Opposite Category Research Articles

Teaching Eighteenth-Century British Literature beyond the Pale

Teaching Eighteenth-Century British Literature beyond the Pale Rebekah Mitsein (bio) In 2017 college students all over the country launched high profile and controversial protests against the tendency to put white art, white culture, and white aesthetics at the center of the humanities classroom. During the now infamous boycott of Humanities 110 at Reed College, for example, students took issue with the fact that the required humanities class focused largely on the translatio studii of intellectual history from the Mediterranean westward. Students argued that the class "perpetuates white supremacy—by centering 'whiteness' as the only required class at Reed."1 Whethe one agrees with these students' tactics, their complaint prodded a sore spot for those of us who teach historical literatures and whose background and training is in specifically Western literary traditions. Although surveys of eighteenth-century literature might include Olaudah Equiano's Interesting Narrative or Phyllis Wheatley's poetry, the discipline is continually haunted by its Eurocentric canon. Even when we are teaching global or colonial texts like Oroonoko or Robinson Crusoe, we often put whiteness at the center of the curriculum, in part because it seems that our authors inevitably put whiteness at the center of their own worlds. In the spring of 2017, I taught an advanced undergraduate seminar called Global Crossroads in Eighteenth-Century British Literature, which I then taught as a graduate seminar in the spring of 2018. In these classes, I experimented with strategies to teach literature written largely by white [End Page 131] British authors from a more global perspective. I paired these canonical texts with material chosen to encourage students to consider how the discourse, narratives, knowledge, aesthetics, or material culture of non-Europeans became central to how eighteenth-century British writers represented the world (table 1). In other words, instead of starting the class from the premise that the British literary tradition invented the way Britons thought about "the global" in the eighteenth century, we examined the ways that global contact created the British literary tradition. This was a time, after all, when British travelers, readers, and writers were pushing their own intellectual, geographical, and cultural boundaries. There is no reason to assume that this global context—and the figures and discourses that animate this global context—did not have an impact on the British literary imagination. The course material I chose to illustrate the scale of these crossroads fell into three broad categories. The first category included global texts to which eighteenth-century Western readers had access, either as translations or epitomes, like the writings of early modern Arabic and North African geographers or the Ethiopian story of the Queen of Sheba retold by Hiob Ludolf and James Bruce. The second category included reports from European travel narratives of local informants describing their own cultures (embedded narratives) and reports of local arts and acts of self-representation (music, ritual, or dancing). The third category included non-alphabetic texts and material culture (art objects, artifacts, maps, textiles, goods created specifically for export to Europe, etc.). The organizational structure of the syllabus classified some texts as Western or British and others through the sweeping oppositional categories of non-Western, or non-European, which was in a way antithetical to the aims of the course; however, this structure also served as a concrete example of the paradigm the course was meant to push against and provided an opportunity to discuss the limitations of well-intentioned multicultural approaches to creating an inclusive reading list, neither of which were self-evident to my students. In other words we were not equipped to fully dispense with such geopolitical binaries, but we practiced recognizing them and then using the course readings, assignments, and discussions to sketch out alternatives to them. Students responded to prompts on Canvas (an online learning management system with a built-in discussion board) that asked them how exposure to this range of materials encouraged them to think differently about the European texts on the syllabus. For example, I paired Oroonoko with a translation of François d'Elbée's description of the luxurious Fon court at Ardra, along with lists of goods published by John Ogilby and Richard Hakluyt that were most...

Sublime and grotesque: exploring the liminal positioning of clowns between oppositional aesthetic categories

The horror clown is a potential rooted in the liminalities that are an integral part of the clown figure per se. Drawing on anthropological work and the study of popular culture, this paper argues that clowns can be placed between different dualistic frames such as the sacred and the profane, the sublime and the grotesque, and fear and disgust. This positioning and the ways in which clowns operate between these categories are transmitted aesthetically. In this paper the dualistic aesthetics and violent potential of clowns is examined through three different clown examples: the ritual clown, the circus clown and the horror clown. Field observations made by Keisalo of the Chapayeka rituals clowns in Sonora, Mexico in 2004, 2006 and 2007 are contrasted with a case description of circus clowns provided by Paul Bouissac and a well-known example of a horror clown, Stephen Kings Clown Pennywise in the novel It. While these clowns serve different purposes and represent different cultural contexts, we claim that they all occupy a liminal space that can be analysed in aesthetic terms.

