Morphological Categories Research Articles

BIRADS 4 – Is it possible to downgrade lesions that do not enhance on recombinant contrast-enhanced mammography images?

PurposeAnalysis of the morphology of lesions classified into the BI-RADS 4 category and assessment of the possibility of downgrade the BI-RADS category in those that did not show enhancement on recombinant contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM) images. MethodThe retrospective, single-center study included 528 patients who underwent a core needle biopsy performed from January 2017 to November 2022 due to a breast lesion classified as BI-RADS 4 on CEM. Patients’ electronic records and imaging examinations were reviewed. Individual lesions were classified into the morphological categories of mass, non-mass, and microcalcifications. Sensitivity, specificity, positive as well as negative predictive values were calculated for the whole group and individual morphological categories. The influence of the lesions' diameter on the results was analyzed. ResultsCEM NPV for the whole group was 93.9% (±95% CI: 90.0–96.4), for mass lesions 100% (±95% CI: 94.5–100), for non-mass lesions 97.8% (±95% CI: 87.0–99.9) and 87.9% (±95% CI: 80.3–93.0) for microcalcifications. Given that 230 out of 383 benign lesions were not contrast-enhancing, 60.1% of unnecessary CNBs would have been correctly avoided. CEM sensitivity for lesions < 20 mm was lower than for lesions ≥ 20 mm and was respectively 86.6% (±95% CI: 76.8–92.8) vs 94.6% (±95% CI: 86.0–98.2), respectively. ConclusionCEM is characterized by high sensitivity in the detection of malignant lesions in the case of lesions with mass and non-mass morphology. The high NPV for recombinant images suggests that in the case of these lesions, the lack of enhancement supports the benign nature of the lesion and may lead to a downgrade of the BI-RADS category.

First study of continental bioerosion traces on vertebrate remains from the Cretaceous of Algeria

Trace fossils, representing ichnospecies Cubiculum ornatus, C. inornatus, Cubiculum isp., and Cuniculichnus variabilis as well as three indeterminate morphological categories (thin branching grooves A and B, furrows and circular chambers), are here recorded on vertebrate remains from the mid-Cretaceous (lower Cenomanian) of the ‘Continental Intercalary’ deposits in the Gara Samani locality (central Sahara of Algeria). Apart from thin branching grooves (A and B), which are thought to result from root etching, the bioerosion traces recorded on the bones comprise circular chambers and furrows, which represent pupation chambers of scavenging insects, most likely attributed to dermestid beetles. These trace fossils are identified and described for the first time from the Cretaceous of Algeria. They add new data to the trace-fossil assemblages previously reported from other Cretaceous successions of North Africa (e.g., the Kem Kem beds in Morocco). Sedimentological clues indicate a braided fluvial system environment. Taphonomic analysis suggests that the vertebrate remains were most likely subaerially exposed for a prolonged time prior to being transported and finally buried. Therefore, most of the studied borings are likely the result of dermestid beetle larvae feeding on dry bones on dry lands; other borings represent plant etchings produced after the bones were partially covered by, or completely buried, in sediments.

Taxonomic and Morpho-Functional Photosynthetic Patterns of 18 Intertidal Macroalgal Species in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area, China

Macroalgae provide food for microbial, meio- and macro-faunal communities in coastal ecosystems, thus mediating nutrient dynamics and functions in these ecosystems. Because of this vital role, it is important to clarify physiological information about macroalgae as it reflects their growth potential in the field. In this study, we examined the biomass, pigment content, and photosynthetic O2 evolution rate versus irradiance curves of 18 macroalgal species from the intertidal zone of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area, China, and investigated their photosynthetic patterns in relation to phyla characteristics, morphology, and growth locations. The results showed that green algae had the highest maximum photosynthetic O2 evolution rate (Pmax), light utilization efficiency (α), and dark respiration (Rd) among the three macroalgal phyla; the sheet-like macroalgal species had the highest Pmax, α, and Rd among the four morphological categories. The macroalgal species in the upper intertidal zone showed higher Pmax and α and lower saturation irradiance (EK) and compensation irradiance (EC) than those species in the lower intertidal location. The PCA results showed that the biomass of sheet-like macroalgal species was positively correlated with factor PC1 (50.34%), and that of finely branched species was negatively correlated with factor PC2 (25.17%). In addition, our results indicate that the light absorption and utilization capabilities of macroalgae could determine whether they could dominate the intertidal zone and that their photosynthetic characteristics could be used as a potential indicator of their biomass distribution in the Greater Bay Area.

