Century Russian Research Articles

«Степь кочующих Киргиз-Кайсаков»: Казахская степь на российских картах XVIII – начала XIX века и раннемодерная картография как источник для изучения географических представлений о Центральной и Северной Азии

The article is a review of seven 18th and 19th century Russian maps, some of them are published for the first time, with some added notes on the nature of the early and mid – 19th century maps. The main purpose of the text is to reveal the main features and ways to represent the Qazaq steppe in Russian early modern cartography. Using the concept of a cartographic pattern, the author shows the predominance of generalized and simple ways of transmitting information. The purpose of this situation is the fact that the very knowledge of the Qazaq steppe was a subject of peripheral interest in Russian politics and culture of the period. Also standard Russian map makers were far from understanding how the cultural landscape of nomadic peoples could be displayed. The maps in question are not only a tool that forms and transmits a certain perception of space - it is, in a completely modern spirit, a tool for transforming space, turning it from a permeable and difficult to control into a barrier, regulated by the efforts of the army and bureaucracy. On these maps, we see «zero images» (nulevye obrazy) or «lacuna images» (obrazy-lakuny) of the images of the Qazaq steppe, these parts of the cartographic materials are left empty. On the overview Siberian general map of 1765, the space on the other side of the border lines is signed: «The steppe of the nomadic Kirgis-Kaisaks» (Step’ kochujushhih Kirgis-Kajsakov). This is not a refusal to transmit information at all, and not a too burdensome way to mark on maps a significant territory, about the structure of which and life within which Russian cartographers seem to know little. It is likely that this is one of the most common perceptions of the Qazaq steppe in Russian cartography of the 18th – first half of the 19th century.

The Wall Paintings in the Russian Church St. Nicholas in Sofia: a Technological Study by Integrated Analytical Approach

For the first time, wall paintings of 20th century Russian artists in Bulgaria were analysed by means of complementary analytical methods. Representative samples collected from the Russian church St. Nicholas in Sofia, decorated by the famous Russian artists Vasily Perminov, Michail Maletski and Nikolay Shelehov during different periods of time, were examined by means of micro-Raman spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and X-Ray fluorescence (XRF). The results of the study reveal that colourful palette was achieved by using various pigment mixtures of traditional and modern synthetic pigment as titanium white, barium white, calcite, chrome green, green earth, hematite, ultramarine, madder lake, carbon black, vermilion, Naples yellow. The analysis of the paint binders allow to conclude that Maletski and Shelehov have used egg tempera as painting technique, while Perminov has worked in two painting techniques - oil and egg tempera.

Идеи воспитания одарённых детей в отечественной педагогической науке в XVII–XIX веке

The article shows the process of origin and development of ideas related to the education and upbringing of gifted children in the 17th – 19th centuries in Russia. Religious and secular books of this period allow us to see the process of changing attitudes towards the interpretation of the factors that determine the emergence of talented people. Recognizing a certain influence of the ideas of enlightenment in Western Europe, it is necessary to note the original approach to the study of the phenomena of children’s giftedness in Russian pedagogical thought. The aim of the work was to study the process of the emergence of scientific interest in the problem of children’s giftedness in the history of Russian pedagogical thought, to study the genesis of ideas related to the essence and features of the development of giftedness in childhood, the forms and methods of teaching and educating gifted children in Russian pedagogical thought in the period from the 17th to XIX century. From the analysis and generalization of the pedagogical experience historically accumulated by many generations of different peoples in Russia, there is a consistent transition from the 17th century to the scientific interpretation of children’s giftedness. In the 19th century, the idea of the need for a state approach to ensuring the effective education and upbringing of gifted children, regardless of their origin, class affiliation and financial situation, to the support and development of talents in educational institutions, was born and received its recognition. These ideas are further developed in subsequent periods of the development of domestic pedagogy - in the 20th and 21st centuries. Based on the analysis of the scientific literature of this historical period, the author highlights ideas that are important for the development of children’s giftedness, namely: the idea of the need for teachers to timely identify children with special inclinations and study the features of their development; the idea of the importance of purposeful and integrated development of both mental and other gifts of children in close connection with their spiritual and moral education; the idea of state support and provision of full-fledged education for gifted children from different strata of society; the idea of the need to support and protect gifted children from the influence of an asocial environment.

