different amounts (5, 7.5, 10, 15 and 20%), focusing on displacement. The addition of flour increased protein, fat, ash, phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity. It was found that the addition of 10% safflower and hemp seed flour and 7.5% rosehip seed flour had a positive effect on rheological properties. For all three flour additions, dough development time, stability, and percent protein softening values increased, while water holding capacity decreased. Flours added at 15% or more began to negatively affect rheological properties. This study shows that 3 different flours, which can be added up to 10%, improve the rheological properties, chemically enrich them and improve their functional properties.

The causes of differences between the average agricultural land prices of hungarian counties

Currently, there are significant differences between the average per hectare agricultural land prices of Hungarian counties. In this study, I endeavour to identify the causes of the price differentials by using a regression model. The data employed in the analysis relate to the years 2013, 2016 and 2020, and cover all of the 19 counties. The average yields of the main arable crops and the per capita GDP values of counties have a vigorous positive effect on land prices. Much like in numerous pieces of earlier research, it is demonstrated that larger average farm size also increases the price of agricultural land. Land prices are considerably higher in lowland areas with a smaller density of settlements than in otherwise similar but hilly or montainous regions, where there are more settlements. During the 2010s, agricultural land prices in Hungary grew dynamically. The rise of per capita GDP, average farm size and farm output per unit area played an important part in this, but perhaps the most consequential factor was the rise of the yields of the chief arable crops. The spectacular growth trend of average yields is attributable, above all, to the advance of agrotechnology. Since the fall of communism, Hungarian agriculture has shifted more and more towards intensive cereal production. Apparently, technological development has enhanced the profitability of cereal production relative to the other branches of agriculture, and it has thus raised the values of plots located in areas most suitable for arable farming.