СЕМАНТИКА И ПРАГМАТИКА ПРОТИВОПОСТАВЛЕНИЯ В ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОМ ДИСКУРСЕ КИТАЙСКИХ СМИ НА АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

The article is devoted to studying the semantics and pragmatics of opposition in the political discourse of the English-language mass media in China. It is shown that the category of opposition represents historically and culturally determined duality of the Chinese thinking. The category of opposition, being a feature of the Chinese speech culture, manifests itself both in the English-language and the Chinese-language political discourse. To explicate oppositions at verbal, cognitive and cognitive-cultural levels, the author analyses meaningful aspects of the English-language political discourse in China, examines thematic content as well as structural and textual organization of this type of discourse.

Commutative monoids and their corresponding affine $$\Bbbk $$-schemes

In this expository note, we give a self-contained presentation of the equivalence between the opposite category of commutative monoids and that of commutative, monoid $$\Bbbk $$ -schemes that are diagonalizable, for any field $$\Bbbk $$ .

Re-thinking communities: Collective identity and social experience in Iron-Age western Anatolia

Reference to identity is ubiquitous in archaeology. Even when identity is not part of the questions driving research, assumptions about it affect interpretations of data; the terms used to designate individuals or collective groups carry implicit ideas about their identities. Default categories used to describe people, however, are often rooted in binary oppositions instead of the interactions that made up their daily social lives. In an archaeology of the ancient Mediterranean, these oppositional categories are most frequently rooted in ethnicity. This article presents the community as an ideal framework to address the problems posed by an overreliance on ethnicity for understanding ancient identities, but also to compare collective social dynamics more broadly. Laying out a methodology for communities’ archaeological study, it uses two case studies from Emporion (Spain) and Ephesos (Turkey) to illustrate the new questions and conversations facilitated by an archaeology of communities that complement ongoing identity studies.

Individual Methodological Orientations – Theoretical Background and a Model of the Phenomenon

The aim of the article is to present the issues of individual methodological orientations as well as to propose a model that can be the basis for making an empirical characterization of the phenomenon. Therefore, the theoretical background showing the semantic positioning of the concept in the network of synonymous concepts was drawn. Then, the theoretical construct and a model based on the category of opposition in the methodological discourse were derived based on the theory of Kazimierz Obuchowski’s orientation codes and James J. Gibson’s affordance concept. In the presentation of the model, an integrated system of three planes was used. Each of them serves to reflect the characteristics of the elements of cognition which takes place in the course of the undertaken research practice. The assumption of continuity of features allows for modelling individual methodological orientations in a transversal manner with respect to the divisions and classifications in the social sciences methodology. This creates the possibility of building individual characteristics, e.g. for the purpose of matching methodological education.

On the anti-Yetter–Drinfeld module-contramodule correspondence

We study a functor from anti-Yetter–Drinfeld modules to contramodules in the case of a Hopf algebra H . This functor is unpacked from the general machinery of [11]. Some byproducts of this investigation are the establishment of sufficient conditions for this functor to be an equivalence, verification that the center of the opposite category of H -comodules is equivalent to anti-Yetter–Drinfeld modules in contrast to [8] where the question of H -modules was addressed, and the observation of two types of periodicities of the generalized Yetter–Drinfeld modules introduced in [7]. Finally, we give an example of a symmetric 2-contratrace on H -comodules that does not arise from an anti-Yetter–Drinfeld module.

Deleuze’s Interpretation of Job as a Heroic Figure in the History of Rationality

Traditional rationality takes the form of thinking-as-representation. Motivated by the conviction that it is possible to articulate one true account of the real, the three theologians in the Book of Job employed concepts to reduce objects to categories of sameness. In his exposition of such thinking-as-representation, Deleuze demonstrates how the four elements of representation thinking subordinate difference to conceptual categories of identity, opposition, analogy, and resemblance. Deleuze considers Job to be a heroic figure in the history of thinking, for Job demonstrates that the subject has nothing to say in his own name, as long as the subject adheres to norms of representational thinking. Job’s disavowal of blame amounts to a transgression against traditional theology of his time. The figure of Job exemplifies the heroic potential that lies within this crisis of theological representation.

