Central Henan Research Articles

Coupling Coordination Degree of Land, Ecology, and Food and Its Influencing Factors in Henan Province

Studying the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of the coupling coordination of the land–ecology–food system (LEF) aids in promoting green agricultural development and regional resource management. This study enriches food indicators under the dietary structure and uses the coupling coordination degree model to analyze the coupling coordination relationship among the LEF of 18 cities in Henan Province from 2011 to 2020. The gray relational degree model is used to investigate the main influencing factors determining the synergistic development of the system. The results show that the comprehensive development index of the LEF in Henan Province ranges between 0.4 and 0.6. The overall comprehensive evaluation index of various cities is ranked as Southern Henan > Eastern Henan > Central Henan > Northern Henan > Western Henan, with the greatest fluctuation observed in the food subsystem. During the study period, the coupling degree of Henan’s LEF ranged from 0.277 to 0.996, indicating stages from low- to high-level coupling. The coupling coordination degree ranged from 0.338 to 0.775, generally bordering on imbalance and barely coordinated. The impact of each subsystem evaluation index on the system’s coupling coordination degree can be ranked as food subsystem > ecology subsystem > land subsystem, with the correlation degree of internal indicators of the food and ecology subsystems with the system’s coupling coordination degree being over 85%, emphasizing the importance of strict management. In summary, the coupling coordination of the LEF system in Henan Province urgently needs to be improved; especially, the coordination of the agricultural system is particularly important. Clarifying the spatiotemporal pattern of the LEF coupling and its coordination can provide a scientific basis for the coordinated development of land use, agricultural ecology, and grain production in Henan Province.

Spatial Evolution Characteristics and Pattern Optimization of Rural Settlements in the Central Henan Region

Spatial Evolution Characteristics and Pattern Optimization of Rural Settlements in the Central Henan Region

Analysis of Synergistic Benefits between Carbon Emissions and Air Pollution Based on Remote Sensing Observations: A Case Study of the Central Henan Urban Agglomeration

Reducing carbon emissions while controlling air pollution is a dual challenge for China. However, few studies have analyzed whether there is a synergy between the two. In view of this, this paper takes the urban agglomeration in Central Henan as an example, uses multi-source remote sensing and panel data from 2000 to 2022 and analyzes the spatiotemporal evolution patterns and synergistic benefits of air pollution and carbon emissions based on the spatial distribution direction analysis model, coupling coordination degree model and multi-scale geographic weighting model. The results indicate the following: (1) Carbon emissions show a growing trend, but the difference in the carbon emissions of different cities is relatively large, showing the characteristics of “one center and two zones” in space. Air pollution shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. (2) The synergistic benefits have been continuously enhanced, and the overall unbalanced state has gradually become coordinated. There is no obvious aggregation feature. (3) The impact of socioeconomic factors on the synergistic benefit is obviously stronger than that of natural ecological factors, among which the total energy consumption, population density and industrial structure are the leading factors of the synergistic benefit of carbon emissions and air pollution. This study offers valuable insights for green development, high-quality growth and collaborative environmental governance within the Central Henan urban agglomeration.

Constraints on a long-lived Paleoproterozoic metamorphic process in a middle- to lower-grade metamorphic complex, Songshan area, southern North China craton: Evidence from minor- and trace-element thermometry and geochronology

