Carbon Fiber Brush Research Articles

Analysis of Anodes of Microbial Fuel Cells When Carbon Brushes Are Preheated at Different Temperatures

The anode electrode is one of the most important components in all microbial electrochemical technologies (METs). Anode materials pretreatment and modification have been shown to be an effective method of improving anode performance. According to mass loss analysis during carbon fiber heating, five temperatures (300, 450, 500, 600, and 750 °C) were selected as the pre-heating temperatures of carbon fiber brush anodes. Microbial fuel cell (MFC) reactors built up with these pre-heated carbon brush anodes performed with different power densities and Coulombic efficiencies (CEs). Two kinds of measuring methods for power density were applied, and the numerical values of maximum power densities diverged greatly. Reactors with 450 °C anodes, using both methods, had the highest power densities, and the highest CEs were found using 500 °C anode reactors. The surface elements of heat-treated carbon fibers were analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), and C, O, and N were the main constituents of the carbon fiber. There were four forms of N1s at the surface of the polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based carbon fiber, and their concentrations were different at different temperature samples. The microbial community of the anode surface was analyzed, and microbial species on anodes from every sample were similar. The differences in anode performance may be caused by mass loss and by the surface elements. For carbon brush anodes used in MFCs or other BESs, 450–500 °C preheating was the most suitable temperature range in terms of the power densities and CEs.

Experimental characterisation of carbon fibre brush seal leakage performance as a function of bristle pack geometrical parameters under dry conditions

ABSTRACTOver the last decades, it has been progressively acknowledged that reducing the specific fuel consumption and the emission of pollutants, as well as improving the thrust-to-weight ratio involves extensive research on advanced sealing technologies. Amongst these, brush seals are particularly well considered for their excellent leakage performance, their low friction properties, and their ability to cope with inevitable rotor excursions during flights. This paper presents the experimental work that has been carried on in order to characterise carbon fibre brush seals leakage rate in function of the bristle pack geometry, under different pressure loads and rotational speeds. The analysed parameters are the bristle-free length, the density and the inter-plate distance. The work, performed by the ULB (Université Libre de Bruxelles) in collaboration with French engine manufacturer Safran Aircraft Engines, highlights specific behaviour of carbon fibre brush seals under differential pressure, proposes a leakage prediction model developed through empirical equations, and discusses over the most influential parameters that influence the air consumption of a brush seal.

Clariant's introduces EnviCat VOC catalyst

A polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber brush (PAN-CFB) was electrochemically modified and efficiently used as cathode for H2O2 electrogeneration in electro-Fenton process. H2O2 generation performance and energy consumption for PAN-CFB cathode before and after modification were evaluated and compared. For electrochemically modified PAN-CFB (EMPAN-CFB) cathode, the maximal H2O2 concentration (approx. 80 mg L−1 by 1000 C charge, >90% current efficiency) appeared at −0.4 and −0.5 V vs. SCE, a ca. 500 mV positive shift compared with the pristine one, showing desirable stability without performance decay after 30 cycles utilization. Moreover, the influence of the distance between anode and cathode as well as the electrolyte concentration on the energy consumption for H2O2 generation was investigated, with obviously reduced energy consumption for the EMPAN-CFB cathode. Finally, methyl orange was decolorized via electro-Fenton process using the EMPAN-CFB cathode and rapid color removal was accomplished in 5 min following the pseudo-first-order kinetic model with high correlation.

Improved performance of latent heat energy storage systems utilizing high thermal conductivity fins: A review