Guinea Pig Sperm Morphology and Fertility under Different Photoperiod.

Sperm morphology can predict the reproductive male fertilizing potential. This study aimed to determine the morphological and morphometric spermatozoa characteristics from guinea pigs subjected to different photoperiodic stimulation. Thirty F1 guinea pigs were randomly assigned to three photoperiodic treatments: FT1 (photoperiod with 10 Light/14 Dark LED light), FT2 (photoperiod with 10L/14D sunlight), and FT0 (room without direct light source). At 107 ± 9.8 days of age, sperm concentration and motility were higher in the FT0 and FT1 groups (p < 0.05); furthermore, there were no differences in nucleus length and ellipticity between the FT0 and FT1 groups, but the sperm of the FT1 group was higher in perimeter and nuclear area, while that of the FT0 group was higher in roughness, regularity, midpiece length, and tail (p < 0.01). Expanding acrosome (Type 2) was more frequent in the FT2 group, but there was variation in head measurements between all morphological categories. Pregnancy rate, calving age, and mating age were higher in the FT0 group; meanwhile, the FT1 group initiated successful matings earlier (p < 0.01). The FT0 group had a higher fertility rate, and the age of mating and first calving were earlier in the FT1 group than the FT0 group, but no pregnancies were reported for the FT2 group. Photoperiodic stimulation can increase the morphometric dimensions of guinea pig spermatozoa, favoring the reproductive characteristics, but sunlight could reduce their size due to heat stress.

Статальность и пассивность причастий на -н/-т в русском языке

The question of participles on -n/-t, which in terms of the pledge category turn out to be marked members and in their morphological form constantly express a passive meaning, is considered. But the pledge in the Russian language is a morphological and syntactic category. It reflects the opposite both at the level of morphological forms and at the level of syntactic structures. From this position, the definition of collateral values is not scientifically justified only from the point of view of morphological features. The purpose of this article is to establish the differences between short forms of participles on -n/-t, which have a passive meaning, and short forms of participles on -n/-t, which have a static meaning. The materials of this article bring a certain theoretical significance to the category of the pledge of the Russian language.

A Pragmatic Approach to Translating Speech Acts in Religious Discourse

The present study investigates the relationship between pragmatics, as the study of the intended meaning of the speaker, and translation, as the process of transferring texts from a source language to a target language. It shows how pragmatic meaning is outstanding in the process of translation, particularly the translation of speech acts in Arabic religious texts. It is an attempt to highlight the role of pragmatics in translating speech acts and to show how syntax and semantics are not enough to preserve the real intended meaning. Moreover, it demonstrates that translating religious texts is not only a matter of following the common linguistic categories of morphology, syntax, lexis, and semantics, but it is also a matter of pragmatic meaning where the intended meaning in a particular context is an essential factor that preserves real meaning. Thus, the aim is to address an important level of translation, namely the pragmatic level. In accordance with this aim, it is hypothesized that translating Arabic religious texts involves problems at the pragmatic level where there are hurdles that should be overcome in the area of speech acts. These include the following as far as the topic and the data of the study are concerned: (1) the illocutionary force of some utterances is mistranslated, (2) no clear distinction is drawn between isolated and group speech acts, and (3) a speech act of one class is translated as another speech act belonging to another class; in other words, there is sometimes indeterminacy in translating speech acts and this indeterminacy can be resolved by reference to the global organization of the text. To this end, extracts from some translated Arabic religious texts are selected and the problems, as regard speech acts, are specified and analyzed. Then, the extracts are translated according to the suggested pragmatic approach which is more essential than the semantic approach.