The Dengfeng Complex and Songshan Group comprise a middle- to lower-grade metamorphic complex with abundant lithological associations in the Songshan area (central Henan, China), representing an excellent opportunity to investigate the thermal history of the North China craton. The polymetamorphic Dengfeng Complex is a typical granite-greenstone belt that records a late Paleoproterozoic metamorphic event (ca. 1.95−1.80 Ga) overprinting on a late Neoarchean metamorphic event (ca. 2.51−2.41 Ga). In contrast, the Songshan Group preserves well-developed stratigraphic sequences and sedimentary structures with greenschist-facies metamorphism. Numerous studies have focused on the late Neoarchean metamorphic event from the Dengfeng Complex, whereas the thermal evolution of ca. 1.95−1.80 Ga units from the Dengfeng Complex and Songshan Group has been largely overlooked. Quartzite of the Songshan Group unconformably overlies schists of the Dengfeng Group, and they show coherent NNE-SSW−striking schistosity structures with dip angles of ∼50°−65°. Here, the metamorphic temperatures from the Dengfeng Group were constrained to be ∼510−550 °C by the Ti-in-biotite geothermometer. The Ti-in-quartz and Zr-in-rutile geothermometers record metamorphic temperatures of ∼480−550 °C or 520−555 °C for the Songshan Group, respectively. Laser ablation−inductively coupled plasma−mass spectrometry U-Pb dating of monazite and rutile constrains the timing of metamorphism of the Songshan Group to be ca. 1.94−1.83 Ga, while zircon constrains the timing of metamorphism of the Dengfeng Complex to be ca. 2.53 Ga and ca. 1.95−1.87 Ga. By integrating geochronologic data from the Dengfeng Complex and Songshan Group, the ca. 2.53 Ga metamorphic age of amphibolite may be connected with Neoarchean subduction-accretion processes, whereas the consistent temperature obtained in this study ca. 1.95−1.83 Ga indicates that the Songshan area may have experienced a long-lived metamorphic event, which could have resulted from the final collision between the Western and Eastern blocks of the North China craton in the late Paleoproterozoic. The persistence of a Paleoproterozoic hot orogen for millions of years was probably the norm in the North China craton, which provides new insights into the tectonic-thermal evolution in the southern North China craton.

Assessment major NOx sources to nitrate of TSP around the Danjiangkou reservoir using isotopes and a Bayesian isotope mixing model

Nitrate (NO3−) is a key component of atmospheric particulate matter. However, studies quantifying NO3− formation and sources in water source areas remain scarce. This study employs NO3− concentration, dual isotopic analyses (δ15N, δ18O), and SIAR and PSCF models to elucidate NO3− formation mechanisms and apportion sources in the Danjiangkou Reservoir area. The result showed that the concentration of NO3− (0.52 μg m−3-2.39 μg m−3), δ15N–NO3- (−2.3‰-4.2‰) and δ18O–NO3- (64.2‰–96.6‰) values varied seasonally in total suspended particulate matter (TSP). The contribution of the NO2 + ·OH pathway was the highest in summer (84%), while the main contributions came from the N2O5 + H2O and NO3 + VOCs pathways in winter (75%). The SIAR model revealed that the contributions of coal combustion and traffic emissions were 34% and 23%, respectively, indicating that fossil fuel release contributed most. Moreover, the contribution of biomass combustion sources was 31%, and soil emission sources had the least (12%). Considering liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline, and diesel vehicles as traffic emission sources, their contribution to NO3− in TSP increased to 50%. The PSCF analysis indicated that external input areas were predominantly from central Henan Province, northern Hubei Province, and central Shaanxi Province. This study quantitatively analyzed the sources of NO3− in atmospheric particulate matter in water sources for the first time, indicating that controlling the emissions of nitrogen oxides from gasoline cars, heavy-duty diesel trucks, and ships could help alleviate haze pollution and enhance air quality in the Danjiangkou reservoir area.

Drought risk assessment considering ecosystem resilience: A case study in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, China

Drought caused by global warming has a profound impact on the stability of terrestrial ecosystems and agricultural production. As one of the key indicators to measure the response of ecosystems to climate change, the spatial difference of ecosystem resilience will also affect the accuracy of regional drought risk assessment. In this study, the 12-month standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI-12) was used to identify drought characteristics and combined with meteorological elements to characterize drought hazard. Drought vulnerability was characterized using crop and environmental sensitivity, disaster prevention, and mitigation capacity. Specifically, ecosystem resilience was also considered in assessing vulnerability. And drought exposure was investigated by considering crop sown area and population density. Based on this, a drought risk assessment framework was constructed using the random forest algorithm and applied to the Huang-Huai-Hai (HHH) Plain, China. The results showed that: (1) approximately 66.34 % of the HHH Plain had a drought hazard level above moderate; among them, southern Hebei, northern Anhui, northern Henan, and scattered small areas in Shandong were extreme high hazard areas. (2) The northeast Anhui, central and southern Shandong, and northeast Jiangsu were extreme high drought vulnerability areas, accounting for 10.34% of the total area. (3) The drought risk in the HHH Plain was low in the south and north, and high in the center. Among these, the drought risk in the border regions of Shandong and Anhui, the northeast part of Jiangsu, as well as central Henan were extreme high, accounting for 11.23%. (4) The drought risk assessment framework constructed by considering ecosystem resilience was more suitable for HHH Plain. This study result could provide scientific reference for managing water resources and preventing drought.

