Cent Formalin Solution Research Articles

Is there a case for reassessing hoof-trimming protocols?

PREVIOUSLY published correspondence in Veterinary Record has described changes in the pedal bone in dairy cows in relation to sole ulcers (Blowey 2012). In the initial measurements, the thickness of...

Massive haemorrhage of inoperable bladder carcinomas: Treatment by intravesical formalin solution

Numerous modalities of treatment have been used in the past to control massive bladder haematuria, with varying degrees of success. Formalin has been used in urology only for the treatment of intractable haematuria of inoperable bladder carcinomas, usually as the last resort when all other nonsurgical attempts have failed and before more aggressive surgical measures are considered. Eight patients with bladder tumours classified T2 (2 cases), T3 (2 cases) or T4 (4 cases) and 2 patients with radiation cystitis were assessed as being beyond the scope of even palliative surgery, severe haemorrhage being present in all cases. The treatment was instituted in all cases by intravesical instillation of a 10 per cent formalin solution under general anaesthesia. Four patients received 4 and 6 instillations, respectively, the former over 4 weeks and the latter over 10 months. The bladder was filled completely and an indwelling-catheter introduced, the formalin solution being left in the bladder for 5 to 30 min (mean: 12 min). Haematuria was absent after 1 to 25 days (mean: 11 days) in 9 cases. The 10th patient died before arrest of haemorrhage. Survival after instillation was 65 days to 27 months (mean: 11.5 months). The outcome was fatal within 4 months or less in 3 cases and 4 patients died of renal failure within 3 months, one within 65 days after instillation. In 4 cases, treatment with formalin reduced bladder capacity to less than 100 ml. Other complications included retroperitoneal fibrosis (1 case), urinary incontinence (3 cases) and severe frequency and nocturia (3 cases). This procedure should therefore be reserved for terminal cases unable to support more aggressive therapy.

A study of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in the gastrointestinal cancerous tissue--a qualitative analysis by immunohistochemical method

Carcinoembryonic antigens have been accepted widely as a tumor marker of the gastrointestinal carcinoma. In this study, carcinoembryonic antigens in the cancerous tissues of patients with gastrointestinal carcinoma, including 32 cases of gastric cancer, 3 cases of small intestinal cancer, and 30 cases of colorectal cancer, were qualitatively analyzed by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method with a Dako PAP kit. According to the guidelines proposed by the Japanese Research Society for gastric cancer and the Japanese Research Society for cancer of colon and rectum, the management of each resected specimen was finished within 3 hours following resection. Then, each specimen was fixed in 10 per cent formalin solution for 24 hours and subsequently embedded in paraffin by the usual methods. The formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues were cut for hematoxylin and eosin stains and PAP stains for tissue CEA with a Dako PAP kit. The staining intensities of the cancerous tissues in the PAP stains were classified into 4 groups or degrees according to the criteria established by Corson and Pinkus in 1982. To find out the correlation between the the staining intensities in the PAP stains and the tissue CEA contents, the tissue CEA contents in fresh cancerous tissues were measured in 26 specimens with gastric cancer postoperatively following the procedures of CEA extraction. Enzyme immunoassay were employed as the methods of CEA measurement in this study. We were able to establish the following results: (1) The staining intensities of the cancerous tissues in the PAP stains were well correlated with the tissue CEA contents. (2) The cancerous tissues of colorectal cancers in all patients were strongly stained with a PAP kit. (3) In gastric cancers, the cancerous tissues of the mucin producing tumors were stained more strongly than those of the nonmucin producing tumors. (4) In small intestinal cancers, the cancerous tissues of the mucin producing tumors were also stained more strongly than those of the nonmucin producing tumors.

Ureteral Complications after Intravesical Formalin Instillation

Results of formalin therapy for hemorrhage owing to post-radiation cystitis have been studied with special reference to the frequency and severity of ureteral complications. Gross bleeding stopped in 25 of 27 patients within 48 hours. However, 5 patients became anuric immediately after the instillation and in another 7 patients a transient increase in the serum creatinine level was observed. Urinary diversion was necessary in 11 of the 27 patients. The complication rate in the present study is considerably higher than reported previously. Complications may be explained by vesicoureteral reflux of a too strong formalin-alcohol solution. To avoid future complications we suggest that 1) a high diuresis should be induced peroperatively, 2) a 1 to 2 per cent formalin solution without alcohol should be used and 3) the instillation pressure should not exceed 15cm. water.