EEN POPULAIRE ARISTOCRAAT

A POPULAR ARISTOCRAT. ARTHUR VAN SCHENDEL AND THE READING PUBLIC IN THE 1930S In Dutch literary culture of the first half of the twentieth century, intellectual elite and general public were not only separate, but even opposite categories. ‘Highbrow’ and ‘middlebrow’ held polarized positions in matters of cultural hierarchy and literary taste, which led to fierce debates. Strikingly, one author was able to bridge this gap: Arthur van Schendel (1874-1946) appealed both ends of the spectrum and thus had an exceptional, connecting role in the cultural divides of the interwar period. This article analyses the responses to Van Schendels so-called ‘Dutch novels’ in order to find out what made Arthur van Schendel highly valued by leading professionals as well as loved by the reading audience.

Gender, Market Participation and Household Income Differential in Nigeria: Analysis of Covariance Approach

Despite the various economic reforms that have been implemented in Nigeria, the largest economy in Africa, average household income has been low. Some of the reforms have been on boosting farming productivity, non-farm employment and encouraging market participation of households and gender mainstreaming. Nevertheless, over 70% of Nigerians live below US$1 per day. Many studies have been done on factors like education and age that affect household income but have not looked at the interactive effect of the variables. This paper, therefore, analysed the response of household income to gender, market participation, occupation and the effect of these variables in interactive forms on household income. The study used the 2010 Nigeria General Household Survey comprising 5,000 households out of which 4, 845 households were used for analysis upon data cleaning. The variables of interest included household per capita expenditure and demographics. Analysis of covariance with Tobit regression was applied. The results showed that household head income level have a diminishing return relationship with age but reduced with increase in household size. Income of the household heads that are male, participate in market and of non-farming occupation is higher by N16,273.03, N35,685.17 and N91,019.48 than their opposite categories respectively. Male–farming have mean income lower by N23,284.91 than the female-non farming household heads. There is need to promote gender mainstreaming in favour of female on household income. Non-farming occupation and market participation of farming households should be promoted to boost household income in Nigeria.

Przedwojnie i powojnie – podzielony świat w wizji modernizacji powojennej prasy codziennej (Łódź 1945–1948)

Pierwsze lata powojenne to moment konstruowania świata na nowo. Moment umożliwiający redefinicję – nadanie znaczenia starym słowom. Przyglądając się wydawanej w Łodzi powojennej prasie codziennej, można stwierdzić, że jedną z zauważalnych cech dyskursu jest jego organizacja wokół dwóch przeciwstawnych kategorii: tego, co było przed wojną – czyli „Polski przedwrześniowej”, oraz chwili obecnej i projektowanej przyszłości, czyli tego, co nastąpiło po II wojnie światowej. Na przykładzie czterech dzienników publikowanych w latach 1945–1949 śledzę binaryzującą logikę kształtującego się dyskursu socjalistycznego. Rekonstruuję, jak definiowany był powojenny świat, w tym rola robotniczego miasta w odradzającej się Polsce. Jaki punkt odniesienia dla modernizacyjnych wizji przywoływała prasa? Jakie były płaszczyzny nadchodzącej zmiany? Czy warto było wrócić do poprzedniej rzeczywistości społecznej II Rzeczpospolitej lub odtworzyć jej elementy? W poniższej analizie proponuję także spojrzeć na powojenną prasę w nieco innym niż zazwyczaj świetle. Po pierwsze, dystansuję się wobec ujmowania powojennego języka prasy jako nowomowy. Po drugie, podkreślam nie tyle znaczenie politycznej mobilizacji przypisywanej powojennej prasie, ile politycznego wyciszenia i budowy jak najszerszej koalicji dla rekonstrukcji kraju pod przewodnictwem nowego rządu. Z tej perspektywy binaryzująca logika dyskursu staje się uniwersalną charakterystyką języka próbującego narzucić swoją hegemoniczną wizję świata, a jej celem jest nie tyle aktywizacja, ile inkluzja.

Three-Quarter Views of Depth-Rotated Faces Induce Face-Specific Capacity Limits in Visual Search.

Participants made speeded categorization decisions regarding a famous person (politician or film star) accompanied by a peripheral distracter face (either the same or from the opposite category). The first experiment found that processing a peripheral distracter face is independent of load when the search set contains name strings. The search set in the second experiment consisted of faces. Interference effects between the target and distracter face (both shown in frontal views) were found when no additional non-target faces were present (low load), but not when two non-famous faces (high load) accompanied the target face, even when the latter were shown in three-quarter views. These results indicate that face-specific capacity limitations are independent of changes in view (up to 45°) and gaze direction.