O-289 Morphology should be prioritised over presumed mosaicism status in PGT-A cycles: data from a non-selection study of 2,621 embryo transfers

Abstract Study question Is morphological grade or presumed low-mosaicism status the most impactful parameter on live birth rate (LBR) when selecting the embryo to transfer in PGT-A cycles? Summary answer Among euploid/presumed low-mosaic embryos, morphology provides a better selection parameter for improving live birth in PGT-A cycles. What is known already NGS-based technologies enable the detection of intermediate chromosomal copy number (CN) values, which are commonly interpreted as embryonic chromosomal mosaicism. So far, studies showed that low morphological grade blastocysts are associated with poorer prognoses. Prospective blinded trials also showed that embryos displaying putative mosaic profiles produce comparable clinical outcomes to uniformly euploid ones. Nonetheless, scientific societies suggest different approaches on embryo prioritisation: PGDIS and COGEN advise a selection based on presence of mosaicism, while ESHRE suggests parallel evaluation of mosaicism and morphology. However, the combined effect of morphology and mosaicism on live birth rate (LBR) hasn’t yet been thoroughly investigated. Study design, size, duration This retrospective multisite cohort analysis is based on a euploid/low-mosaic non-selection study, where the presumed mosaicism was not disclosed to clinics and did not affect the embryo selection procedure. It includes 2,339 consecutive IVF/PGT-A treatments (January2018-December2021) that led to 3,999 transferable blastocysts (euploid or presumed mosaic &amp;lt;50%) and resulted in 2,621 frozen single embryo transfers (SETs). Morphological (i.e., good/poor quality) and chromosomal (i.e., euploid/mosaic) features were assessed. Clinical outcomes were followed up for each subgroup. Participants/materials, setting, methods Morphological grading was assessed using Gardner’s criteria, &amp;lt;BB for poor-quality and &amp;gt;BB for good-quality embryos. PGT-A analysis and CN values calculations were performed on IonTorrentS5 and Ion-Reporter software (ThermoFisher). Based on raw NGS data, CN variations &amp;lt;30% and 30%-50% were internally categorised euploidy and mosaicism, respectively. Nevertheless, embryos belonging to either category were reported to clinics as euploid. The association between morphology, chromosomal status, and LBR was evaluated using Fisher’s exact test and multivariate analysis. Main results and the role of chance In this study population, low-mosaicism had an incidence of 15.8% (N = 630/3,999; 95%CI:14.7-16.9). Overall, LBR and miscarriage rate did not differ between euploid and presumed mosaic SETs: 45.0% vs. 44.8% (P=NS), and 11.2% vs. 13.2% (P=NS), respectively. Also, euploid and presumed mosaic embryos showed similar incidence of poor morphology (7.4% vs. 9.7%; P=NS). In the good-quality category, LBR and miscarriage rate were 46.2% vs. 44.8% (P=NS), and 11.3% vs. 13.1% (P=NS) for euploid and presumed mosaic embryos, respectively. In the poor-quality category, LBR was 21.0% vs. 23.8% (P=NS), respectively; whilst miscarriage rates could not be compared due to insufficient number of cases across the whole morphological category (N = 4/33). Accordingly, the focused scenario that employed poor-quality uniformly euploid embryos instead of good-quality mosaic embryos showed the highest impact on LBR (21.0% vs. 44.8%; P &amp;lt; 10-5). Finally, the proportion of cases where both selection strategies (i.e., mosaicism vs. morphology) could be applied accounted for 6.1% (N = 44/717; 95%CI:4.6-8.1) of all cycles where &amp;gt;1 transferable embryo was available (N = 717/2,339). Limitations, reasons for caution The results were obtained through the analysis of raw NGS data independent from any proprietary diagnostic algorithm or chromosome-specific consideration commonly used by PGT-A laboratories. These findings concern putative whole-chromosome mosaic aneuploidies only and cannot be extended to segmental mosaic configuration. Follow-up studies in prenatal diagnosis are needed. Wider implications of the findings This study suggests that, when selecting embryos for transfer, morphological grading should be considered as a higher criterion than low-mosaic conformation (i.e., mosaicism &amp;lt;50% of copy-number). Reporting mosaicism based on intermediate copy-number categorization ranges &amp;lt;50% appears to provide no clinical utility in the current technological landscape. Trial registration number not applicable