Inverted papilloma: Urothelial tumor of benign biologic potential

The inverted papilloma has several classic gross anatomic features. The tumor may be pedunculated or sessile with a characteristic smooth surface. A diameter of up to 3 inches has been noted. The fronds of this exophytic tumor are directed inward thereby simulating invasion of the lamina propria. However, there is a thick basement membrane which surrounds each of the inverted epithelial advancing fronds. The surface of the tumor is covered with a variegated urothelial surface which may be normal, atrophic, or hyperplastic. The bulk of the tumor is made of cords and sheets of well-differentiated urothelium of varying thickness. The epithelium is attached to the surface urothelium and appears to be derived from it. There is a relatively scant amount of fibrovascular stroma interposed between the urothelium. Present intermittently are intraepithelial cysts not unlike that observed in Brunn’s nests. The outer layer of these cysts is usually cuboidal in shape. When examined by light microscopy, the tumor cells are characteristically regular with an absence of mitosis and intercellular bridges between the cells. A case was recently seen at this institution and is histologically illustrated here. The patient was a forty-five-year-old white female who presented with a chief complaint of hematuria of one year’s duration. A freshly voided urine specimen was submitted for urinary cytology, and atypical to suspicious cells were noted that were suggestive of papilloma or early transitional cell epithelioma (Fig. 1A). At cystoscopy the patient was noted to have an exophytic tumor. The surrounding urothelium was also slightly irregular, and a biopsy was taken of this area. The histologic evaluation revealed a proliferation of the urothelium into the underlying fibrovascular stroma (Fig. 1B to D). They are in the form of anastomosing sheets and cords of benign-appearing urothelial cells which do not demonstrate any pleomorphism or anaplasia. Several mitoses were noted throughout various areas of the urothelium. Some cystlike areas were also seen that are similar in cytologic architecture to Brunn’s nests (Fig. 1C and D). Sections of the specimen were placed in a balanced sterile salt solution for special radioautography studies whereas other portions of the same specimen were left in the cystoscopy fluid. Extreme variation in the structural integrity of the specimens can be noted. The specimen was in filtered water for several minutes before it was fixed in 5 per cent formalin solution. It demonstrated swelling and vacuolization of the cytoplasm and the nuclei (Fig. 2B and D). The portion of the specimen that was in the balanced sterile salt solution did not exhibit such cytoplasmic swelling (Fig. 2A and C). Here also there was greater nuclear detail and less swelling of the nuclei (Fig. 2C). Electron microscopy of the balanced salt solution reveals intact structural integrity of the cytoplasmic components such as the mitochondria and Golgi apparatus. There was ultrastructural ballooning and swelling of many of the cytoplasmic structures in the cells obtained from the filtered water solution. Again, this stresses the validity of obtaining tissue in an osmotic solution when the cytologic integrity must

Formalin in the treatment of massive bladder hemorrhage Techniques, results, and complications

Our experience during the past five years with the use of formalin instillations in the treatment of massive bladder hemorrhage is reported. The initial use of 10 per cent formalin was discontinued because of the severe complications encountered in 3 of the 4 patients. One per cent formalin has been found to be equally effective in the majority of patients, and no serious complications have developed in a follow-up period ranging from six to thirty-six months. The use of intravesical instillation of 1 per cent formalin solution should be considered in all patients suffering with massive bladder hemorrhage.

Ascending pyelonephritis in dogs induced by ureteral dysfunction (author's transl)

Abnormal ureteral peristalsis was induced in 39 mongrel dogs by passing a 2 per cent formalin solution into the left ureter. Vesicoureteral reflux was induced in the dogs by fastening a polyethylene tube at each ureteral orifice. In order to create infection, a piece of gauze smeared with canine feces was sewn to the trigone.After observation of 4 to 323 days, the dogs were sacrificed. In 87.1 per cent of the dogs, pyelonephritis was present in the left kidney. In only 7.7 per cent, pyelonephritis was seen in the right kidney.These results suggest that vesicoureteral reflux and abnormal ureteral peristalsis are necessary conditions for inducing experimental pyelonephritis.