Supply and demand of higher vocational education in China: Comprehensive evaluation and geographical representation from the perspective of educational equality.

The imbalanced regional development of higher vocational education, particularly the disparity between the supply and demand of educational resources, has emerged as the primary factor impeding the provision of high-quality higher education in China during the establishment of a universal education system. Based on the 1,482 higher vocational education institutions recognized by the Ministry of Education of China in 2021 as the research objects, the development of higher vocational education in China was explored from the perspective of supply and demand using the entropy weight TOPSIS method and coupling coordination degree model. It was found that China's higher vocational institutions were mainly located in provincial capitals, representing a point distribution pattern. From a comprehensive evaluation of the supply level, areas such as the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, Yangtze River Delta, and central Henan Province have become the catchment areas for the development of higher vocational education, laying the foundation for regional network cooperation. From the perspective of educational equality, the higher vocational education in China was found to be sufficient to match the supply and demand, and a balance between supply and demand was apparent in provincial capitals. The coupling degree between supply and demand exhibited an "olive-type" spatial structure pattern, indicating that the development of higher vocational education in most cities in China is still in the transformation stage. The results provide a scientific basis for optimizing resources in the provision of higher vocational education.

Vulnerability assessment of urban agglomerations to the risk of heat waves in China since the 21st century

In the context of global warming, frequent heat wave disasters have seriously threatened the safety of human life and property. The urban agglomeration, as the main region with a high concentration of population and economy, is susceptible to heat weaves due to the existing urban heat island effect. In this study, we investigated the temporal and spatial characteristics of heat waves (heat index, HI) in China from 2000 to 2020 and assess the vulnerability of 19 urban agglomerations to heat waves from the perspective of exposure, sensitivity and adaptability. The results show that: (1) In the past 20 years, the frequency and intensity of HI (greater than 26.67 °C) both showed an upward trend. (2) Shandong Peninsula, Central Henan, Yangtze River Delta, Middle Reaches of Yangtze River, and Mid-southern Liaoning urban agglomerations always maintain a high vulnerability. (3) From 2000 to 2020, the vulnerability of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta, Chengdu-Chongqing, Middle reaches of Yangtze River, Guangdong-Fujian-Zhejiang, Harbin-Changchun and Mid-southern Liaoning urban agglomerations were always dominated by exposure. The vulnerability of Shandong Peninsula, Beibu Gulf and Central Henan urban agglomeration has always been dominated by sensitivity. The vulnerability of North Tianshan Mountain, Lanzhou-Xining, Guanzhong and Hu-Bao-E-Yu urban agglomeration has always been dominated by inadequate adaptability. (4) Recently, the factors that contributed most to exposure, sensitivity and adaptability were population density, the proportion of outdoor workers and water supply, with contribution rates of 38%, 55% and 26%, respectively. This study can provide a scientific basis for the rational allocation of resources among urban agglomerations, effectively formulating policies and guiding population migration from high temperature disasters.

Estimation of the Total Soil Nitrogen Based on a Differential Evolution Algorithm from ZY1-02D Hyperspectral Satellite Imagery

Precise fertilizer application in agriculture requires accurate and dependable measurements of the soil total nitrogen (TN) concentration. Henan Province is one of the most important grain-producing areas in China. In order to promote the development of precision agriculture in Henan Province, this study took the high-standard basic farmland construction area in central Henan Province as the research area. Using single-phase images acquired from the ZY1-02D satellite hyperspectral sensor on 28 January 2021 (with a spatial resolution of 30 m × 30 m, a spectral range that covered 400–2500 nm, and a revisit period of 3 days) for spectral reflectance transformation and feature spectral band extraction. Based on multiple representation models, such as multiple linear regression, partial least squares regression, and support vector machine (SVM), all bands, feature bands, feature band combinations, and differential evolution (DE) algorithms were used to extract the secondary characteristic variables of the combination of characteristic bands, which were used as model inputs to estimate the content of TN in the study area. It was found that (1) the spectral reflectance transformation could help to improve the accuracy of prediction by reducing the interference from noise in the model, but the optimal spectral transformation method differed between different models and even between the training and test sets of the same model; (2) the estimation accuracy of the TN content model based on the minimum shrinkage and feature selection operator of the feature band was usually better than that of the full band, the feature combination band contained more effective information related to the TN content, and the combination of the DE algorithm and the SVM model achieved a better estimation accuracy for secondary feature extraction and TN content estimation of the feature combination band; and (3) ZY1-02D hyperspectral satellite data have the potential for the dynamic and non-destructive monitoring of regional TN content.

