Ceftriaxone Therapy Research Articles

Haematological and hepatic adverse effects of ceftriaxone in ambulatory care: a dual-centre retrospective observational analysis of standard vs high dose

BackgroundEuropean Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) breakpoint criteria for methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) treatment with ceftriaxone are based upon high dose (4 g/day) rather than standard dose (2 g/day) posology. This is particularly relevant for invasive infections, and for patients managed via Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy (OPAT), but may result in increased drug toxicity. We quantified the incidence of neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and raised liver enzymes between standard and high dose ceftriaxone in adult patients.MethodAdult outpatients prescribed ≥ 7 days of ceftriaxone therapy were identified, and clinical, pharmacological, and laboratory parameters extracted from electronic health records between May 2021 and December 2021. Incidence and median time to haematological and hepto-toxicity were analysed. Univariate odds ratios were calculated for neutrophil count and ALT levels with 95% confidence level and Chi squared/Fisher’s exact test used to identify statistical significance.ResultsIncidence of neutropenia was comparable between both groups; 8/47 (17%) in the 2 g group vs 6/39 (15.4%) in the 4 g group (OR 0.89 (95% CI 0.26–2.63), p > 0.999). Median time to neutropenia was 12 and 17 days in the 2 g and 4 g groups respectively. Thrombocytopenia was observed in 0/47 in the 2 g group compared with 3/39 (7.7%) in the 4 g group (p 0.089). Median time to thrombocytopenia was 7 days in the 4 g group. Elevated liver enzymes did not clearly correlate with ceftriaxone dosing; present in 5/47 (10.6%) and 2/39 (5.1%) for 2 g and 4 g respectively (OR 0.45 (95% CI 0.87–2.36), p 0.448). Treatment cessation due to any adverse effect was similar between both groups 2/47 (4.3%) for 2 g and 3/39 (7.7%) for 4 g (OR 1.86 (95% CI 0.36–10.92), p 0.655).ConclusionsIncreased adverse effects with 4 g (over 2 g) daily dosing of ceftriaxone was not observed in an OPAT population. However absolute development of haematological and liver dyscrasias was appreciable—monitoring of liver function and full blood count in patients receiving prolonged ceftriaxone is indicated irrespective of dosing.

Antimicrobial Activity of Auranofin, Cannabidivarin, and Tolfenamic Acid against Multidrug-Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Alternative antimicrobial therapies are urgently required for the multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae, for which currently ceftriaxone is the only remaining recommended first-line therapy. Repurposing of drugs that are approved for other clinical applications offers an efficient approach for development of alternative antimicrobial therapies. Auranofin, cannabidivarin, and tolfenamic acid were recently identified to display antimicrobial activity against N. gonorrhoeae. Here, we investigated their activity against a collection of 575 multidrug-resistant clinical isolates. All three compounds displayed consistent antimicrobial activity against all isolates, including against strains associated with the high-level ceftriaxone-resistant FC428 clone, with both the mode and MIC90 for auranofin of 0.5 mg/L, while both the mode and MIC90 for cannabidivarin and tolfenamic acid were 8 mg/L. Correlations between MICs of ceftriaxone and auranofin, cannabidivarin or tolfenamic acid were low, indicating that development of cross-resistance is unlikely. Furthermore, antimicrobial synergy analysis between ceftriaxone and auranofin, cannabidivarin, or tolfenamic acid by determination of the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) resulted in an interpretation of indifference. Finally, time-kill analyses showed that all three compounds are bactericidal against both the N. gonorrhoeae ATCC 49226 reference strain and an FC428-associated clinical isolate, with particularly cannabidivarin displaying rapid bactericidal activity. Overall, auranofin, cannabidivarin, and tolfenamic acid displayed consistent antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant N. gonorrhoeae, warranting further exploration of their suitability as alternative antimicrobials for treatment of gonococcal infections. IMPORTANCE Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a major public health concern because of the high incidence of gonorrhea and the increasingly limited options for antimicrobial therapy. Strains associated with the FC428 clone are a particular concern because they have shown global dissemination and they display high-level resistance against the currently recommended ceftriaxone therapy. Therefore, development of alternative antimicrobial therapies is urgently required to ensure treatment of gonorrhea remains available in the future. Repurposing of clinically approved drugs could be a rapid approach for the development of such alternative antimicrobials. In this study, we showed that repurposing of auranofin, cannabidivarin, and tolfenamic acid for antimicrobial therapy of gonorrhea deserves further clinical explorations because these compounds displayed consistent antimicrobial activity against a large collection of contemporary multidrug-resistant gonococcal isolates that included strains associated with the FC428 clone.