Alveolodental ankylosis induced by root canal treatment in rat molars

Alveolodental ankylosis induced by root canal treatment was studied in 253 60-day-old albino rats. Zinc oxide—eugenol, Grossman cement, and formaldehyde-containing cements, as well as pastes containing formalin, trioxymethylene, and trioxymethylene-prednisolone-acrylic spherules, were used as root canal filling materials. Ankylosis produced by either ZOE or Grossman cement was rare and was limited to the periapical area. Formaldehyde-containing cements caused severe and frequent partial ankylosis at different levels of the periodontal ligament. Total ankylosis was found in some cases. Pure formalin and 50 per cent formalin solution produced extended or total ankylosis 30 days after treatment. Trioxymethylene produced extended alveolar bone necrosis and an acute inflammatory tissue reaction. Rats treated with trioxymethylene-corticoid and acrylic spherule paste exhibited two types of tissue reaction: 1. 1. An ankylotic reaction appearing either 30 or 90 days after treatment, following cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone necrosis. 2. 2. An inflammatory reaction affecting the necrotic periodontal ligament, occasionally accompanied by huge sequestra and an encapsulating fibrous reaction.

Experimental Myocarditis Produced by Myoglobin

The purpose of this study is to find the relationship between myoglobin (Mb) and myocarditis. The experiment on the following various conditions was undergone : (1) the mixture of Mb with phosphatide (muscle). (2) the mixture of streptococcus hemolyticus and streptococcus viridans. (3) the combined steroidhormon plus NaH2PO4 and addition of heavy exercise. In the above condition the study was done to clarify the significance of Mb. Method The animals used are rabbits with an average initial body weight of 2 kg. The experiment was divided into following three parts. First experiment : The Mb used was extracted from the skeletal or heart muscle and diaphragm in rice-illness rabbits. The phosphatide extracted from skeletal muscle in rice-illness rabbits. The rabbits were sensitized by intravenous innoculations of the mixture with above mentioned Mb and phosphatide in one group of rabbits was injected for twenty days, the other group in the first phase was injected for five days and after two weeks treated again for five days. Second experiment : In the second experiment the rabbits were sensitized by intravenous innoculations of Mb which was extracted from normal rabbits, combined with streptococcus hemolyticus, streptococcus viridans and bovine serum. Third experiment : The normal rabbits were sensitized by intravenous innoculations of Mb of focal lesion (Oleum terebintinhae abscess). Furthermore the rabbits were treated with steroidhormon plus NaH2PO4 Mb or stressors (restraint or heavy exercise). Hydrocortisone and Predni-solone were used as the steroidhormon. After receiving treatment, the animals were bled to death. The histologic examination was made on the heart, lung, liver, spleen and adrenal gland. These organs were fixed with ten per cent formalin solution, embedded in paraffin and stained with hematoxylin and eosin.

Eliminating a health hazard in prosthodontic treatment of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis

Prosthetic dental treatment of the tuberculous patient presents some special hazards and problems in preventing exposure of dental personnel to infection. Several possible germicides cannot be used because they produce undesirable changes in complex organic dental materials. Immersion of sample impressions heavily seeded with Myco. tuberculosis in 10 per cent formalin solution for 30 minutes has no deleterious effect upon materials and ensures adequate disinfection.