Identifying the Environmental Determinants of Lung Cancer: A Case Study of Henan, China.

Lung cancer has become one of the most prevalent cancers in the last several decades. Studies have documented that most cases of lung cancer are caused by inhaling environmental carcinogens while how external environmental factors lead to individual lung cancer is still an open issue as the pathogenesis may come from the combined action of multiple environmental factors, and such pathogenic mechanism may vary from region to region. Based on the data of lung cancer cases from hospitals at the county level in Henan from 2016 to 2020, we analyzed the response relationship between lung cancer incidence and physical ambient factors (air quality, meteorological conditions, soil vegetation) and socioeconomic factors (occupational environment, medical level, heating mode, smoking behavior). We used a Bayesian spatio-temporal interaction model to evaluate the relative risk of disease in different regions. The results showed that smoking was still the primary determinant of lung cancer, but the influence of air quality was increasing year by year, with meteorological conditions and occupational environment playing a synergistic role in this process. The high-risk areas were concentrated in the plains of East and Central Henan and the basin of South Henan, while the low-risk areas were concentrated in the hilly areas of North and West Henan, which were related to the topography of Henan. Our study provides a better understanding of the environmental determinants of lung cancer which will help refine existing prevention strategies and recognize the areas where actions are required to prevent environment and occupation related lung cancer.

Driving forces and relationship between air pollution and economic growth based on EKC hypothesis and STIRPAT model: evidence from Henan Province, China.

The aim of this research is to analyze the main influencing factors and relationship between atmospheric environment and economic society. Using the panel data of 18 cities in Henan Province from 2006 to 2020, this paper employed some advanced econometric estimation included entropy method, extended environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) and STIRPAT model to conduct empirical estimations. The results show that most regions in Henan Province have verified the existence of the EKC hypothesis; and the peak of air pollution level in all cities of Henan Province generally occurred in around 2014. Multiple linear Ridge regression indicated that the positive driving forces of air pollution in most cities in Henan Province are industrial structure and population size; the negative driving forces are urbanization level, technical level and greening degree. Finally, we used the grey GM (1, 1) model to predict the atmospheric environment of Henan Province in 2025, 2030, 2035 and 2040. What should pay close attention to is that air pollution levels in northeastern and central Henan Province will continue to remain high.

Drought Vulnerability Assessment of Winter Wheat Using an Improved Entropy–Comprehensive Fuzzy Evaluation Method: A Case Study of Henan Province in China

The percentage precipitation anomaly was used to index the effect of drought on winter wheat grown in Henan Province for the years 2011–2020. Of interest was the effect of drought on winter wheat yield and the accurate assessment of the damage done to winter wheat by drought events in order to improve the risk management of winter wheat in the context of drought hazards. The spatial and temporal variability of winter wheat drought risk in Henan Province was determined by analysis of climate data, winter wheat yield, cultivated area, and socio-economic data across three dimensions: exposure or susceptibility to drought, economic–environmental sensitivity to drought, and capacity to resist drought. A drought vulnerability assessment model, based on the entropy value method and a comprehensive fuzzy evaluation, was developed to assess the drought vulnerability of winter wheat in Henan Province compared with the percentage precipitation anomaly model. (1) There were significant spatial differences in the frequency of the five drought categories devised. (2) Areas in which there was a high frequency of mild drought events were mainly in northern and western Henan and southwestern Henan, with the frequency ranging from 17% to 29%. (3) Areas in which there was a high frequency of moderate drought events were mainly in northwestern, central, and southeastern Henan. (4) Areas in which there was a high frequency of severe and extreme drought were mainly in Anyang in northern Henan, Zhengzhou in central Henan, and Xinyang and surrounding areas in southern Henan, with the frequency ranging from 7% to 9.70%. (5) Winter wheat drought vulnerability shows an overall annually increasing trend. The susceptibility dimension had the greatest influence of the three dimensions, followed by economic–environmental sensitivity and then drought resistance, which had the least impact. The model created in this study shows the influence of drought on winter wheat production more intuitively than a conventional fuzzy synthesis, and the results can inform decision-making in winter wheat drought risk assessment and management.