An Unusual Cause of Nephrotic Syndrome Accompanying Hematuria: Endocarditis-associated Glomerulonephritis

Endocarditis-associated glomerulonephritis (EGN), a specific sub-subtype of post-infectious glomerulonephritis (PIGN) is very rare in children. Nephrotic syndrome is a rare presentation for EGN with a reported frequency of 6%. In this case, an 8-year-old girl patient presented with nephrotic syndrome accompanying hematuria is mentioned. She was hospitalized with fever, mild azotemia, acute phase elevation and hypocomplementemia. Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans has grown in blood culture. Echocardiogram revealed third-degree tricuspid regurgitation and vegetations on the tricuspid valve. She was commenced on ceftriaxone therapy with a diagnose of EGN. At the end of the six-week treatment, the patient was discharged with normal laboratory values except for non-nephrotic proteinuria. Cardiac vegetations had completely disappeared. PIGN is still an important cause of morbidity for developing countries. EGN is rarely seen especially in childhood with the presence of predisposing conditions. With timely diagnosis and correct treatment, satisfactory results are possible in terms of kidney health.

Retrospective Comparison of the Effectiveness and Safety of Ceftriaxone 1 g Twice Daily versus 2 g Once Daily for Treatment of Aspiration Pneumonia.

Although a 2 g once daily administration of ceftriaxone remains the standard dosing regimen for the treatment of aspiration pneumonia, there are no studies to investigate the optimal dosing method. Hence, we retrospectively evaluated the effectiveness and safety of 1 g twice daily versus 2 g once daily administration of ceftriaxone in adult patients with aspiration pneumonia. Patients who received ceftriaxone for the treatment of aspiration pneumonia between 2015 and 2021 were included in this study. Clinical responses, inflammatory markers, and incidence of adverse events after completion of ceftriaxone therapy were investigated. In total, 33 patients received 1 g twice daily (group 1) and 28 received 2 g once daily (group 2) ceftriaxone for the treatment of mild-to-moderate aspiration pneumonia. Compared with that of group 1, group 2 demonstrated significantly improved clinical responses (group 1 vs. group 2, 84.8% vs. 100%, p = 0.0316). Although the safety profile was not significantly different between the two groups, the incidence of choleliths during ceftriaxone therapy in group 1 was higher than that in group 2 (31.3% vs. 9.1%, p = 0.174). Therefore, a 2 g once daily administration of ceftriaxone appeared to be a simple regimen adequate for the treatment of inpatients with mild-to-moderate aspiration pneumonia, which might not be heavily involved by anaerobes.

Penicillin plus Ceftriaxone versus Ampicillin plus Ceftriaxone Synergistic Potential against Clinical Enterococcus faecalis Blood Isolates.

ABSTRACTPenicillin plus ceftriaxone is a promising alternative to ampicillin plus ceftriaxone for the treatment of Enterococcus faecalis infective endocarditis. Limited data is available supporting the utilization of penicillin plus ceftriaxone. A total of 20 E. faecalis isolates; one wild-type strain (JH2-2) and 19 clinical blood strains were assessed for penicillin plus ceftriaxone and ampicillin plus ceftriaxone synergy using a 24-h time-kill experiment. Susceptibility was determined by broth microdilution. Differences in bactericidal, bacteriostatic, or inactivity, as well as synergy between treatments were assessed by chi-square or Fisher exact test. All E. faecalis isolates were considered susceptible to ampicillin and penicillin. Ampicillin plus ceftriaxone versus penicillin plus ceftriaxone similarly demonstrated synergy. Bactericidal activity was more commonly observed for ampicillin plus ceftriaxone versus penicillin plus ceftriaxone. Among isolates with a penicillin MIC of 4 μg/mL (n = 7), synergistic activity for both combinations was less common compared to isolates with a penicillin MIC ≤ 2 μg/mL (n = 13). Ampicillin plus ceftriaxone and penicillin plus ceftriaxone demonstrate similar synergistic potential against E. faecalis clinical blood isolates, but strains with higher penicillin and ceftriaxone MICs less frequently demonstrated synergy. Further research is warranted to determine the role of the penicillin plus ceftriaxone therapy and the penicillin MIC in clinical practice.IMPORTANCE Penicillin plus ceftriaxone demonstrates similar synergistic activity against Enterococcus faecalis to ampicillin plus ceftriaxone. Isolates with a penicillin MIC of 4 mg/L and a ceftriaxone MIC of 512 or higher, lack penicillin plus ceftriaxone synergy despite the penicillin susceptibility MIC breakpoint of 8 mg/L.