On the use of a modified fifteen-minute hematoxylin and eosin tissue stain

A RAPID, simple, uniformly successful staining method is certainly desirable. Where large numbers of slides must be made-for example, in the case of student loan collections, for large biopsy services, or in the case of laboratories that employ but a single technician-the time spent in staining slides is an important factor. We have tried several rapid staining methods and have found that a modification of a method introduced by Ziegler1 has produced outstanding results. A wide variety of tissues were stained with quite uniform success. There is good contrast betweeri the bluish purple shades and the pink counterstain. No difference in fastness was observed when compared with other hematoxylin and eosin techniques, and there appeared to be no difference in fading when comparable sections were placed on a window ledge in open sunlight for about four months. Best results were obtained when a 10 per cent formalin solution was used a,s a fixative. Zenker’s fixative gives slightly less impressive staining, but this may be overcome by staining in the hematoxylin for two or three more minutes. Acid fixatives do not give good results unless the tissue is washed most thoroughly before embedding. Modified Technique

ひき肉の細かさの測定について

If there is an objective method to determine the grade of fineness of chopped meat, it will be useful for improving the mechanism of chopper. Two methods proposed by the authors were based on a phenomenon that, if the shark meat was shaken vigorously with 1 per cent formalin solution, it gave rise, after thirty minutes standing, to a characteristic pattern composed of three layers: thus a cloudy suspension settled down in the bottom; a mass of tissues floating up near the surface; and a slightly opaque solution looked, as it were the intermediary layer (Fig. 1). Upon examination, the floating one seemed to be made of the structural tissues which have escaped from smashing. In the first methcd, measurement of coarseness of tissue, the upper layer was spread over in a Petri's dish, and the number of tissue fibers larger than 5mm. was reckoned by the aid of a section-paper of 5mm. unit. In the second of the tests, suspending method, it has been made use of the fact that the finer the meat is chopped, the less the tissues would float on the surface just as the thicker the sediment became (Fig. 1) To confirm the validity of these estimations, various kinds of chopping con ition were applied independently and/or in combination (Tables 1 and 3). Thus the second method proved to agree with the first one which has come from direct inspection of the tissue and it was found that the volume of bottom would be better chosen for the criterion (Fig. 2). The suspending method, though it was conducted on nothing but an empirical basis, was found to have advantage of the other because of its simplicity. When the same method was applied to minced squid meat, it brought forth a different pattern from hat of shark meat, though a similar treatment with some modifications may be successful. (Table 4).

The combined thoracoplasty

A) Weak Points of Thoracoplasty: Breathing capacity reduced by paradoxical movements of operated side, paradoxical retractions and expansion of the unsupported thoracic wall, consequently traction irritation of cortical lesions. Difficulties in expectoration, (reasons thereof intensified by painful coughing). Consequences: retention of sputum, increase of lesions and danger of further pulmonary and extrapulmonary spreads. B) Prevention of these Weak Points: Restriction of thoracoplasty to the posterior-lateral parts of the four to five upper ribs, the region which is covered by the shoulder blade. In this region paradoxical movements are thus avoided, but therapeutic effect is insufficient, therefore accessory factors of collapse therapy are necessary C) The Combined Collapse Method: 1) Resection of the posterior-lateral parts of the four to five upper ribs and painting of the periosteum with a 10 per cent formalin solution (to avoid rib regeneration and to make retraction of lesions possible even later on). 2) Resection of the five to six upper intercostal nerves with the exception of the first (avoiding pain of and breathing with the anterior chest wall). 3) Pneumolysis from the first intact rib, in other words, from the fifth or sixth towards the base (sufficient in size for the luxation of the shoulder blade and to be enlarged according to the position and dimensions of the lesion). 4) Intrathoracic luxation of the shoulder blade as an osteo-muscular filling and as an effective support for the resected thoacic region. D) Chief Characteristics of Combined Thoracoplasty: No paradoxical breathing, normal respiratory functions unrestricted, no pain, no retention of sputum, no irritations of lesions, no further tuberculous spreads, surgical shock reduced to minimum, number of cases hitherto denied active treatment, operated, arm action almost unchanged, total absence of infection, results justify method, equal advantage with eight rib thoracoplasty, key position in collapse mechanism, no obstacle for further horizontal or vertical extension of thoracoplasty.