P-274 Clinical limitations of manual oocyte quality scoring by embryologists are overcome by an artificial intelligence (AI) oocyte image analysis tool

Abstract Study question Do manual embryologist annotations (individual/combined) of dysmorphisms within mature denuded oocytes display better correlation with blastocyst development compared to an AI oocyte assessment tool? Summary answer Manual scoring cannot reliably determine oocyte quality in comparison to oocyte assessments by an AI image analysis tool (MAGENTA), which significantly correlates with blastocyst formation. What is known already Despite the importance of oocyte quality on blastocyst development, there is no validated visual oocyte assessment employed in clinical practice. While individual oocyte dysmorphisms can be identified, none have been shown to consistently correlate with laboratory and reproductive outcomes. Even when manual oocyte scoring systems have been employed to aggregate multiple dysmorphisms, correlations to blastocyst development fall short. An AI image analysis tool (MAGENTA) has been trained to correlate parameters of the mature denuded oocyte, including those that may be imperceptible to the human eye, to reproductive outcomes, producing more objective, accurate and time-saving assessments. Study design, size, duration A retrospective dataset consisting of 1009 mature denuded oocytes from 166 IVF-ICSI patients attending Bahçeci Umut ART Centre (Istanbul, Turkey) during 2016-2019 was assessed. 879 oocytes were included in the final data analysis, after removing oocytes with missing manual morphological assessments, lab outcomes (fertilization and blastocyst development), or whose static images could not be linked to outcomes. The resulting 879 oocytes correspond to 149 patients from ages 22-45 (mean age of 33.9 years old). Participants/materials, setting, methods Two embryologists, blinded to outcomes, retrospectively annotated oocyte images for 7 dysmorphism categories: shape/size, cytoplasmic granularity, polar body fragmentation, zona pellucida thickness, perivitelline space thickness, smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) presence, and vacuole presence. Annotations were assigned points and combined into an overall manual score ranging from 0-10 based on a recent review (Bartolacci 2022). Each, previously unseen, oocyte image was analyzed by MAGENTA, assigning a score (0-10), where increasing scores correlate to greater blastocyst development. Main results and the role of chance The correlation between each of the 7 observed morphological categories and blastocyst outcome were assessed individually using the Chi-squared test. Only the presence of SER was found to be significantly correlated with whether an oocyte became a blastocyst (p &amp;lt; 0.05), however the sample size was small (27 out of 879; 3% of the dataset). Manual and MAGENTA scores were each assessed for correlation to blastocyst outcome by Welch’s two-sample t-test. The mean manual score for the whole dataset is 9.2. No differences in mean manual score were observed between oocytes that developed into blastocysts (9.1) and those that did not (9.2). The manual scoring system assigns a score of 10 unless dysmorphisms are noted, defaulting to the assumption that oocytes are of high quality unless noted otherwise. This is reflected in the skewed distribution of most oocytes receiving high scores due to a lack of visible dysmorphisms. Conversely, the mean MAGENTA score for the whole dataset is 4.2. Oocytes that developed into blastocysts had a significantly higher mean MAGENTA score (4.7) compared to oocytes that did not (4.2) (p &amp;lt; 0.05). The distribution of the MAGENTA scores were more evenly distributed across the entire spectrum of scores (0-10). Limitations, reasons for caution To avoid reducing sample size, male factor influence on blastocyst development was not removed. Manual oocyte annotations were performed retrospectively, consequently allowing embryologists more time to assess than typically available. The number of oocytes with polar body fragmentation was too few to appropriately assess with the Chi-squared test. Wider implications of the findings Because oocyte dysmorphisms are rare, subjective, and don’t consistently correlate with blastocyst development, annotating them is clinically nonbeneficial and an inefficient use of an embryologist’s time. MAGENTA oocyte assessments are immediate, objective, correlate with blastocyst development, and are easily incorporated into a laboratory workflow for improved clinical insights and decision-making. Trial registration number Not applicable.