Pediatric biliary calculus disease: clinical spectrum, predisposing factors, and management outcome revisited

BackgroundBiliary calculus disease (BCD) is one of the most prevalent diseases and poses a significant burden to the health care system in adults. The prevalence of BCD in children and adolescents is about 0.1% and 0.6%, respectively. Although many factors have been attributed to BCD in children, exact etiopathogenesis is not clear. BCD has been extensively studied in adults, but not much literature is available in children. The current review was undertaken to study BCD in children focusing on the objectives like predisposing factors, various modes of presentation, and management outcome of BCD in children in the northern part of India.ResultsOut of 42 children, two children had a history of ceftriaxone therapy. Two underwent ileal resection. The mean reticulocyte count was 1.79%. None had G6PD deficiency or abnormal osmotic fragility test. Clinical presentation was right upper quadrant pain (n = 42, 100%), calculous cholecystitis (n = 8, 19.0%), and jaundice (n = 3, 7.14%). The majority (n = 26, 61.92%) were overweight. Only 16.6% (n = 7) children had normal body mass index (BMI), and 9.3% (n = 4) were obese. The mean BMI was 26.3 kg/m2. 85.5% of children frequently consume junk foods. The majority of calculi were GB calculi accounting for 92.8% (n = 39) whereas 7.1% (n = 3) children had CBD calculi. Thirty-five were managed by laparoscopic cholecystectomy, three were managed by non-operative management, and one was managed by open cholecystectomy; among the three cases of CBD calculi, two were managed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), stenting, and CBD exploration and one was managed by ERCP sphincterotomy.ConclusionDiet and overweight both appear to be important risk factors for pediatric BCD. Drug-induced calculi can be safely observed.

Acute necrotizing calculous cholecystitis after treatment with ceftriaxone in an elderly patient: a case report

BackgroundCeftriaxone, a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a long plasma half-life, is widely used to treat various infections. The use of ceftriaxone can sometimes induce biliary sludge or stone formation. Although most cases of ceftriaxone-induced pseudolithiasis are asymptomatic or mild and resolve with discontinuation of the drug, we experienced an elderly case of severe acute necrotizing calculous cholecystitis after administration of ceftriaxone.Case presentationA 72-year-old male patient was admitted to our hospital because of acute diverticulitis in ascending colon. Ceftriaxone was administered at a dose of 2 g/day for 6 days. Although he recovered after therapy, he was readmitted about 2 weeks later because of severe pain with rebound tenderness in the right upper quadrant. An abdominal imaging study revealed stones and sludge in the gallbladder that were not observed before starting ceftriaxone therapy. Therefore, antibiotic treatment with flomoxef 2 g/day was indicated. However, on the fifth day of readmission, the peritoneal irritation symptoms in the right upper quadrant worsened, and elevated inflammatory response and liver dysfunction were observed. Cholecystectomy was performed based on these findings. The resected inflamed gallbladder showed acute necrotizing cholecystitis with sand granular gallstones. A comparative analysis of the infrared spectroscopic pattern of the composition of gallstones collected during surgery with that of the ceftriaxone powder revealed that both have very similar infrared spectroscopic patterns.ConclusionsCeftriaxone-related pseudolithiasis is generally reversible and mainly observed in children. Here, we report a rare case of ceftriaxone-related acute necrotizing cholecystitis in an elderly patient. We confirmed that the stones in the gallbladder are composed of ceftriaxone. The older age, dehydration, fasting, and long-time bed rest during the administration of high-dose ceftriaxone were the potential risk factors for gallstone formation.