First Report of Tobacco Root Rot Caused by Fusarium falciforme in China.

China is the largest producer of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) in the world with an estimated production of 2.4 million ton per year (Berbeć and Matyka 2020). In June 2021, a root disease was observed on tobacco in three surveyed counties (Xiangcheng, Linying and Jiaxian) in central Henan. Diseased plants exhibited leaf chlorosis and brown to purplish vascular discoloration of the taproot and lateral roots. Approximately 10 to 15% of the plants were symptomatic in the nine fields surveyed, representing 60 ha in total. Root segments (0.5 to 1 cm) from ten diseased plants were surface sterilized in 75% ethanol for 30 s followed by rinsing with sterile distilled water three times. Thirty air dried root pieces were placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 25℃ in the dark for 2 days. Typical Fusarium spp. colonies were obtained from all root samples. Ten pure cultures were obtained by single-spore culturing (Yz01 to Yz10). Colonies on PDA showed abundant white to cream aerial mycelia with a yellowish-brown center on the reverse side after 7 days, and an average growth rate of 5 mm/day. From 7-day-old cultures grown on carnation leaf agar (CLA), macroconidia had three to four septa, were falciform, with blunt apical cells and slightly hooked basal cell, and measured 20 to 41×3-6.5 μm (n=50). Spherical conidia clusters were formed at the apex of the conidiophores. Abundant reniform and cylindrical microconidia were one to two-celled, with apexes rounded, measuring 7 to 15×2 to 5 μm (n=50). The roughly spherical chlamydospores were intercalary or terminal, single or in chains, and rough walled. Such characteristics were consistent with the Fuarium solani species complex (FSSC) (Leslie and Summerell 2006). The translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-α) gene of the ten cultures was amplified with primers EF1/EF2 (O'Donnell et al. 1998), and sequenced. Maximum likelihood analysis was carried out using the EF1-α sequences of the ten cultures (Kumar et al. 2016). The RNA polymerase I largest subunit (RPB1) and second largest subunit (RPB2) genes of the cultures were amplified with primers F5/G2R and RPB2F/R respectively (O'Donnell et al. 1998, 2010), and sequenced. The EF1-α, RPB1 and RPB2 sequences (GenBank accession nos. ON186742.1-ON186751.1, ON241133.1-ON241148.1, ON324054.1-ON324057.1) were 99.4 to 100% identical to the corresponding DNA sequences of Fusarium falciforme based on FUSARIUM-ID BLASTn analysis. Morphological and molecular results confirmed this species as F. falcifome (Díaz-Nájera et al. 2021; Velarde-Félix et al. 2022). Pathogenicity tests were performed in tobacco seedlings grown on autoclaved soil. Healthy six-leaf stage tobacco seedlings (n=30; Zhongyan 100) were inoculated by placing 7-days old wheat seed (15 seeds per plant) infested with the representative culture Yz07 around the root. Thirty seedlings inoculated with sterile wheat seeds served as controls. All the plants were maintained in a growth chamber at 25±0.5℃ and 70% relative humidity. The assay was conducted three times. Typical symptoms of foliage chlorosis and root browning were observed 7 to 14 days after inoculation for all the 90 inoculated seedlings. Fifteen diseased seedlings were randomly selected for tissue isolation, and F. falciforme was reisolated from the 15 seedlings and showed the same morphology and EF1-α gene sequence as the original isolate. Control plants remained asymptomatic and no pathogen was recovered. The results showed that F. falciforme can cause root rot of tobacco. F. falciforme was reported to cause tobacco wilt and root rot in Northwestern Argentina (Berruezo et al. 2018); however, this is the first report of F. falciforme causing root rot of tobacco in China. This species was previously reported in China affecting Weigela florida (Shen et al. 2019) and Dioscorea polystachya (Zhang et al. 2020), showing that F. falciforme has a broad host range in this country. These results may inform control tobacco root rot through improve crop rotations. Funding: Funding was provided by the Science and Technology Project of Henan Provincial Tobacco Company (2020410000270012), Outstanding Youth Science and Technology Fund Project of Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (2022YQ09) and Science and Technology Innovation Team project of Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (2022TD26).