Classification of Maxillofacial Morphology by Artificial Intelligence Using Cephalometric Analysis Measurements.

The characteristics of maxillofacial morphology play a major role in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. While Sassouni's classification scheme outlines different categories of maxillofacial morphology, there is no standardized approach to assigning these classifications to patients. This study aimed to create an artificial intelligence (AI) model that uses cephalometric analysis measurements to accurately classify maxillofacial morphology, allowing for the standardization of maxillofacial morphology classification. This study used the initial cephalograms of 220 patients aged 18 years or older. Three orthodontists classified the maxillofacial morphologies of 220 patients using eight measurements as the accurate classification. Using these eight cephalometric measurement points and the subject's gender as input features, a random forest classifier from the Python sci-kit learning package was trained and tested with a k-fold split of five to determine orthodontic classification; distinct models were created for horizontal-only, vertical-only, and combined maxillofacial morphology classification. The accuracy of the combined facial classification was 0.823 ± 0.060; for anteroposterior-only classification, the accuracy was 0.986 ± 0.011; and for the vertical-only classification, the accuracy was 0.850 ± 0.037. ANB angle had the greatest feature importance at 0.3519. The AI model created in this study accurately classified maxillofacial morphology, but it can be further improved with more learning data input.

PODCASTS IMPACTS IN TEACHING SPEAKING SKILLS TO JORDANIAN EFL UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS

English plays a vital role in ensuring flawless communication and interaction amongst people. This study aims to investigate the speaking enhancement throughout podcasting use as a teaching method. Besides, it focuses on how this podcasting enhances speaking of English language. In this study, the researcher focuses on university students in Jordan. In order to achieve such aims, this study employed quasi-experimental design. The findings concluded based on the lecturers’ observation during implementing speaking test that EFL students committed several speaking errors and these errors are found to be caused due to lack of vocabulary, pronunciation difficulties, grammar differences, listening difficulties, tenses, morphological error categories, and preposition use. It also found that students are positively affected by the use of technology-based teaching approach (podcast), additionally, it is concluded that technology-based approach positively affected students’ speaking skill. This study recommends that teachers and students should focus when improving speaking skills on the use of technology tools. In addition, it is recommended to conduct further studies focusing on the causes of speaking difficulties.

Cümlədə konversiyanin sintaktik funksiyasi

The article is devoted to one of the actual problems of grammer. Not only in Azerbaijani and Russian, but also, in linguistics in general, asymmetry at the grammatical level has a more complex character. It is manifested both in the system as a whole and in the structure of grammatical units and their functionality. The article talks about the transition of words from one part of speech to another part of speech, which is one of the forms of existence of grammatical asymmetry. In the transition process, no changes are made in the layer and cover of the word, the forms overlap. Basically, the functional character of the relations between these forms is revealed, as well as different paradigms are clarified. In substantivization, the syntactic function appears in the background. Any morphological category that is substantiated acts in the role of subject and object, and this manifests itself as a regularity.

Word Formation by Reduplication Method in Modern Turkic Languages

There are examples of grammaticalisation in various forms in Turkic languages. Reduplication attracts attention both as a grammatical sign and as one of the ways of word formation. Repetition is one of the grammatical categories functionally used in Turkic languages. This article examines examples from old and modern Turkic languages. It explains with examples that the method of reduplication is used in Turkish as a method of word formation, as in some other world languages. In addition, some language units formed by repetition are tried to explain by the theory of grammar and are dealt with from examples in which reduplication creates the inflectional features in semantic and morphological categories. The method of reduplication in languages where it is used as a grammatical sign, grammatical categories such as augmentative, limitation, frequency, transition, etc., can be mentioned by forms with different phonological values, such as full or partial reduplication. The reduplication formed by the repetition of a word in the first stage represents the intermediate stage before the completion of word formation in the second stage. It is a semantic description of the newly formed word. There are many lexical units in the orthographic dictionary of the Azerbaijani language, which are words formed by the method of reduplication. The reproduction process is less productive than morphological, syntactic, lexical and other word-formation methods. Still, as a result, there is such a method in the grammatical structure of Turkic languages.