Etiological Surveillance of Male Urethritis Syndrome in South Africa: 2019 to 2020.

In South Africa, male urethritis syndrome (MUS) is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) syndrome in men. We determined the distribution of STI etiologies and the susceptibility profiles of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from men presenting with MUS to 3 sentinel surveillance health care facilities. Secondary objectives were to determine the seroprevalence of coinfections (HIV, syphilis, herpes simplex virus 2). Consecutive, consenting men with symptomatic urethral discharge were enrolled between January 1, 2019, and December 31, 2020. Genital discharge swab and blood specimens were collected and transported to a central STI reference laboratory in Johannesburg, South Africa. Among 769 men enrolled, N. gonorrhoeae was the commonest cause of MUS (674 [87.8%]; 95% confidence interval [CI], 85.2%-89.9%), followed by Chlamydia trachomatis (161 [21.0%]; 95% CI, 18.2%-24.0%). Of 542 cultivable N. gonorrhoeae isolates, all were susceptible to ceftriaxone (modal minimum inhibitory concentration, 0.004 mg/L) and azithromycin (modal minimum inhibitory concentration, 0.128 mg/L). Seroprevalence rates of HIV, syphilis, and HSV-2 were 21.4% (95% CI, 18.5%-24.5%), 2.3%, and 50.1%, respectively. Condom use at last sexual encounter was reported by only 7%, less than 50% had been medically circumcised, and only 66.7% (58 of 87) who self-reported an HIV-positive status were adherent on antiretroviral drugs. Neisseria gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis were the predominant causes of MUS. Currently recommended dual ceftriaxone and azithromycin therapy are appropriate for MUS syndromic management; however, surveillance must be maintained to timeously detect emerging and increasing gonococcal resistance. Clinic-based interventions must be intensified in men seeing sexual health care to reduce the community transmission and burden of STI and HIV.

Clinical Significance of Toxigenic Clostridioides difficile Growth in Stool Cultures during the Era of Nonculture Methods for the Diagnosis of C. difficile Infection.

ABSTRACTThe importance of the detection of relevant toxins or toxin genes to diagnose Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) or the prediction of clinical outcomes of CDI has been emphasized in recent years. Although stool culture of C. difficile is not routinely recommended in the era of nonculture methods as the preferred tools for CDI diagnosis, the clinical significance of toxigenic C. difficile growth (tCdG) in stool cultures was analyzed. A clinical study was conducted in medical wards of Tainan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, in southern Taiwan. Diarrheal adults with fecal glutamate dehydrogenase and C. difficile toxin between January 2013 and April 2020 were included. Of the 209 patients with CDI, 158 (75.6%) had tCdG found in stool cultures, and the rest (51, 24.4%) had no tCdG in stool. Only prior ceftazidime or ceftriaxone therapy was independently associated with no tCdG in stool (odds ratio [OR] 2.17, P = 0.02). Compared to the patients with tCDG in stool, those without tCdG in stool experienced treatment success more often (97.1% versus 67.0%, P < 0.001) if treated with metronidazole or vancomycin but had a similar in-hospital mortality or recurrence rate. In the multivariate analysis among 114 patients with CDI treated with metronidazole or vancomycin, treatment success was independently associated with no tCdG in stool (OR 12.7, P = 0.02). Despite the limited utility of stool cultures in CDI diagnoses, no tCdG in stool culture heralds a favorable therapeutic outcome among adults with CDI treated with metronidazole or vancomycin.IMPORTANCE The importance of detecting toxins or toxin genes when diagnosing Clostridioides difficile infections (CDIs) or predicting the severity and outcomes of CDI has been emphasized in recent years. Although the yielding of C. difficile from stool cultures might implicate higher bacterial loads in fecal samples, in an era of nonculture methods for the standard diagnosis of CDIs, clinical significance of positive stool cultures of toxigenic C. difficile was analyzed in this study. Despite the limited ability of stool cultures in CDI diagnoses, no yielding of C. difficile growth might predict the successful CDI therapy.