A review of the analytical, computational, and experimental studies directed at improving the performance of phase change material-based (PCM) latent heat energy storage systems that utilize high thermal conductivity fins is presented. Spanning over many decades, managing of heat generation associated with electronics utilized for early work on aeronautics and space exploration was emphasized, with later extensions to waste heat recovery, passive thermal management of computing platforms, and energy storage for solar thermal applications. The focus of this review is placed on investigations that deal with utilization of non-moving fins/extended surfaces with high conductivity. Aluminum, brass, bronze, copper, iron, mild steel, nickel, and stainless steel were the metal-based fin materials of choice utilized to promote heat transfer, whereas carbon fiber brushes were also used. A variety of phase change materials including pure/commercial paraffins, carbonate mixtures, polyethylene glycol, chloride mixtures, fluorides, asphalt, water, nitrite and nitrate mixtures, stearic acid, dodecanoic acid, and lauric acid, covering melting temperatures in the range of 0–735 °C, was used. Both freezing and thawing of phase change materials within a variety of thermal energy storage container geometries and heat exchange operating conditions were reported. More recent studies have highlighted the important role of convection, particularly in situations involving melting. The formation of thermally unstable fluid layers responsible for improved mixing and expedited thawing of PCM was also highlighted. It was found that the number of fins (or fin-pitch) and fin length have far stronger effects on the performance of the storage system than those caused by fin thickness and fin orientation. At the same time, insertion of fins will weaken buoyancy-driven convection, which is well-known to play an important role in the melting process. Therefore, the conflict between enhancement of the effective thermal conductivity and simultaneous suppression of the buoyancy effect should be considered by the designer through selecting the optimum positions and orientation of the fins. A generalized finding of these studies underlines that in employing fins with high thermal conductivity, minimum-distance conducting pathways that connect the extreme temperature of the heat storage system should be sought.

Applications of Electro-Fenton for Sustainable Water Treatment and Reuse: A Case Study in the Electronics Industry

Electrochemistry has an important role to play in increasing the sustainability and energy efficiency of water treatment and reuse systems. In Singapore for example, the water demand has been projected to more than double by 2060, with non-domestic water demand expected to account for 70% (560 millions of gallons per day). In this context, industrial water reuse is becoming a necessity and the electronics sector has been identified as one of the priority targets due to the extra-pure water requirements. The main issue with industrial water reuse is the removal of “hard-to-treat” contaminants and current interest is focusing on advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), because they produce highly oxidizing species like •OH radicals that can non-selectively mineralize all sorts of organic pollutants. Among them, electro-Fenton has emerged because of its many advantages, including ease of operation and high degradation rates of numerous organic pollutants, thanks to the recent development of improved electrode materials (e.g., carbon nanotubes, graphene, etc.) (1-3). In this work, we showcase the performance at lab-scale and pre-pilot scale of an electro-Fenton prototype to treat a real waste stream from a semi-conductor factory using a novel carbon-fiber brush cathode. First, the brush was fully characterized in terms of its electrical conductivity and surface area. Its interfacial charge-transfer resistance (R ct) – as determined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy – equaled 1.40 Ω. Cyclic voltammetry was used to determine the electroactive surface area of the electrode, which was found equal to 416 cm2, by using the Randles-Sevcik equation (Eq. 1): Ip = 2.69 × 105 × AD 1/2 n 1/2 γ 1/2 C (Eq. 1) where Ip is the peak current (A), n is the number of electrons participating in the redox reaction (n = 1), A is the area of the electrode (cm2), D is the diffusion coefficient of the molecule in solution (7.60 × 10-6 cm2 s-1), C is the concentration of the probe molecule in the bulk solution (1 × 10-5 mol cm-3), and γ is the scan rate of the potential perturbation (0.01 V s-1). The catalytic activity of the novel electrode was then assessed by its capacity to electrogenerate H2O2. Since H2O2 is an intermediate required to produce •OH in the electro-Fenton reaction (Eq. 2) and is easier to detect, due to its longer half-life, its production arguably constitutes a better indicator of the cathode efficiency than the generation of •OH (4, 5): H2O2 + Fe2+ → Fe3+ + •OH + HO- (Eq. 2) The influence of the current density (normalized to the cathode projected surface area) on H2O2 production through cathodic reduction of O2 was thus evaluated and the best results were obtained at 1.25 mA cm-2, yielding a specific maximum H2O2 concentration of 3.00 ± 0.12 mg-H2O2 L-1 cm-2. Upon addition of Fe2+ to trigger the electro-Fenton reaction following Eq. 2, a mineralization efficiency of 80% was attained within 3 hours using real wastewater from the microelectronics industry in a lab-scale batch setup (Fig. 1) and the energy requirement was as low as 0.14 kWh g-1of total organic carbon (TOC). Following these promising results, a continuous-flow pre-pilot scale prototype was designed and a computational flow simulation allowed optimizing various parameters, from electrode spacing to flowrate and mass transfer rates towards the electrodes (Fig. 2). The performance of this pre-pilot prototype was evaluated in the same conditions as the lab-scale reactor, confirming and even improving the results obtained at lab-scale with over 90% TOC removal reached within 3 hours (Fig. 1). However, the energy consumption increased with the intensity of the treatment from 0.8 KWh g-1 of TOC in the first hour to 1.34 kWh/g-1of TOC, after 3 hours, showing that electro-Fenton would be better used as a pre-treatment technology, over a limited period of time. Overall, these results demonstrate the potential of electro-Fenton as a water treatment and reuse technology and constitute an important step towards full-scale applications. A detailed technical economic assessment of the technology for industrial water reuse will be presented at the conference.

