Loading Capability Research Articles

Developing Soluplus®-Based Microparticle Amorphous Solid Dispersions with High Drug Loading for Enhanced Celecoxib Dissolution via Electrospraying.

Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) is one of the most studied strategies for improving the dissolution performance of poorly water-soluble drugs, but ASDs often have low drug loadings, thereby necessitating larger dosage sizes. This study intended to create Soluplus® (SOL)-based microparticle ASDs with high drug loading (up to 60 w/w%) and long-term stability (at least 16months) using electrospraying to enhance the dissolution of poorly water-soluble celecoxib (CEL). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses showed that the electrosprayed SOL-CEL microparticles were amorphous, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) data indicated the presence of hydrogen bonding between SOL and CEL in the microparticles, which helped stabilize the ASDs. In vitro dissolution studies demonstrated that these ASDs improved the CEL dissolution rate by up to 8.2-fold compared to the crystalline form. Electrospraying presents a promising alternative to conventional methods like hot-melt extrusion (HME) and spraying drying (SD) for the production of ASDs, providing simplicity, high drug loading capability and long-term stability, thus catering to a variety of poorly water-soluble drugs.

The integrating of environmental sustainability assessment by using bipolar complex fuzzy soft Aczel-Alsina aggregation operators with EDAS approach.

The act of responsibly engaging with the world is referred to as environmental sustainability. It entails preserving the world's ecosystems and natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations. Being forward-thinking is essential to environmental sustainability because many decisions have long-term effects on the environment. Now, environmental sustainability is dealing with other fields in their way. The environmental sustainability having up-down situations in two dimensions is worthy of investigation. Therefore, it deals in the environment of bipolar complex fuzzy soft (BCFS) Aczel-Alsina aggregation operators (AAAOs). Here, we want to use some suitable and dominant tools like evaluation based on distance from average solution (EDAS) approach. We will also handle the problem of environmental sustainability and will solve it through AAAOs with the EDAS method. Further, we take some materials of environmental sustainability and will solve it by the EDAS method with associated AOs. After this, we select the best material for its stability and loading capability.

Curcumin-Loaded ZIF-8 Nanomaterials: Exploring Drug Loading Efficiency and Biomedical Performance.

Curcumin (cur) possesses excellent therapeutic properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and healing-promoting effects. However, its biomedical application is impeded by its rapid degradation, limited bioavailability, and poor aqueous solubility. Zeolitic imidazole framework (ZIF-8), with a high surface area and tunable pore size, is designed and used as a cur delivery carrier to overcome these limitations. The synthesis of cur-loaded ZIF-8 involves a solvothermal method, followed by encapsulation of cur within the porous structure of ZIF-8. The amount of cur was varied to synthesize a series of panel cur-loaded ZIF-8. 0.5 mg/mL cur@ZIF-8 that showed higher drug loading efficiency (85.91 ± 1.26%) and drug loading capability (12.93 ± 0.19%) without changes in shape, size, crystallinity, chemical composition, and thermal stability of original ZIF-8. 0.5 mg/mL cur@ZIF-8 exhibited excellent surface area (1591.02 m2/g) and micropore volume (0.54 cm3/g). Cur@ZIF-8 demonstrated superior thermal stability and outstanding antibacterial properties, achieving 99% efficiency compared with free cur. It exhibited less cytotoxicity against human fibroblast cells and better antioxidant properties than ZIF-8. Furthermore, the drug release rate of cur@ZIF-8 is higher under acidic conditions, which promotes wound healing due to the acidic microenvironment of the skin. The biocompatibility and stability of cur@ZIF-8 nanoparticles highlight their potential as promising candidates for diverse biomedical applications.

Bioorthogonal oncolytic-virus nanovesicles combined bio-immunotherapy with CAR-T cells for solid tumors.