Цефалоспориніндукований біліарний сладж у дітей

Актуальність. Одним із побічних ефектів дії цефалоспоринів ІІІ покоління є формування цефалоспориніндукованого біліарного псевдолітіазу (ЦІБПЛ). Мета. Вивчити особливості формування біліарного сладжа при застосуванні цефалоспоринів ІІІ покоління в терапії гострих респіраторних інфекційних захворювань у дітей. Матеріали та методи. Обстежено 46 дітей віком від 2 до 15 років з гострими респіраторними інфекційними захворюваннями, які отримували в терапії цефалоспорини ІІІ покоління парентеральним шляхом введення у вікових дозах. У всіх дітей до початку лікування і після закінчення антибіотикотерапії оцінювали показники біохімічного дослідження крові і дані ехосонографії (ультразвукове дослідження) біліарного тракту. Результати. За даними УЗД у 10 пацієнтів (21,7 %) з гострими респіраторними інфекційними захворюваннями після проведеного курсу терапії цефалоспоринами ІІІ покоління виявлено неоднорідний вміст у просвіті жовчного міхура у вигляді гіперехогенного субстрату, що свідчило про формування ЦІБПЛ. Середній вік пацієнтів із ЦІБПЛ становив 9,05 ± 1,44 року і перебував у межах від 4 до 15 років. Встановлено, що у 60 % обстежених дітей формування ЦІБПЛ протікало субклінічно. Результати біохімічного дослідження сироватки крові показали, що у дітей із ЦІБПЛ спостерігалося підвищення активності аланінамінотрансферази, аспартатамінотрансферази і лужної фосфатази. Було встановлено, що ЦІБПЛ відзначається у 22,9 % дітей на тлі терапії цефтріаксоном, у 9 % пацієнтів — цефтазидимом. Біліарний сладж формувався у 54,5 % хворих, які отримували цефтріаксон у високих дозах (100 мг/кг/добу), і в 75 % випадків — після 10-денного застосування даного антибіотика. Висновки. Отримані результати показали, що на тлі застосування цефалоспоринів ІІІ покоління при терапії гострих респіраторних інфекційних захворювань у 21,7 % хворих дітей відбувається формування ЦІБПЛ. Особливо високий ризик розвитку ЦІБПЛ відзначається при використанні високих доз цефтріаксону і пролонгованої терапії цефалоспоринами.

Ceftriaxone therapy attenuates brain trauma in rats by affecting glutamate transporters and neuroinflammation and not by its antibacterial effects

BackgroundCeftriaxone is a β-lactam antibiotic used to treat central nervous system infections. Whether the neuroprotective effects of ceftriaxone after TBI are mediated by attenuating neuroinflammation but not its antibacterial actions is not well established.MethodsAnesthetized male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into sham-operated, TBI + vehicle, and TBI + ceftriaxone groups. Ceftriaxone was intraperitoneally injected at 0, 24, and 48 h with 50 or 250 mg/kg/day after TBI. During the first 120 min after TBI, we continuously measured heart rate, arterial pressure, intracranial pressure (ICP), and cerebral perfusion pressure. The infarct volume was measured by TTC staining. Motor function was measured using the inclined plane. Glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1), neuronal apoptosis and TNF-α expression in the perilesioned cortex were investigated using an immunofluorescence assay. Bacterial evaluation was performed by Brown and Brenn’s Gram staining. These parameters above were measured at 72 h after TBI.ResultsCompared with the TBI + vehicle group, the TBI + ceftriaxone 250 mg/kg group showed significantly lower ICP, improved motor dysfunction, reduced body weight loss, decreased infarct volume and neuronal apoptosis, decreased TBI-induced microglial activation and TNF-α expression in microglia, and increased GLT-1 expression in neurons and microglia. However, the grades of histopathological changes of antibacterial effects are zero.ConclusionsThe intraperitoneal injection of ceftriaxone with 250 mg/kg/day for three days may attenuate TBI by increasing GLT-1 expression and reducing neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis, thereby resulting in an improvement in functional outcomes, and this neuroprotective effect is not related to its antibacterial effects.