Methodological proposal to investigate the extra-linguistic elements and the hegemonic impact from Laclau`s perspective

This paper proposes some useful methodological strategies to investigate the extralinguistic aspects and the hegemonic impact from Laclau´s Political Theory of Discourse. First, it makes an operational distinction between the linguistic and the non-linguistic level of discourse and identifies internal levels. Then, it proposes a relational articulation between the planes and levels, through the textual footprints of the significant constructions and the analysis of the extra-textual conditions. Finally, it developes an strategy of comparative analysis of discourses based on scalar categories of gradual opposition. From there, it identifies a continuum of relative intensities of sedimentation and reactivation, from different levels. This methodological strategy allows the Political Analyst of Discourse to attribute and impute, in an interpretative way, verbal statements, writings, gestures, sounds, audio-visual images and/or social actions that are concordant, incongruent or contradictory. It also helps to investigate the degree of hegemonic efficacy from different supports.

Everyday narratives, personalized memories and the remaking of national boundaries

In this article I explore some of the interrelations of individual reflexivity, personalized memory and national boundaries through an empirical and inductive analysis of the ways ordinary citizens remember their personal national past. I show how these personalized narratives stretch the conventional boundaries of nation and group. Of a sample of over 220 ordinary citizens in each part of Ireland, over half, and two-thirds in the still conflict-ridden region of Northern Ireland, narrated memories that could not be brought under conventional oppositional categories, and that produced in the respondents further reflection and rethinking. What is significant is how many of them did so. Since identities and traditions are said to be persistent and long-lasting in each part of Ireland, and in particular in Northern Ireland, the findings are unexpected. The article concludes that there is everyday potential for quite radical revision of conventional constructions of the nation.

Kohiponimia jako relacja z pogranicza kategorii opozycji semantycznej. Perspektywa użytkownika języka polskiego: badanie psycholingwistyczne

The paper considers the relation of semantic opposition in terms of the prototype theory of concepts. Its purpose is to provide information on peripheral or border areas of the category of semantic opposition. Data from linguistic analyzes, as well as the results of contemporary corpus studies, indicate that pairs of co-hyponyms from multi-element sets are potentially relevant material in peripheral areas of the category of semantic opposition. A psycholinguistic study was conducted to verify the psychological reality of the data. 720 Polish language users were instructed to provide semantic oppositions to the list of 24 stimuli words (test of directed associations). The research material was Polish nouns belonging to 3 lexical fields: animals, plants and artifacts, with no obvious semantic oppositions (as bee, cabbage, vase). It turned out that, according to the hypothesis, proportions of reactions classified as co-hyponyms of stimuli are high: for 21 stimuli it was 52–94% of the response corpora and for 22 stimuli the dominant reaction was co-hyponym of the stimulus word (as cabbage-lettuce, bee-wasp, vase-flowerpot). The characteristics that determine the choice of a given co-hyponym as the semantic opposite of the stimulus were identified. The remainder of the response corpus was analyzed in order to reveal other ways and mechanisms for seeking the semantic opposition by respondents. The data obtained in the presented study confirm the necessity to incorporate the problem of co-hyponymic pairs from multi-element sets into reflections on the category of the semantic opposition.

Another One Bites the Dust: Oppositional Identity and Category Convergence in the Beer Industry

An extensive body of research explores how new market categories emerge, however, much less is known about how market categories evolve over time. To advance our understanding of category dynamics,...

Consumers’ categorization of food ingredients: Do consumers perceive them as ‘clean label’ producers expect? An exploration with projective mapping