Improving the performance of microbial fuel cells by reducing the inherent resistivity of carbon fiber brush anodes

Abstract This study investigated the effect of carbon fibers as brush anode materials on the performance of microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Two types of carbon fibers with different electrical resistivity and functionality – polyacrylonitrile (PAN) ( ρ : 28.0 μΩ m) and pitch ( ρ : 2.05 μΩ m) were investigated. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis showed that the PAN- and pitch-based carbon fibers presented almost the same surface elements and functional groups, and there was no significant difference in microbial growth on the brush anodes. Current interrupt and steady discharging methods demonstrated the pitch-based carbon brush anodes had lower ohmic resistance and generated higher power density. After nitric acid treatment, the power density generated by the PAN- and pitch-based anodes increased by 29.3% and 26.7%, achieving 816 and 895 mW m −2 , respectively. Using pitch-based carbon fiber brush as anode attained better performance than the widely used PAN-based carbon brush. The acid treated pitch-based carbon fibers provide a promising alternative to highly efficient anode materials for the extensive application of MFCs.

ループ型カーボンファイバーブラシによる軽量・低起動トルクすべり軸受の提案

This paper addresses a novel lightweight and low starting torque bearing with looped carbon fiber brush (LCFB). LCFB simulates bristle of living being. Moreover, the static friction coefficient is nearly equal to the kinetic friction coefficient. By applying LCFB to a slide bearings, where a shaft is supported by multiple LCFBs, it is realized low starting torque bearings as well as lightness compared to conventional ball bearings. In this paper, we manufacture prototype LCFB slide bearings. With the bearings, we compare friction torque between LCFB slide bearings, slide bearings and deep groove ball bearings. As results, the ratio of starting torque to regular torque of LCFB slide bearing is from 0.93 to 1.07 which is smaller than that of the slide bearing. When micro-spline shaft is used as a mating material of LCFB slide bearing, the torque reduces because of decrease of real contact area between LCFB and mating materials. In addition, since LCFB utilize elastic deformation of fibers, LCFB slide bearings are not endurable in heavy radial load as high as load rating of ball bearing. Therefore, we define the load capacity of LCFB slide bearing from buckling load of a carbon fiber bundle to avoid overload state. We propose the load capacity as a design guideline of LCFB slide bearings.

Increasing Load Capacity of Low Starting Torque Slide Bearing with Looped Carbon Fiber Brush

Increasing Load Capacity of Low Starting Torque Slide Bearing with Looped Carbon Fiber Brush

Low pH, high salinity: Too much for microbial fuel cells?

Twelve single chambered, air-cathode Tubular Microbial Fuel Cells (TMFCs) have been filled up with fruit and vegetable residues. The anodes were realized by means of a carbon fiber brush, while the cathodes were realized through a graphite-based porous ceramic disk with Nafion membranes (117 Dupont). The performances in terms of polarization curves and power production were assessed according to different operating conditions: percentage of solid substrate water dilution, adoption of freshwater and a 35mg/L NaCl water solution and, finally, the effect of an initial potentiostatic growth.All TMFCs operated at low pH (pH=3.0±0.5), as no pH amendment was carried out. Despite the harsh environmental conditions, our TMFCs showed a Power Density (PD) ranging from 20 to 55mW/m2kgwaste and a maximum CD of 20mA/m2kgwaste, referred to the cathodic surface.COD removal after a 28-day period was about 45%.The remarkably low pH values as well as the fouling of Nafion membrane very likely limited TMFC performances. However, a scale-up estimation of our reactors provides interesting values in terms of power production, compared to actual anaerobic digestion plants. These results encourage further studies to characterize the graphite-based porous ceramic cathodes and to optimize the global TMFC performances, as they may provide a valid and sustainable alternative to anaerobic digestion technologies.

Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) Treatment with Sludge from Wastewater Treatment Plant in a Two-Chamber Microbial Fuel Cell

There are almost 46,000 abandoned mines all over the United States. These mines produce heavy-metal-rich sulfuric acid solution called acid mine drainage (AMD), which has brought long-term water and soil pollution impact, according to the US department of the interior [1]. Different technologies have been used to remediate the surface water, groundwater and soil contaminated by the AMD. These methods include physical, biological, and chemical methods which are generally chemical intensive or the treatment period is relatively long. A better approach for AMD treatment is using microbial fuel cell (MFC), a type of bioelectrochemical systems (BES). MFC uses microorganisms to convert the chemical energy in the biodegradable materials to electricity and at the same time removes the heavy metals in AMD by precipitation and enhances the pH of the drainage. Dry sludge from wastewater treatment plant was used as electron donors for the first time for AMD remediation in the MFC. This treatment technology offers a cheap and environmentally benign approach for integrated waste utilization, energy production and wastewater treatment. Using BES with different mechanisms, different heavy metals have been removed, such as nickel, copper, lead, cadmium and zinc. [2&3&4]. In this study, AMD was treated in the cathode chamber of the MFC with continuous air injection into the chamber, and dry sludge was placed in the anode chamber of the MFC. AMD samples were taken from an abandoned coal-mine in Illinois Coal Basin around Carbondale IL, and the dry sludge was from Carbondale Southeast Wastewater Treatment Plant in Carbondale, IL. The plant used activated sludge tank as secondary treatment process. The dry sludge was formed after activated sludge digestion and drying. Anion exchange membrane (Membrane International Inc) was used to separate the two chambers. Carbon fiber brush was used as the anode electrode, and platinum coated carbon sheet was used as the cathode electrode. With catalyst used, the removal speed of heavy metals can be enhanced. The volume of each chamber was 150 mL. The dry sludge in the anode chamber of the MFC was saturated with D.I. water and a mixture of bacteria from different sources was inoculated into the chamber. No external nutrients were added into the chamber as the dry sludge contains reach nutrition, including organic compounds and different salts. Air was injected into the cathode chamber filled with the AMD. A multimeter was used to record the whole cell potential with an external resistor of 1 kΩ resistance, and the potential of each half cell was also recorded by a data logger (DataLoggerInc) with an Ag/AgCl reference electrode placed in the cathode chamber. The results showed that the closed circuit voltage of the whole cell was kept increasing during the 5 days of operation with the maximum reached voltage of 0.1 V. With the density peak method, the internal resistance of the MFC was measured to be 650 Ω. The pH and the ORP of the AMD changed from 2.57 and 619.9 mV to 4.49 and 263.2 mV respectively after 5 days. White-gray colored precipitation was observed to be formed on the bottom of the cathode chamber. The color of the AMD was changed from yellow-brown before the test to transparent after 5 days. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was used to test the composition of the precipitate and to observe its morphology. The EDS test showed the existence of Al, Cu, and Fe in the precipitation. Precipitates with different sizes were formed with the maximum less than 5 µm. The preliminary results from this study indicated the possible treatment pathway of AMD by MFC with electricity generation during the treatment process and by using dry sludge from the wastewater treatment plant; no additional chemicals are needed for the treatment process.

Carbon Material Optimized Biocathode for Improving Microbial Fuel Cell Performance.

To improve the performance of microbial fuel cells (MFCs), the biocathode electrode material of double-chamber was optimized. Alongside the basic carbon fiber brush, three carbon materials namely graphite granules, activated carbon granules (ACG) and activated carbon powder, were added to the cathode-chambers to improve power generation. The result shows that the addition of carbon materials increased the amount of available electroactive microbes on the electrode surface and thus promote oxygen reduction rate, which improved the generation performance of the MFCs. The Output current (external resistance = 1000 Ω) greatly increased after addition of the three carbon materials and maximum power densities in current stable phase increased by 47.4, 166.1, and 33.5%, respectively. Additionally, coulombic efficiencies of the MFC increased by 16.3, 64.3, and 20.1%, respectively. These results show that MFC when optimized with ACG show better power generation, higher chemical oxygen demands removal rate and coulombic efficiency.

Accumulation of intermediate denitrifying compounds inhibiting biological denitrification on cathode in Microbial Fuel Cell.