Treatment efficacy for rectal Neisseria gonorrhoeae: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Rectal gonorrhoea is a common sexually transmitted infection with increasing antimicrobial resistance requiring optimization of available treatments. This systematic review aimed to assess the efficacy of current treatments, previously trialled treatments and new emerging treatments for rectal Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG). Online bibliographic databases were search from 1 January 1946 to 14 August 2020. All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with rectal NG data among participants aged 15 years or above and published in English were included. Random effects meta-analyses were used to estimate overall treatment efficacy, defined as microbiological cure. Sub-group analyses included stratifying by diagnostic assay, by dual versus monotherapy, and by currently recommended treatments (e.g. ceftriaxone ± azithromycin) versus previously trialled but not recommended treatments (e.g. amoxicillin) versus emerging treatments (e.g. zoliflodacin). The study protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42020202998). 54 studies including 1813 participants and 44 treatment regimens were identified. The overall summary treatment efficacy for rectal NG was 100.0% (95% CI: 99.9%-100.0%; I2 = 0.0%; P = 0.86). Efficacy estimates for monotherapies (100.0%; 95% CI: 99.88%-100.0%; I2 = 0.00%; P = 0.97) and dual therapies (100.0%; 95% CI: 97.65%-100.0%; I2 = 56.24%; P = 0.03) were similar. Efficacy was highest for current treatments (100.00%; 95% CI: 99.96%-100.00%; I2 = 0.00%; P = 0.98) versus emerging treatments (97.16%; 95% CI: 86.79%-100.00%; I2 = 0.00%; P = 0.84). There were no trials exclusively investigating rectal NG and small sample size was a limitation in most trials. Currently recommended treatments containing ceftriaxone, as mono or dual therapy, are effective. Emerging drugs such as zoliflodacin may be potentially useful for rectal NG but further data are needed.

Ceftriaxone Utilization Pattern in Inpatient Department of Internal Medicine of a Tertiary Care Hospital

Background: Antibiotic resistance becomes a global threat due to the rampant misuse and over use of antibiotics. Among themCeftriaxone is the most popular drug due its broad spectrum and low rates of toxicity and there is a prominent relationshipbetween the use of antimicrobial in hospital and its resistance. Therefore, close monitoring of ceftriaxone prescribing pattern isvery important to combat this resistance. Objective: This study was conducted to identify the extent of Ceftriaxone use in internal medicine department of a tertiary carehospital. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out through record review among 372 purposively selected patientsin internal medicine department of Dhaka Medical College from July 2018 to June 2019. All data were evaluated by WHOantibiotic guideline and BDNF and analyzed by SPSS. Result: The proportion of Ceftriaxone use was 47.15%, RTI 10.22% was the most common indication for Ceftriaxone, 53.23%Ceftriaxone prescribed empirically, Metronidazole 22.67% was the most common co-administered drug, 22.58% prescriptionwas rational. Conclusion: On the basis of the study findings it can be concluded that Ceftriaxone therapy is mostly empirical based.Respiratory tract infection is the common medical condition for ceftriaxone use. Metronidazole is the most commonlyprescribed co-administered antibiotic. Irrational use of ceftriaxone therapy is high.

Epidemiology, Treatments, and Vaccine Development for Antimicrobial-Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Current Strategies and Future Directions.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the second most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection in the world after Chlamydia trachomatis. The pathogen has developed resistance to every antibiotic currently approved for treatment, and multidrug-resistant strains have been identified globally. The current treatment recommended by the World Health Organization is ceftriaxone and azithromycin dual therapy. However, resistance to azithromycin and ceftriaxone are increasing and treatment failures have been reported. As a result, there is a critical need to develop novel strategies for mitigating the spread of antimicrobial-resistant N. gonorrhoeae through improved diagnosis and treatment of resistant infections. Strategies that are currently being pursued include developing molecular assays to predict resistance, utilizing higher doses of ceftriaxone, repurposing older antibiotics, and developing newer agents. In addition, efforts to discover a vaccine for N. gonorrhoeae have been reignited in recent years with the cross-protectivity provided by the N. meningitidis vaccine, with several new strategies and targets. Despite the significant progress that has been made, there is still much work ahead to combat antimicrobial-resistant N. gonorrhoeae globally.