Consumers are said to increasingly assess processed food in terms of whether or not they perceive it to be ‘clean label’ food. This term refers to what is seen as little processed and ‘natural’ or ‘free from’ negatively associated ingredients. However, it is difficult for food producers to predict how the product ingredients will be perceived, and how they should position new products. The present study aimed at exploring how consumers perceive and categorize food ingredients, and testing this under different communication frames. These frames are positioning the product in relation to different consumer choice motives. Potato protein as a replacement for negatively associated ingredients was used a case study. Ninety consumers participated in a projective mapping task in Denmark that consisted of placing and characterising ingredients on a bi-dimensional surface. In a between-subjects design, three groups of consumers had to map the ingredients of four products (dairy-free ice cream, vegetarian candy, plant-based sausage, and a protein drink). In each group products were presented as either sustainable, healthy, or plant-based. The results showed that consumers categorized ingredients in terms of firstly and secondly, objective type of ingredient or its function, and thirdly, subjective individual assessment of its value. Communicational framing had little impact, but ingredient-level differences emerged from the comparison of the frames. Despite product-related differences, a similar pattern emerged for the different food categories. Findings confirm that consumers perceive ingredients according to a ‘known-natural-good’ vs. the opposite category. Implications for food industry are discussed.

Negating as turning upside down

Abstract In order to understand negation as such, at least since Aristotle’s time, there have been many ways of conceptually modelling it. In particular, negation has been studied as inconsistency, contradictoriness, falsity, cancellation, an inversion of arrangements of truth values, etc. In this paper, making substantial use of category theory, we present three more conceptual and abstract models of negation. All of them capture negation as turning upside down the entire structure under consideration. The first proposal turns upside down the structure almost literally; it is the well known construction of opposite category. The second one treats negation as a contravariant functor and the third one captures negation as adjointness. Traditionally, negation was investigated in the context of language as negation of sentences or parts of sentences, e.g. names. On the contrary we propose to negate structures globally. As a consequence of our approach we provide a solution to the ontological problem of the existence of negative states of affairs.

СЕМАНТИКА ПРОТИВОПОСТАВЛЕНИЯ КАК ОТРАЖЕНИЕ БИПОЛЯРНОГО ВОСПРИЯТИЯ МИРА В ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОМ ДИСКУРСЕ КИТАЯ НА АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

The semantics of contrast is an essential part of Chinese policy rhetoric which is conveyed through the lens of Chinese values and culture rooted in historical and national memory of the people. The category of opposition reflects Chinese mentality indicating that oppositions in the Chinese language are culturally determined. This semantics in English discourse of Chinese mass media has rarely been the focus of linguists’ attention. The current article presents the results of the research of binary oppositions in Chinese political discourse published in English (ChPDE). This article views linguistic representation of binary oppositions in ChPDE reflecting the Chinese linguistic world image. In this study, the methods of semantic, discourse, linguistic and cultural analysis were applied. It was discovered that in ChPDE, the features of Chinese-English language interference almost disappeared from grammatical and lexical levels, however English text still preserves Chinese connotations determined by the national mentality. It was demonstrated that bipolar world is formed by means of binary oppositions reflected in ChPDE where the semantics of oppositions is manifested by language means mostly on lexical level.

Validity of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire based on food groups and cooking with a protein supplement in Japanese collegiate athletes

A semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) comprising a small number of food items may allow for more accurate assessment of habitual dietary intake in Japanese collegiate athletes. This study aimed to evaluate the validity and reproducibility of a commercially available FFQ (FFQg) with a newly added protein supplement item for assessing habitual dietary intake compared to the 24-hour dietary recall (24hDR) method using multiple statistical tests. A total of 108 participants (46 males) completed the FFQg on two separate days (FFQg1 and FFQg2) and 24hDRs on three non-consecutive days (two weekdays and one weekend day). Percentage differences, cross-classification analysis by quintile and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients (CCs) were calculated to evaluate the validity and reproducibility of the FFQg. Results showed median percentage differences and de-attenuated CCs between the FFQg2 and 24hDRs were -3.4 (range: -46.8 - 25.1) and 0.33 (0.03 - 0.55), respectively, for 34 nutrients, and -16.1 (-51.4 - 45.0) and 0.34 (0.03 -0.64), respectively, for 18 food groups. Cross-classification analysis showed that median proportions of the “completely opposite category” between FFQg2 and 24hDRs for energy-adjusted intakes of nutrients and food groups were both within 5%. Median CCs for energy-adjusted intake between the FFQ1 and FFQ2 were 0.61 (0.40 - 0.82) for nutrients and 0.52 (0.40 - 0.87) for food groups. In conclusion, although estimating habitual dietary intake requires careful consideration, the FFQg offers reasonably valid measurements of ranking individuals to assess intakes of macronutrients and food groups in collegiate athletes, with a relatively good reproducibility.