Spatiotemporal Evolution and Driving Forces of PM2.5 in Urban Agglomerations in China.

With the rapid development of China's economy, the process of industrialization and urbanization is accelerating, and environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious. The urban agglomerations (UAs) are the fastest growing economy and are also areas with serious air pollution. Based on the monthly mean PM2.5 concentration data of 20 UAs in China from 2015 to 2019, the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of PM2.5 were analyzed in UAs. The effects of natural and social factors on PM2.5 concentrations in 20 UAs were quantified using the geographic detector. The results showed that (1) most UAs in China showed the most severe pollution in winter and the least in summer. Seasonal differences were most significant in the Central Henan and Central Shanxi UAs. However, the PM2.5 was highest in March in the central Yunnan UA, and the Harbin-Changchun and mid-southern Liaoning UAs had the highest PM2.5 in October. (2) The highest PM2.5 concentrations were located in northern China, with an overall decreasing trend of pollution. Among them, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, central Shanxi, central Henan, and Shandong Peninsula UAs had the highest concentrations of PM2.5. Although most of the UAs had severe pollution in winter, the central Yunnan, Beibu Gulf, and the West Coast of the Strait UAs had lower PM2.5 concentrations in winter. These areas are mountainous, have high temperatures, and are subject to land and sea breezes, which makes the pollutants more conducive to diffusion. (3) In most UAs, socioeconomic factors such as social electricity consumption, car ownership, and the use of foreign investment are the main factors affecting PM2.5 concentration. However, PM2.5 in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are chiefly influenced by natural factors such as temperature and precipitation.

Boot-shaped antler artifacts and prehistoric leather production

Abstract The first boot-shaped antler artifacts appear in the Shuangdun culture along the middle Huaihe River watershed at circa 7000 BP, before spreading out across the circum-Taihu Lake region, central Henan, and the Shandong Peninsula. Characteristic shape and use-wear marks indicate probable use as a scraping tool for leatherworking. Based on archaeological data from the Old Koryak culture in the Kamchatka Peninsula, as well as Eskimo and Native American ethnographies and contextual analysis of boot-shaped antler artifacts in burials at Sanlihe, a Dawenkou culture site, this essay argues that the boot-shaped antler artifact was likely a leatherworking tool.

Effect of Organic Material Amendments on Soil Respiration in Tobacco Fields of Central Henan

A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of different organic material amendments on soil respiration in a flue-cured tobacco field. Five treatments were set up:no fertilizer (NF), chemical fertilizer (NPK), chemical fertilizer+ryegrass (NPKG), chemical fertilizer+wheat straw (NPKS), and chemical fertilizer+tobacco straw biochar (NPKB). The results showed that:① Compared with that under NPK, NPKG and NPKS decreased the temperature sensitivity (Q10) of total soil respiration and heterotrophic respiration, whereas NPKB increased the Q10 of heterotrophic respiration. The two-factor fitting model of soil respiration and soil hydrothermal factors accounted for 50%-80% of the variation in soil respiration. ② The addition of organic materials significantly increased the content of soil soluble organic carbon (DOC) and root dry matter. Soil heterotrophic respiration(Rh) was significantly positively correlated with DOC content, and soil autotrophic respiration(Ra) was significantly parabolically correlated with root biomass, with an R2 of 0.327-0.634. ③ Soil respiration increased first and then decreased during the tobacco growth period. Compared with that under the NF treatment, the NPK treatment significantly promoted soil respiration and its components. Compared with those of the NPK treatment, Rsrates were significantly increased by 20.08%, 10.32%, and 9.88% under the NPKG, NPKS, and NPKB treatments, respectively; Rh rate increased by 24.21%, 16.51%, and 11.68% respectively, and Ra rate was increased by 15.12% in the NPKG treatment. In summary, straw returning and biochar addition significantly increased Rh by increasing soil DOC, thereby promoting Rs. Incorporation of ryegrass not only increased the Rh but also increased Ra by promoting the growth and development of roots and therefore the Rs.