Linguistic Change and Metre: A Reply

In a recent article, Ad Putter discusses apparent exceptions to the norms governing metrical treatment of weak adjectives in the verse of Geoffrey Chaucer, John Gower, and Thomas Hoccleve. Putter advances a purely linguistic explanation for these poets’ variable counting or discounting of inflectional -e in two adjectives whose roots end in /i/ in Middle English, ‘high’ and ‘sly’: The rule applies generally to monosyllabic adjectives, but not to ‘high’ and ‘sly’, where pronunciation of final -e had become optional. The main reason for this, I would suggest, is that final -e was recessive after /i/… . Since Gower and Chaucer were both contemporaries and Londoners, it is reasonable to suppose that the loss of inflectional -e in this specific phonological environment reflected developments in the language of London.1 Yet there exists a long-recognized, well-formed metrical subrule that accounts for nearly all of the counterexamples Putter adduces. This is that the inflectional -e of weak adjectives regularly drops out of metre before a word with aft stress.2 Of the thirty-one examples Putter cites of ‘high’ or ‘sly’ without expected metrical -e in Chaucer, Gower, and Hoccleve, fully twenty-eight are covered by the subsidiary rule because in these cases ‘high’ or ‘sly’ precedes a word with aft stress.3 It is easy to understand the convenience of the aft stress rule for iambic verse, as otherwise poets would be obliged to crowd two unstressed syllables into a single weak position, a disfavoured arrangement, or else to minimize the use of words with aft stress, which are common in Middle English. Many other adjectives than ‘high’ and ‘sly’ exhibit the same alternation between metrical forms with -e and metrical forms without -e. Derek Pearsall cites examples from Chaucer involving ‘fair’, ‘good’, ‘great’, ‘old’, ‘small’, ‘such’, and ‘young’.4 Needless to say, none of these adjectives ends in /i/. The deciding factor for this morphological category, one must conclude, is not phonology at all. Rather, the metrical shape of the following word in the line governs the metrical–phonological form taken by the weak adjective. As Steven R. Guthrie puts it succinctly, ‘the explanation is metrical, not grammatical’.5 Nor is the rule mere tautology, as if one had said, ‘in alternating-stress metres, stresses alternate’, for the rule does not cover the case where the word following the weak adjective is monosyllabic and occupies a metrically weak position in the metre through metrical demotion. The sequence the (metrically unstressed) + [weak adjective without -e] (metrically stressed) + [monosyllabic word] (metrically unstressed), while grammatically and metrically conceivable, was avoided by Chaucer, Gower, and Hoccleve. The aft stress rule is admittedly recherché, a metrical finesse only sporadically recognized in existing scholarship on Chaucerian metres, but it illustrates the broader conclusion that metrical -e in Chaucer, Gower, and Hoccleve cannot be conflated with linguistic -e without qualifications.

A combined diagnostic approach for the investigation of lesions resembling aspergillosis in Caribbean sea fans (Gorgonia spp.).