The Institution of the Rectorship within the Higher Education System of the 19th and Early 20th Century Russian Empire: The Case of Imperial Novorossiya University

The Institution of the Rectorship within the Higher Education System of the 19th and Early 20th Century Russian Empire: The Case of Imperial Novorossiya University

The State of the Sanatorium-Resort Sphere of the Baikal Region in the Post-Pandemic Period

As a result of the geopolitical crisis of the third decade of the XXI century in Russia, the number of available foreign destinations has decreased, which has led to a renewed interest of Russians to sanatorium and resort vacations within the country. As a result, sales in some sanatorium and resort facilities this year exceeded the figures of three years ago. At the same time, the cost of sanatorium and resort treatment in popular health resorts in the country increased to 40 %. The key factors stimulating the growth in demand for holidays in Russian sanatoriums, according to experts, are not only the inaccessibility of foreign destinations, but also the popularization of the tourist cashback program, as well as the effect of pent-up demand - during the COVID-19 pandemic, Russians refused to travel, resuming them after the removal of most health restrictions. However, the situation in the industry as a whole is not the same. Resorts located in regions with the greatest transport accessibility turned out to be in a winning position. On the territory of the regions of the Baikal region (Irkutsk region and the Republic of Buryatia) there is an almost complete range of sanatorium-and-spa institutions. Nevertheless, having significant potential, the sanatorium and resort sphere of the regions of the Baikal region still lags behind the industry leaders. The purpose of the article was to characterize the state and forecast development trends in the sanatorium and resort sector of the regions of the Baikal region in the post-pandemic period.

Psychological Features of Officer' Intelligence in Russian Fiction of the Second Half of the XVΙΙΙ Century (Part I)

For a long time, military people have occupied a very special honorable and responsible place in society. To form a system of values of future officers is becoming an urgent task of professional military education, despite the fact that the most appropriate values and ideals of humanism and social responsibility is the system of values and meanings of the military intelligentsia. The article examines the domestic literary sources, which accumulate and present the psychological features of intelligence officer in Russian fiction. The object of the work is the images of the officers in the XVIII century Russian literature, which are the artistic precursors of images of military intellectuals in Russian literature of the XΙX century. The subject of the article ‒ psychological features of the designated artistic images of a military intellectual. The main methodological approaches are systemic, cultural-historical and literary psychologism. Theoretical, general logical and empirical methods are used as methods. It is noted that the psychological representation of the features inherent in the military intelligentsia in the literature is carried out in several basic forms: 1) a direct representation of characters "from the inside", that is, through artistic cognition of the inner world of the actors, expressed through internal speech, images of memory and imagination); 2) an indirect form, i.e. psychological analysis "from the outside", expressed in the psychological interpretation by the writer of expressive features of speech, speech behavior, mimic and others means of external manifestation of the psyche); 3) in a summative-denoting form ‒ with the help of naming, extremely brief designation of those processes that take place in the inner world. The main scientific results of the article include the identification of psychological traits of intelligence officer in Russian fiction, as well as their social functions. The article consists of two parts, in this case the first part of the work is presented.

Философия религии Ф. Шлейермахера в работах представителей духовных академий конца XIX — начала XX в.: концепт религиозного чувства

The concept of religious feeling in the beginning XX century Russian thinkers dealing with the philosophy of religion are increasingly becoming the focus of attention, but the meaning of this concept is often not explicated, which makes it necessary to study the sources of this concept, one of which (the most important) are the works of F. Schleiermacher. This article is devoted to the analysis of the perception of his concept of religious feeling in theological academies: spiritual and academic periodicals, individual works on the philosophy of religion and textbooks of basic theology (apologetics) are considered. Basically, Schleirmacher's ideas are criticized, there are several ways to understand the "religious feeling": a number of authors adhere to the position of G.V.F. Hegel, feeling is considered by them as something secondary to reason and will (V.D. Kudryavtsev-Platonov, Proto. T. Butkevich); the concept of religious feeling can also be understood in a negative way as the aestheticization of religion (N.M. Bogolyubov, D.S. Leonardov, etc.), but most often the concept of religious feeling by Schleiermacher is understood as psychologism, as the subjectivization of religion, excluding the concept of revelation (S.A. Ornatsky, F. Aleksinsky, etc.). Finally, representatives of theological academies, whose works were written already at the beginning of the XX century, share the point of view of V. Dilthey, giving a fundamentally new interpretation of the concept of religious feeling as a pre-rational unity of consciousness (S.S. Glagolev). Finally, the author of the article concludes about the philosophical productivity of the considered interpretations of the concept of "religious feeling", and also briefly characterizes its significance for the Russian philosophy of the period in question as a whole.