Unusual Case of Pelvic Osteomyelitis Revealing Osteoporosis

Pelvic osteomyelitis is an uncommon and challenging condition to treat. Pressure ulcers, spinal injuries, contiguous sources of tracking infections, pelvic surgical procedures, traumatic injuries and open fractures all serve as nidi for developing pelvic osteomyelitis. We present a case of pelvic osteomyelitis suspected to be caused by insufficiency fractures due to osteoporosis in an anorexic adult.51 year old postmenopausal Caucasian female with undiagnosed anorexia presented to the hospital for severe right-sided pelvic pain and nausea. She denied fevers, vomiting, trauma, surgical procedures, history of pelvic infections, abnormal vaginal discharge, travel, prolonged steroid therapy. She disclosed a strict vegetarian diet, excessive daily exercise, low dairy intake and over 100lb intentional weight loss over the past 30 years. She reported normal menses, used oral contraceptives between ages of 25 to 30, and reached menopause at 49 years. For many years, she denied medical care including age-appropriate cancer screenings. She is employed in academia and denies tobacco, alcohol or drug use. On admission, height 153cm and weight 43kg, BMI 16.7kg/m2. Examination was notable for frail body habitus, moderate RLQ and pelvic tenderness, prominent PSIS and SI joints with decreased RLE range of motion. Laboratory results showed calcium 9.5mg/dL (n 8.6–10.4), phosphorus 4.1mg/dL (2.5–4.5), ALP 181IU/L (45–115), PTH 23pg/dL (n 9–76), Vitamin D 35ng/dL (n 25–80), 24-hour urinary calcium 285mg/24h (n 50–400). Abdominopelvic CT scan showed chronic right pubic ramus and bilateral sacral insufficiency fractures confirmed on MRI with septic arthritis of the pubic symphysis, osteomyelitis of pubic bodies and intramuscular abscess extending to the right adductor muscle. Wound culture was positive for Streptococcus viridans and pelvic bone biopsy showed degenerative changes. The patient completed IV Ceftriaxone therapy and underwent DXA scan confirming osteoporosis (T-scores:-3.8 lumbar spine L1-L4, -3.6 left femoral neck, -3.3 right femoral neck). Alendronate 10mg daily and calcium citrate-vitamin D 1000mg-800IU twice daily was prescribed. Diagnostic workup for secondary causes of severe osteoporosis was unremarkable except for hypercalciuria, for which calcium supplement was held with a plan to repeat in the future. Concern for her cachectic appearance and severity of her illness also elicited a dietician referral. Pelvic osteomyelitis and septic arthritis are seldom found without inciting insults. We report an atypical cause of presumed anorexia induced osteoporosis resulting in pelvic osteomyelitis. Untreated osteoporosis may lead to fracture, resulting in inflammation and predisposing patients to infections. Thus, early recognition and evaluation of osteoporosis in patients at high risk for fracture, such as patients with anorexia, is critical for prevention.

Direct Medical Cost Analysis Of Ceftriaxone Vs Levofloxacine Therapy For Community Acquired Pneumonia Patient at The X Government Hospital NTB

Pneumonia is a respiratory tract infection with the highest number of cases in Government Hospital X in NTB in 2018. The worst impact of pneumonia are death and high cost of health services risk. So management of costs is needed for effectively and efficiently. The therapeutic choice for community acquired pneumonia (CAP) used in X Hospital is ceftriaxone and levofloxacin which have a high price difference. This study aims to calculate the average direct medical costs in hospitalized CAP patients who use ceftriaxone and levofloxacin therapy at Government Hospital X in NTB in 2018.&#x0D; This research type is quantitative analysis using secondary data that compares the average direct medical costs of two alternative treatments for CAP with the BPJS Kesehatan perspective. The cost component are cost of medicine, care, doctor, emergency room, accommodation, and laboratory. The number of samples was 65 patients.&#x0D; The results showed: (1) The average direct medical costs using ceftriaxone was Rp.3.034.965, while levofloxacin was Rp.1.594.053; (2) There is significant difference in the average direct medical cost of Rp.1.440.912 perpatient; (3) Levofloxacin provide the lowest rupiah than ceftriaxone in community acquired pneumonia patients.