Aspergillosis of gorgonian sea fans is a Caribbean-wide disease characterized by focal, annular purple pigmentation with central tissue loss. We applied a holistic diagnostic approach including histopathology and a combination of culture and direct molecular identification of fungi to evaluate these lesions with the goal of determining the diversity of associated micro-organisms and pathology. Biopsies were collected from 14 sea fans without gross lesions and 44 sea fans with lesions grossly consistent with aspergillosis in shallow fringing reefs of St. Kitts. Histologically, the tissue loss margin had exposure of the axis and amoebocyte encapsulation with abundant mixed micro-organisms. Polyp loss, gastrodermal necrosis, and coenenchymal amoebocytosis were at the lesion interface (purpled area transitioning to grossly normal tissue) with algae (n = 21), fungus-like hyphae (n = 20), ciliate protists (n = 16), cyanobacteria (n = 15), labyrinthulomycetes (n = 5), or no micro-organisms (n = 8). Slender, septate hyaline hyphae predominated over other morphological categories, but were confined to the axis with little host response other than periaxial melanization. Hyphae were absent in 6 lesioned sea fans and present in 5 control biopsies, questioning their pathogenicity and necessary role in lesion causation. From cultivation, different fungi were isolated and identified by sequencing of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region. In addition, 2 primer pairs were used in a nested format to increase the sensitivity for direct amplification and identification of fungi from lesions, thereby circumventing cultivation. Results suggest mixed and opportunistic infections in sea fans with these lesions, requiring longitudinal or experimental studies to better determine the pathogenesis.

Teaching the Georgian subject in a High School

Teaching the Georgian subject&nbsp; in a high school is connected with some difficulties. The main reason of the difficulty is the fact that students have no knowledge about the morphological categories of Georgian verb. The programs and school volumes are very poor. Our aim is to avoid these mistakes and look for effective methods of teaching.

THE CATEGORY OF MODALITY IN THE INTERPRETATION OF THE SCIENTIST K.MAMADIL

The article is based on the dissemination of scientific views on the category of modality in Kazakh linguistics. The author, differentiating the work of the scientist K. Mamadil, offers a different look at the nature of the topic termination. The article proposes to consider modal units, the most recognized morphological category, on the other side of linguistics. This is the lexical character of modal words. Here the emphasis is not only on the obligatory, predictable tone of modality, but also on the nature of their homonymization, synonymization. Secondly, the modal category is indicated as the main tool for creating an impersonal sentence type. Therefore, its syntactically character is revealed. Thirdly, it is argued that the scientific and theoretical proposals formed by the scientist K. Mamadil regarding the composition, structure and models of the modal structure of the verb can also be used in the recognition of other units of the language. This corresponds to the linguo-mathematical principles of the scientist's theme, and are recognized as the main ways of its implementation. All these designations were decided on the basis of the findings of Kazakh, Russian, German scientists. And he is responsible for the nature of the learning of contactology. In particular, such a principle affects the internal, external relationship of science, more precisely, morphosyntactic, lexico-syntactic and lingua-mathematical. In conclusion, it should be noted that the compositional-structural models proposed by K. Mamdil have priority in determining the functions of a constrained combination and a contact combination, which are already recognized as a syntactic unit. Indeed, although such scientific statements have a qualitative consistency in the field of phonetics and morphology of Kazakh linguistics, it is not possible to find the necessary conclusions from syntactic differences. Also, the homonymous and synonymous reasoning proposed by K. Mamadil opens the way to revealing the contactological nature of linguistics. It is clear that this feature underlies lexico-syntactic relations in the field of linguistics and will be an indispensable model for the main measurements of future research.

Raptors bred in captivity: semen characteristics and assisted reproduction outcome in goshawk (Accipiter gentilis).

Three sexually mature goshawks reared in captivity and imprinted on humans to express reproductive behavior according to the cooperative method were studied for three consecutive breeding seasons to assess the quality of their sperm. The following parameters were analyzed: ejaculate volume and sperm concentration, motility, viability, and morphology. Ejaculate volume, sperm concentration and motility fluctuated along the reproductive season, revealing the greatest quality of the reproductive material at full springtime (i.e., April). Motility of the sperm collected in March strongly reduced with age, contrary to samples collected in April or May. Sperm viability was not influenced by either age or month of collection within each season. Ultrastructural investigations provided information on normal sperm morphology for the first time in this species. The morphological categories of sperm defects in fresh semen, present at low percentages, are also described. Functional analyses (perivitelline membrane assay and artificial inseminations) confirmed the good quality of the semen obtained using the cooperative method. The reported data provide the basis for further studies aimed at developing protocols to improve the outcome of artificial insemination and semen cryopreservation in the goshawk as well as other bird of prey species.