The Combined Thoracoplasty

A) Weak Points of Thoracoplasty: Breathing capacity reduced by paradoxical movements of operated side, paradoxical retractions and expansion of the unsupported thoracic wall, consequently traction irritation of cortical lesions. Difficulties in expectoration, (reasons thereof intensified by painful coughing). Consequences: retention of sputum, increase of lesions and danger of further pulmonary and extrapulmonary spreads. B) Prevention of these Weak Points: Restriction of thoracoplasty to the posterior-lateral parts of the four to five upper ribs, the region which is covered by the shoulder blade. In this region paradoxical movements are thus avoided, but therapeutic effect is insufficient, therefore accessory factors of collapse therapy are necessary C) The Combined Collapse Method: 1) Resection of the posterior-lateral parts of the four to five upper ribs and painting of the periosteum with a 10 per cent formalin solution (to avoid rib regeneration and to make retraction of lesions possible even later on). 2) Resection of the five to six upper intercostal nerves with the exception of the first (avoiding pain of and breathing with the anterior chest wall). 3) Pneumolysis from the first intact rib, in other words, from the fifth or sixth towards the base (sufficient in size for the luxation of the shoulder blade and to be enlarged according to the position and dimensions of the lesion). 4) Intrathoracic luxation of the shoulder blade as an osteo-muscular filling and as an effective support for the resected thoacic region. D) Chief Characteristics of Combined Thoracoplasty: No paradoxical breathing, normal respiratory functions unrestricted, no pain, no retention of sputum, no irritations of lesions, no further tuberculous spreads, surgical shock reduced to minimum, number of cases hitherto denied active treatment, operated, arm action almost unchanged, total absence of infection, results justify method, equal advantage with eight rib thoracoplasty, key position in collapse mechanism, no obstacle for further horizontal or vertical extension of thoracoplasty.

Observations on the Biology of the Poultry Cestode Davainea proglottina in the Intestine of the Host

In the course of some experiments dealing with the anthelmintic treatment of tapeworm-infected birds, it became necessary to estimate the degree of infection in the living birds. The data presented in this paper were obtained in the course of those studies. White Leghorn chickens were experimentally infected with Davainea proglottina by feeding them garden slugs (Agriolimax agrestis) containing mature cysticercoids. The slugs had been fed gravid segments of the tapeworm three to four weeks previously. Infection in the birds was proven by the finding of gravid segments in their feces. The feces were collected by placing the birds in separate screen-bottomed cages which rested over pans containing enough 1? per cent formalin solution to cover all the droppings passed in 24 hours. At the end of that time all the material was collected and allowed to settle in tall jars. The supernatant fluid was discarded and the sediment examined in small portions with a wide-field microscope until all of the segments had been counted. A simple technique was used for counting the tapeworms in the intestine. The bird is first starved for 18 hours. Then 60 cc of 5 per cent formalin solution at 45? C. is injected directly into the gizzard by means of a long, fairly pliable, hard rubber cannula and a rubber bulb. If the solution is injected slowly, all of it will go into the intestine. After about ten minutes the bird is destroyed and the intestine removed. Care is taken not to lose any of the contained fluid since many of the tapeworms will free themselves from the mucosa during this treatment. Twoinch lengths of intestine are slit open in a petri dish into which is poured enough water to cover the mucosa. The majority of the worms are fixed in situ and may be distinguished quite readily since the opaque, white segments stand out against the reddened villi. The worms, including the scoleces, are picked out of the mucosa quite easily with a pair of needles under a wide-field binocular microscope. After removing all of the worms that can be seen, a further check on very small ones is made by scraping the mucosa and examining the scrapings in a small amount of water.

STUDIES ON TYPHUS FEVER

We have adduced evidence that guinea pigs can be completely or partially protected by three injections of typhus tunica material in which there are moderate numbers of Rickettsiae, treated for from 24 to 48 hours with a 0.2 per cent formalin solution. We believe that the immunization is due to the presence of the Rickettsiae, since in our preceding experiments we have satisfied ourselves that these organisms are the true etiological factors of the disease. For the reasons stated above, we believe that the formalinized vaccine does not contain living, but attenuated organisms, and that the immunizing effect is the result of treatment with formalin-killed Rickettsiae. This point, however, we admit, is not absolutely determined. These experiments, together with the results obtained in the concentration of Rickettsia material by the diet method of reducing resistance as described in the paper which follows, furnish a hopeful method and a reasonable theoretical basis for a procedure of active immunization against this disease in human beings.