Analisis Minimalisasi Biaya Antibiotik Ceftriaxone dan Cefotaxime pada Pasien Pneumonia Dewasa Rawat Inap RSUDP NTB 2018

Pneumonia is an infection on the lung tissue that caused the lung would not be able to work properly. The first-line choice of therapy in pneumonia is using cephalosporin class of antibiotic which are ceftriaxone and cefotaxime. Both of those therapies have significant difference in cost, so that a pharmaceconomic analysis needs to be done using the cost-minimization analysis (CMA) method. This research to analyze minimization cost of antibiotic ceftriaxone and cefotaxime in adult pneumonia patients with cured outcomes in inpatients at RSUD Provinsi NTB in 2018. The research was conducted from July to August 2019. The sampling technique in this research was total sampling with 18 samples. The data used is retrospective in 2018. Ceftriaxone and cefotaxime cost-minimization analysis using comparison of the total cost calculation showed that cefotaxime therapy is more cost-minimized Rp 1.297.829 or 26,1% than ceftriaxone therapy. There was a significant difference between hospitalization cost and drug cost for the ceftriaxone and cefotaxime drug groups using the t-Test with p &lt; 0.05.&#x0D; Keywords : pneumonia, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, cost-minimization analysis

Postoperative antibiotic therapy patterns in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) patients

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is an enlarged prostate disease benign or a condition when the cells are present the prostate gland has an increased proliferation rate. There are several treatment options, including conservative (watchful waiting), medical, and surgery. Antibiotics in BPH cases can be prophylactic antibiotics or empiric antibiotics. This study was an observational study. The samples were BPH patients who received antibiotics for period January - November 2019. The pattern of prophylactic antibiotic use shows that most of the patients received ceftriaxone therapy. Operation on BPH patients is TURP which is an operation classified into surgery with a clean-contaminated category so that prophylactic antibiotics are required. There are two patterns of use for empiric antibiotics in BPH patients: single (88%) and combination (12%). The pattern of single or combined use is given to patients depending on the complications of the disease and the patient's clinical condition. BPH cases occur in men mostly occurs at the age of 60-74 years. Prophylactic antibiotic therapy in BPH patients, namely ceftriaxone 1 gr IV once daily was 48 patients (90.6%), a broad spectrum. Meanwhile, the most use of empirical antibiotics with a single pattern is Ceftriaxone 1 gr IV twice daily (35.6%).

Ceftriaxone-induced Agranulocytosis.

Ceftriaxone-induced agranulocytosis is rare but may occur in patients with high cumulative doses.Prompt recognition, drug withdrawal and administration of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) are the mainstay approach.

Prevalence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi infection, its associated factors and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among febrile patients at Adare general hospital, Hawassa, southern Ethiopia

BackgroundSalmonellas enterica serovar Typhi (S.typhi) causes typhoid fever and is a global health problem, especially in developing countries like Ethiopia. But there is a little information about prevalence and factors association with S.typhi and its antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in Ethiopia especially in the study area.The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of S.typhi infection, its associated factors and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern among patient with a febrile illness at Adare General Hospital, Hawassa, Southern Ethiopia.MethodsHospital based cross sectional study was conducted among 422 febrile patients from May 23, 2018 to October 20, 2018. A 5 ml venous blood was collected from each febrile patient. Culture and biochemical test were performed for each isolate. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed for each isolate using modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion techniques.ResultIn this study, the prevalence of S.typhi among febrile illness patients at Adare General Hospital was 1.6% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.5–2.9]. The age of the study subjects were ranged from 15 to 65 years (mean age 32 years). It was observed that participants who came from rural area had 8 times (AOR 8.27: 95% CI: 1.33, 51.55) more likely to had S. typhi infection when compared with urban dwellers. The microbial susceptibility testing revealed that all six of S.typhi isolates showed sensitive to Ceftriaxone and all 6 isolates showed resistant to nalidixic acid and Cefotaxime and 5(83.3%) susceptible to Chloramphenicol and Ciprofloxaciline. Multidrug resistance (resistance to three or more antibiotics) was observed among most of the isolates.ConclusionS. typhi bacteraemia is an uncommon but important cause of febrile illness in our study population. Ceftriaxone therapy is a suitable empirical antibiotic for those that are unwell and suspected of having this illness. Further surveillance is required to monitor possible hanging antibiotic resistant patterns in Ethiopia.