“American-Style Man of Real Action”: the Image of Vasily Solomin in I. S. Turgenev’ Novel “Virgin Soil”.

The article focuses on the American topic in Turgenev's works. The rise of the diverse image of America drawn by Turgenev is shown in vast framework of what generally was thought about the New World in middle of XIXth century Russia. The author shows certain intersections that existed between the Russian Empire and the United States in the XIXth century, which determines the interest of these countries in each other. Turgenev's interest in the literature and culture of the United States was due not only to the personal tastes of the writer, but also to the general enthusiasm for the New World in Russian society of that time. The main point is the character of “postepenovets” Solomin from the novel Virgin soil. This character comprises several aspects of the major idea of a typical American shared by Russian society in XIXth century. The profound analysis of this last Turgenev's novel lets us to state that the American narrative interests Turgenev due to the new concept of developing Russia from below. Solomin, an American-style "man of real business" is shown like a hero, who can act in the prevailing historical conditions in Russia.

Origins of a Granted Word to the Peoples of Siberia

The article studies the practice of announcing the Granted Word on behalf of the Moscow sovereign to the peoples of Siberia, implemented in the late 16th – early 17th century. It concludes that in fact such practice arose twice – in 1599 and 1623. For the first time muscovites used the Granted Word as an element of policy intended to strengthen the position of the new ruling dynasty. The reasons behind its revival after the period of oblivion are not clear. An opinion is expressed that the roots of this phenomenon went back to the so-called charter with a golden seal and charters of settlement, which in their turn went back to the granted letters of the period of the Mongolian vassalage. Such documents were well known in the area that once was part of the Golden Horde and used there as consolidating tool of the vassal oath of the nobility originated in Moscow. Thus, the practice of announcing of the Granted Word combined confirmation of the rights to land on behalf of the monarch, known since the Horde times, and conclusion of a kind of collective agreement with the Russian tsar (included the obligation to protect the sovereign from any crimes against him). This example shows that in the late 16th – early 17th century Russian administration system developed a power distribution mechanism intended to delegate tsar’s power to the people of Siberia, which had recently become part of the Russian state. This was especially crucial due to the fact that this territory was located significantly far from the capital. To maintain state unity, it was necessary to create the illusion of the direct involvement of the Moscow sovereign in the administration process of the lands beyond the Urals.

Literacy and Numeracy Skills of the Inhabitants of Tara and its Rural Districts in the 17th and 18th Centuries

On the basis of archaeological, written, and historical sources, we assess the extent to which 17th–18th century Russian inhabitants of the town of Tara and of its rural periphery (Tarsky District, Omsk Region) were able to read, write, and count. We analyze archaeological sources suggesting that those living in western Siberian towns, such as Mangazeya, Tobolsk, etc., were literate and able to count. This is evidenced by artifacts from the town of Tara and the adjacent village of Ananyino, indicating literacy: inkpots, penknives, quills, a wooden trade label with inscription, and clay Ьalls, possiЬly for counting Ьoards-predecessors of Russian aЬacuses. A Ьone case, found at the house of a 17th century junior commander in Tara, might have been destined for letters. Such artifacts are described in detail. According to written documents, just 3.4 % of those belonging to the service class of Tara and of its rural periphery were literate. They were memЬers of various social strata: governors, Вoyar scions, clerks of government office, Cossack and army commanders of various rank, reiters, mounted Cossacks, and cannoneers. Educated ones were priests and icon-painters. Stationery available at the Tara market included paper, ink, and raw materials for their manufacture. Books and candles were sold too. Relative advantages and disadvantages of documents versus artifacts as sources of knowledge about literacy are discussed. A combined approach helps to reveal key archaeological indicators of literacy and numeracy skills and to assess the approximate share of literate individuals in various social strata.

Images of animals in festive decorations of the 18th century in Russia

The article reveals for the first time what animals were represented in festive decorations of the 18th century in Russia. The author analyzes picturesque and sculptural elements of triumphal arches and obelisks, and paintings usually inserted into the city windows, as well as the compositions of fireworks and illuminations tracing the evolution of animalistic plots and images throughout the century; peculiarities of their interpretation by celebrations’ contemporaries are in focus.

Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna and Society for Aid to Fire Victims of Moscow and Moscow Province

At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries in Russia there was an intensive development of the charitable movement, in which the Grand Duchess Elizaveta Fedorovna took the most active part. Possessing organizational skills, the Grand Duchess was able to involve public and state leaders, clergy and private individuals in implementing her charitable projects. One of the most important areas of her charitable work became aid to the poorest fire victims in Moscow and Moscow province. In 1989 was founded “The Society for the Relief of Moscow and Moscow Province Fire Victims, under the auspices of Her Imperial Highness the Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna”. The society actively carried out educational work among the population on fire-prevention safety. Substantial assistance was rendered in insuring the population against fires, opening nurseries or orphanages for children of working parents, etc. The article analyses the calculation of fire statistics and the causes of fires and the decisions made to counteract the occurrence of fires.

The fate of the Polish-Lithuanian szlachta in Russia in the second half of the seventeenth century at the example of Y.E. Katransky

The seventeenth century in Russia became a time of active interaction with the European countries and of the strengthening of the national sovereignty. Foreigners appeared more and more frequently in the service of the Russian tsar. People from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth came to serve the tsar and became a part of the Russian nobility. The nobles (szlachta) joined the ranks of the local officials and successfully served their new homeland. One of them - Y. E. Katransky - participated in the construction of the new fortresses along the Belgorod fortification line, thereby strengthening the defense capability of the Russian state.

РОМАНЦЕМЕНТ – МАТЕРИАЛ СТРОИТЕЛЬНОГО НАСЛЕДИЯ

Statement of the problem. Many cultural heritage buildings of 17th–18th centuries in Russia and abroad require reconstruction not by modern systems such as ventilated facade or “wet facade”, but by authentic materials based on roman concrete. The authenticity lies in its unique structure, which is obtained after the drying of the plaster composition based on roman concrete. This material has a number of advantages: it permits the movement of steam and moisture, allowing the façade to breathe and preventing the growth of fungi and mold; it is lighter than plaster mixes based on Portland cement; and the texture is aesthetically pleasing. Compositions based on roman concrete have demonstrated their applicability in facade reconstruction, since it perfectly retains the old plaster, increasing service life. The purpose of this article is to give an overview of the production and use of roman concrete in the 17th and 18th centuries for finishing facades and stucco. Our task is to review and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of roman concrete and the experience of its production and use, and justify the prospects of researching and improving its composition and properties. Results. We define the necessary performance properties of roman concrete for the reconstruction and resto-ration of facades. Conclusions. Roman concrete is one of the few materials with a composition and structure compatible with architectural monuments that is suitable for restoration.

S.A. Alimov is an artist who created the original graphic style of Soviet graphics and animation in the period from the 60s to the 80s of the XX century in Russia

S.A. Alimov is an artist who created the original graphic style of Soviet graphics and animation in the period from the 60s to the 80s of the XX century in Russia

Русские частушки и испанские куплеты фламенко: опыт типологического сопоставления

The fate of folk genres can be completely different in different peoples and historical periods: some disappear without a trace in the manuscripts, others reach the later epochs on the pages of a small number of surviving books and others develop, go out into great stages and conquer entire countries. This is the destiny of flamenco which consists of three elements, that is music, poetry and dance and became the cultural practice of southern Spain during the 19th century. In that same century in Russia, the genre of chastushka was formed. Like the flamenco couplets, it flourished in the vulnerable and precarious social layer of the urban population formed by the peasants deprived of land who went to earn a living in the cities. The synchrony of the global socio-political processes, one of which and also the most key throughout the 19th century was industrialization, suggests that in some social groups in different countries could arise and develop similar forms of art so it is interesting to compare milestones in the history of flamenco copla and chastushka, analyze themes and their lexical content. The aim of the paper is to discover similarity and difference between two folk genres at a certain historical stage of their existence. As an analytical basis, collections of texts and scientific research in Russian and Spanish are adopted from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 21st one.