A New Approach to Empirical Optimization of Laser Powder Bed Fusion Process for Ti6Al4V Parts

Optimization of all the process parameters for laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF), considering the effects of individual parameters on Ti6Al4V fabricated parts, can be complex and challenging. Therefore, for the first time, the effects of three main variable process parameters (laser power, scan speed, and hatch spacing) on three outcomes parameters (surface roughness, bulk porosity, and production rate of parts) were studied in this work. Then, the combination of above-mentioned process parameters in the form of volumetric energy density (VED) was investigated in order to establish a practical method for optimization of process parameters for making Ti6Al4V parts with the desired quality targets, i.e., the smoothest surface, the lowest bulk porosity and a higher production rate. It was revealed that although VED is a reliable metric for the optimization of process parameters, some thresholds and ranges should be considered for all three parameters of laser power, scan speed, and hatch spacing. It was demonstrated that by employing an optimum laser power of 180 W or 270 W and changing the scan speed and hatch spacing to keep VED in the range of 50-100 J/mm3, fabrication of samples with micro-roughness Ra < 10 µm and bulk porosity less than 0.15% is achievable. In addition, the surface of the L-PBF fabricated parts may appear in two categories of surface morphology; wavy surface classified “meso-roughness topography” and non-wavy surface termed “micro-roughness”. Since there was not any correlation between the value of roughness of samples with meso-rough surface and their bulk porosity, and besides, their process parameters were far from optimized parameters, the samples with meso-rough surface were not included in the final results. However, it was realized in the samples with micro-rough surfaces, the value of their micro-roughness could accurately indicate the porosity content of Ti6Al4V samples.

Нова класификация на частите на речта в съвременния български език. Таксономични термини и принципи

In building my classification model, I have made several important theoretical up-dates and justifications. I take the term “word class” to be more accurate than “part of speech”, since the subject of discussion is the typological segmentation of lexemes. In this sense, the characteristics expressed by a word independently, without the need for context, acquire special significance in a taxonomy. Most prominently, these features are a word’s morphologically (inflectionally) conditioned grammatical meanings that make up the relevant morphological categories. This is the reason why in classifying variable lexemes in Bulgarian, I attribute a primary role to the morphological factor. I put forward the idea that a word class should include words with the same formative potential, expressing respectively the same grammemes and morphological categories. As a further condition for distinguishing an autonomous class, I propose a requirement that at least one semantically specific morphological category should be expressed. When establishing the taxonomic work base, I do not ignore the logical-semantic and the syntactic operational criteria. According to the former, words are defined as denotative or non-denotative, designators, attributes, attributes of attributes, substituting words, etc. According to the latter, lexemes belonging to one and the same part of speech must have identical syntactic functions. This factor takes on a leading role in the classification of invariable words.

Female and male microglia are not different in the dentate gyrus of postnatal day 10 mice

Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, support normal brain function and the brain’s response to disease and injury. The hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) is important for microglial study due to its central role in many behavioral and cognitive functions. Interestingly, microglia and related cells are distinct in female vs. male rodents, even in early life. Indeed, postnatal day (P)-dependent sex differences in number, density, and morphology of microglia have been reported in certain hippocampal subregions at specific ages. However, sex differences in the DG have not yet been assessed at P10, a translationally relevant time point as the rodent neuroanatomical eqivalent of human term gestation. To address this knowledge gap, Iba1+ cells in the DG (which are enriched in the Hilus and Molecular Layer) in female and male C57BL/6J mice were analyzed for their number (via stereology) and density (via stereology and via sampling). Next, Iba1+ cells were classified into morphology categories previously established in the literature. Finally, the percent of Iba1+ cells in each morphology category was multiplied by total cell number to generate a total number of Iba1+ cells in each category. Results show no sex difference in Iba1+ cell number, density, or morphology in the P10 Hilus or Molecular Layer. The lack of sex difference in Iba1+ cells in P10 DG using commonly-employed methodologies (sampling, stereology, morphology classification) provides a baseline from which to interpret microglia changes seen after injury.