BackgroundBio-cathode denitrifying microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a promising bio-electrochemical system (BES) where both the reactions of anodic oxidation and cathodic reduction are catalyzed by microorganisms. In this nitrogen removal process, a complete biological denitrification from nitrate (NO3-) to molecular nitrogen (N2) was achieved by four reduction steps, forming nitrite (NO2−), nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (N2O) as intermediate compounds. These enzymatic catalysis reductions are often slowed down on cathode electrode at the higher cathodic nitrate loading. This study investigated the cause for inhibition of the biological denitrification in a three-chambered MFC where the middle chamber acted as denitrifying bio-cathode and the two chambers at the side acted as bio-anode. Carbon fiber brushes were used as electrodes and nafion membranes were used as separator between the chambers.ResultsThe maximum power obtained was 14.63 W m−3 net cathodic compartment (NCC) (Rext =11.5Ω) at an optimum nitrate loading of 0.15 kg NO3−-N m−3 NCC d−1. The accumulation of one of the intermediate denitrifying compound, e.g., NO2− adversely affected biological denitrification rate on cathode. According to chemical kinetics, the accumulated NO2− will form free nitrous acid (FNA, HNO2) in aqueous chemical system spontaneously. The study showed that approximately 45 % of the current production and 20 % of the total denitrification was decreased at a FNA concentration of 0.0014 ± 0.0001 mg HNO2 – N L−1 with an equivalent nitrite concentration of 6.2 ± 0.9 mg NO2- - N L−1.ConclusionsThe novel biological process indicates the potential of using denitrifying bio-cathode MFC for green energy production.

An energy-saving production of hydrogen peroxide via oxygen reduction for electro-Fenton using electrochemically modified polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber brush cathode

Abstract A polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber brush (PAN-CFB) was electrochemically modified and efficiently used as cathode for H 2 O 2 electrogeneration in electro-Fenton process. H 2 O 2 generation performance and energy consumption for PAN-CFB cathode before and after modification were evaluated and compared. For electrochemically modified PAN-CFB (EMPAN-CFB) cathode, the maximal H 2 O 2 concentration (approx. 80 mg L −1 by 1000 C charge, >90% current efficiency) appeared at −0.4 and −0.5 V vs. SCE, a ca . 500 mV positive shift compared with the pristine one, showing desirable stability without performance decay after 30 cycles utilization. Moreover, the influence of the distance between anode and cathode as well as the electrolyte concentration on the energy consumption for H 2 O 2 generation was investigated, with obviously reduced energy consumption for the EMPAN-CFB cathode. Finally, methyl orange was decolorized via electro-Fenton process using the EMPAN-CFB cathode and rapid color removal was accomplished in 5 min following the pseudo-first-order kinetic model with high correlation.

Development and Optimization of the Electrostatic Precipitator with Superhydrophobic Surface (EPSS) Mark II for Collection of Bioaerosols

We recently developed an electrostatic collector for bioaerosols that electrostatically deposits biological particles onto a 3.2 mm electrode covered by a superhydrophobic substance. The deposited biological particles are removed and collected by rolling water droplets (20 or 40 microliter) which results in high concentration rates. The collector has been improved further by integrating it with an electrical charger. Here, we describe the development and optimization of the charger and collection chamber, while maximizing collection efficiency and minimizing particle loss. The resulting sampler is made of static dissipative material (e.g., Delrin), is shaped as a closed half cylinder, and is integrated with a charger. The sampler's round top section contains eight carbon fiber brushes (ion sources to charge particles), while its flat bottom section holds a rectangular collection electrode (254 × 3.2 mm) made of pressed carbon fiber and coated with a superhydrophobic material.The optimized configuration of...

Electrogeneration of hydrogen peroxide for electro-Fenton via oxygen reduction using polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber brush cathode

Polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber brush (PAN-CFB) cathode was used to electrogenerate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) via oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and to degrade phenol in electro-Fenton system. Due to inherent N-containing structure, PAN-CFB cathode generated H2O2 efficiently (current efficiency at 300mA>90%), showing high selectivity toward 2-electron ORR independent of medium (H2SO4, Na2SO4 or NaOH). Moreover, the influence of parameters such as applied current, cathodic potential, electrolyte concentration and volume as well as electrode distance on H2O2 electrogeneration was investigated in detail. Finally, the degradation of phenol was evaluated by ultraviolet (UV) spectra analysis and COD measurement. 86.2% of COD removal was achieved under the optimum conditions (pH 3, I=300mA, 0.3mmolL−1Fe2+) after 240min, meaning the almost complete degradation of phenol via electro-Fenton process using PAN-CFB cathode.