Модели и формы аграрного производства и экономические преобразования российской деревни (XVI – первая треть XX века)

Importance. The issues of the evolution of various models and forms of agricultural production in 16th – first third of 20th century in Russia are topical issues. Special attention is paid to the study of such aspects as cooperative beginnings in the countryside, Soviet agrarian transformations and the development of the collective-state-farm system. Materials and Methods. Published sources and materials from a number of archives were involved. General scientific methods and a number of other approaches were used, including an interdisciplinary approach, a modeling method. Results and Discussion. The possibility of studying the process of transformation in the village through the prism of agrarian models and forms is highlighted. The study of the system of socio-economic relations in the countryside in the context of ongoing transformations in the countryside. Conclusion. It is concluded that changes in the models and forms of agricultural production were formed by the authorities under the influence of external and internal challenges. Well-thought-out, well-prepared reforms had a positive impact on the activities of individual participants in agrarian relations, as well as in the political and economic spheres of the life of the state as a whole. Successful agrarian reforms led to an increase in labor productivity and an improvement in the quality of life in the countryside. Collectivization destroyed many traditional foundations, turning peasants into rural proletarians.

Иеротопия патриарха Никона. Новоиерусалимская Пустынь как пространственная икона XVII века

In the context of hierotopy, a discipline that studies the creation of sacred spaces as a specific spiritual and artistic creative activity, two new research problems have been pos-tulated: sacred space creators as a phenomenon, and the Holy Land re-creation as the foun-dation of medieval Christian spiritual culture. These problems determine the content of this paper where we analyze one of the Patriarch Nikon’s most original and significant hierotopic projects, that we believe to be crucial for understanding Russian culture of the 17th century. We claim that the Nikon’s Hermitage (Otkhodnaia Pustyn’) in New Jerusalem is the most sig-nificant spatial icon of this historical period, representing a universal religious and political conceptual idea. This specific Hermitage (Pustyn’) was meant to become a true spiritual center of Holy Rus’, away from Moscow mired down in vain intrigues and other sins. It is known that Nikon was the author of this totally original architectural- spatial and artistic concept. By combining the visual with conceptual as well as the material and concrete with the imag-inary, Patriarch Nikon created an iconic image superior to all of the seventeenth- century Russian flat surface icons. In this respect Nikon emerges as an artistic genius who devel-oped and transformed the great traditions of the Byzantine and ancient Russian hierotopy, the unique art of sacred space creation.

«Монастырь в миру»: культурное значение концепта

The center of our attention in the present study is the concept of monastyr’ v miru “monastery in the world,” which became a set expression the late 19th – early 20th century Russian literature and religious philosophy. The emergence of this concept in the discourse of the epoch witnesses to a new manner of demarcation of the spaces of the “church” and the “world,” and we shall reveal this intellectual transformation through the contextual analysis of the mentioned set phrase. We apply an interdisciplinary approach, thus the article analyzes not only literary, but also religious material. The concept “monastery in the world” filled a gap in the language and was accountable for describing new reality in social and intellectual life at the boundary between the societal and religious ideas and practices. The first what we see in sources is an ambitious and accusatory rhetoric of expansion of the monastery to the realm of worldly life, that in the second half of the 19th century has lost its Christian groundings. However, the opposite type of rhetoric — that of defense of the symbolic monastery walls from the evil worldly expansion — comes soon. This strategy became especially current during the revolutionary turbulence, when clergy and laity envisage the “world” as a power destroying the walls of the symbolic monastery — Christian communities, souls of Christians or their religious way of life.

Дыхание Вселенной. Эпико-драматические структуры в русской драматургии ХIX века

This article is dedicated to the challenges of forming a unique type of epic-dramatic principle for structuring action in 19th century Russian drama and the issues of interaction between literary drama and the stage in the process of achieving the artistic identity of Russian theatre. The article analyzes the principles of non-plot and super-plot construction of action in the works of A. Griboedov, A. Pushkin, N. Gogol, I. Turgenev, A. Ostrovsky, A. Sukhovo-Kobylin, A.K. Tolstoy, L. Tolstoy, and A. Chekhov. It explores how Russian playwrights employ artistic means to present the narratives and conflicts within the encompassing spirituality of an overall worldview. The divergence — the aesthetic “fork” between literary drama and the common repertoire of the Russian stage in the 19th century, which becomes evident in the theatrical process, suggests that Russian drama is developing a principle of staginess — one that is able to express its inherent drama only with the advent of director's theatre.