Spatiotemporal Distribution and Seasonal Characteristics of Regional Transport of PM2.5 in Yuncheng City

The spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of PM2.5 pollution in Yuncheng City were analyzed based on the ambient air quality monitoring data from March 2019 to February 2020, and the hybrid single-particle Lagrangian integrated trajectory (HYSPLIT) and cluster analysis were used to discuss the contamination transportation pathway and the distribution of potential pollution sources affecting PM2.5 in Yuncheng City in different seasons. The results showed that the PM2.5 concentration in Yuncheng was the highest in winter (111.24 μg·m-3) and the lowest in summer (30.02 μg·m-3). PM2.5/PM10 was greater than 0.6 in autumn and winter, indicating that the particulate matter pollution in Yuncheng City in autumn and winter was mainly fine particulate matter; spatially, the annual mean value of PM2.5 presented distribution characteristics that were high in the northern and central regions and low in the eastern and western regions. The high-value areas of PM2.5 were significantly and strongly correlated with SO2, NO2, and CO, indicating that local emissions contributed to the high values. The highest values in spring and winter were located in Hejin City (58.50 μg·m-3) and Jishan County (142.33 μg·m-3), and the highest values in summer and autumn were located in Pinglu County (36.92 μg·m-3) and the Salt Lake area (62.94 μg·m-3), respectively. Transportation analysis showed that spring and winter were mainly affected by air masses transporting northwestward, accounting for 58.69% and 55.77%. In summer, air masses were mainly eastward and southward, and in autumn, pollution was from short-distance transport air masses from southwestern Henan. The largest ratio was 32.89%; the potential source area was the smallest in spring and summer; it then began to grow in autumn, and it was the widest in the winter and had the highest contribution. The main source area in spring and summer was located in western and central Henan, and in autumn and winter, source areas were concentrated at the junction of Shaanxi, Shanxi, and Henan and west of Shaanxi.

Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenic Syndrome: Current Epidemiological Situation

Relevance. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome is a viral disease characterized by acute fever, accompanied by progressive thrombocytopenia, leucopenia. The mortality is up to 30%. The disease was first identified in 2009 in rural areas of central China, Hubei and Henan. The causative agent of the disease is a new Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus (SFTSV). The SFTSV is mainly transmitted through tick bites, especially Haemaphysalis longicornis which is the dominant tick species in East Asia.The aim of the review is to analyze relevant information about Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome, including the molecular genetics features of the pathogen, clinical manifestations, geographical distribution, epidemiological features, as well as the possibility of drift and spread of infection in the Russian Federation.Conclusions. SFTS is a serious health threat as it relates to new and re-emerging infections. The further spread of SFTS in China may complicate the epidemiological situation in the country. SFTSV may have a much wider global distribution in Southeast Asia than is currently known. The risk of H. longicornis ticks spreading is predicted in the north-east United States, New Zealand, parts of Australia and several Pacific islands. The presence of the H. longicornis in the Primorsky Territory on the Far East indicates a possible risk of the natural focus formation in the event of the introduction of the pathogen.

Microbial dysbiosis together with nutrient imbalance cause the replant problem of upper six flue-cured tobacco in Central Henan

Microbial dysbiosis together with nutrient imbalance cause the replant problem of upper six flue-cured tobacco in Central Henan

New Urbanization and the Changes of Christian Churches in County Towns and Rural Areas Taking L County in Central Henan as an Example

Since the reform and opening up, China has been developing through the stages of old urbanization and new urbanization. In recent years, with the rise of county economy? the new urbanization centered on county towns> as an important way to promote the urbanization of the population transferred from rural areas,has played a significant role in the changes of Christianity in urban and rural areas. Based on the ease study of L County in central Henan, this paper analyzes the new trend of the flow of Christian believers and the changes of churches in county towns and rural areas from five aspects： number and population characteristics of Christian believers? church activities and participation of Christian believers>theological personnel training? theological construction and finantial offerings. The study finds that the gap between urban and rural churches has further widened, the uprooted settlement of immigrant in county towns has led to a sharp drop in the number of rural Christian believers>a growing aging population>single and simplified church activities> the lost of theological talents> the rc-cmcrgcncc of heretical cults in rural areas, and shrinking finantial offerings. ’I'hc decline and fall of rural churches has become a general trend. Although the development of urban churches is on the rise as a whole> it also faces many challenges and difficulties.