Performance evaluation of activated carbon-based electrodes with novel power management system for long-term benthic microbial fuel cells

Underwater benthic microbial fuel cell (BMFC) systems were studied as a long-term sustainable power source for low-energy aquatic instruments (e.g. sensors). Different electrode materials and a power management system (PMS) arrangement were investigated in the lab-scale BMFCs over 12 weeks. An activated carbon (AC) cathode without catalyst layer (CL) was examined as a low-cost cathode material, and the results showed that AC cathode with a diameter of 5 cm and 20% weight polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) was the most effective. Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) column was used as a cost-effective anode for biofilm growth. The efficiency and durability of GAC was compared with other anodes with high surface area (e.g. carbon fiber brush (CB) and activated carbon nanofibers (ACNF)). Although, CB and ACNF outperformed GAC, and could be used as the model anodes in underwater BMFCs, high mechanic strength and durability of GAC are advantageous for long-term operations in benthic applications. Evaluation of a caged BMFC system equipped with multiple pairs of AC cathode and GAC anode showed the peak power and current densities of 0.56 W/m2 and 0.25 A/m2 respectively. A PMS was developed and coupled with batch mode BMFC system, to boost the output voltage to 3.3 V necessary for the working load.

Electro‐Fenton Degradation of Methylene Blue Using Polyacrylonitrile‐Based Carbon Fiber Brush Cathode

AbstractA polyacrylonitrile‐based carbon fiber brush (PAN‐CFB) cathode was firstly used to decolorize and degrade methylene blue (MB) in Na2SO4 solution via electro‐Fenton reaction between H2O2 from oxygen reduction and ferrous ions (Fe2+) externally added. The optimal current value for H2O2 production was 300 mA, with a maximum H2O2 concentration of 185 mg L−1 and current efficiency of 68% after 60 min, indicating that PAN‐based CF is a promising electrode material for 2 e− oxygen reduction reaction. Additionally, the effect of different parameters, such as the initial pH of the dye solution, Fe2+ and initial dye concentration on the decolorization efficiency, and COD removal was thoroughly investigated in simulated wastewater containing MB. The results showed that the electro‐Fenton system using the PAN‐CFB cathode had a wide applicable pH range 3.00–7.00, and the optimal Fe2+ concentration was 0.3 mmol L−1. Moreover, under the conditions of 300 mA current, pH 3.00, and 0.3 mmol L−1 Fe2+, a nearly 100% color removal after 30 min, 95.9% chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and the low electrochemical energy consumption of 11.6 kWh kg−1 COD after 60 min for 100 mg L−1 MB solution were obtained.

Development of a UBFC biocatalyst fuel cell to generate power and treat industrial wastewaters

Agro-industry wastewaters normally contain high levels of organic matter and require suitable treatment before discharge. The use of Microbial fuel cells, a novel wastewater treatment, can provide advantages over existing treatment methods. In this study, an up-flow bio-filter circuit (UBFC) for treating wastewaters without chemical treatment or nutrient supplement, was developed to solve a clogging problem. The optimal conditions included an organic loading rate of 30.0 g COD/L-d, hydraulic retention time of 1.04 day, pH level of 5.6-6.5 and aeration at 2.0 L/min. External resistance of the circuit was tested. COD removal levels of 8.08, 20.1 and 26.67 g COD/L-d were obtained, while fed with sea food, biodiesel and palm oil mill wastewater, respectively. These rates are higher than for conventional technologies. The carbon fiber brush immobilized base increased the performance of the new UBFC by 17.54% over that obtained in a previous study, while the cost was slightly decreased about 4.48%.

S111033 カーボンファイバーブラシの静・動摩擦係数と摩耗低減方法([S111-03]第19回卒業研究コンテスト(3))

S111033 カーボンファイバーブラシの静・動摩擦係数と摩耗低減方法([S111-03]第19回卒業研究コンテスト(3))

508 カーボンファイバーブラシの摩擦特性(OS7-2 生産加工におけるトライボロジー2,OS7 生産加工におけるトライボロジー)

508 カーボンファイバーブラシの摩擦特性(OS7-2 生産加工におけるトライボロジー2,OS7 生産加工におけるトライボロジー)