Various oncolytic viruses (OVs) have been adopted as therapeutic tools to increase the efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells against solid tumors. However, the therapeutic effect of OVs has been limited by pre-existing neutralizing antibodies and poor targeting delivery for systemic administration. Herein, we propose using bioorthogonal OV nanovesicles to boost the antitumor effects of CAR-T cells in solid tumors by reshaping the tumor microenvironment. Using a cell-membrane nanomimetic technique, we embedded artificial chemical ligands on cancer cell surfaces and then encapsulated lysoviral particles to obtain dual-targeted OV nanovesicles with bioorthogonal targeting and homologous recognition. OVs can be directly encapsulated into cancer cell nanovesicles and exhibit a liposome-like nanostructure, efficient loading, and excellent tumor-targeting capability. Encouragingly, OV nanovesicles efficiently induced tumor-cell apoptosis while sparing normal tissues and cells, thereby inhibiting tumor growth. Administration of viral nanovesicles effectively increased the secretion of anti-tumor cytokines such as IL-2, TNF-α and IFN-γ, and significantly promoted the infiltration and activation of CD8+CAR-T cells in tumors. Our data suggest that bioorthogonal OV nanovesicles hold great potential to overcome the limitations of CAR-T cells as monotherapies against solid tumors and, thus, drive the clinical application of combination therapy.

Morphological Features Influence the Drug Loading and Delivery Efficacy of Photoactivatable Gold Nanocarriers for Antitumor Photo/Chemotherapy.

Photoactivatable gold nanocarriers are transforming antitumor therapies by leveraging their distinctive physicochemical properties, enabling targeted drug delivery and enhanced therapeutic efficacy in cancer treatment. This study systematically investigates how surface topography and morphology of gold nanocarriers influence drug loading capacity, light-to-heat conversion efficiency, and overall therapeutic performance in photo/chemotherapy. We synthesized four distinct morphologies of gold nanoparticles: porous gold nanocups (PAuNCs), porous gold nanospheres (PAuNSs), solid gold nanocups (SAuNCs), and solid gold nanospheres (SAuNSs). By examining these morphologies, we isolated the effects of surface roughness, porosity, and inner cavity structures on the critical therapeutic parameters. Our findings reveal that PAuNCs exhibit superior drug loading capabilities due to their enhanced surface area and porosity, facilitating greater interaction with therapeutic agents. Whereas, dissolution kinetic modeling confirmed that porosity contributes to improve diffusion-controlled drug release. In vitro studies on HepG2 cancer cells demonstrated that PAuNCs markedly improved cellular uptake, resulting in a dramatic reduction in cell viability to 3% and a notable increase in apoptosis (60.45%). Under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, PAuNCs effectively induced localized hyperthermia (46.7 °C) and significantly inhibited tumor growth in an in vivo HepG2 tumor mice model compared with alternative nanogold morphologies. This research underscores the critical role of surface roughness, porosity, morphology, and cavitation in optimizing drug delivery and enhancing therapeutic outcomes of photoactivatable gold nanocarriers for collaborative photochemotherapy.

A Refined Model to Predict Boundary of Instability of Axial Compressors

A quantitative model to predict the boundary of instability of axial compressors based on their maximum loading capability is proposed in this paper, which is an improved version of the classic method of stalling pressure rise. The original model correlates the maximum pressure rise of a compressor to a characteristic geometric parameter, which is an analogue of the normalized length of diffusion in two-dimensional diffusers. However, the influence of the aspect ratio of the passage is overlooked in this analogy, which leads to significant discrepancies in its predictions for compressors, especially those with varying blade aspect ratios. Our model contains two improvements to address this issue. The first involves refining in the definition of the normalized length of diffusion, whereas the second introduces a supplementary correction factor for the aspect ratio of the blades. Nearly 20 low-speed compressor configurations, with variations in solidity, aspect ratio, tip clearance, and axial spacing, were tested to develop the proposed model. It can reduce error in the predicted stalling static pressure rise from 10% to 5%. Experimental data robustly verify the accuracy of our model, making it a more reliable predictive tool of instability boundary in the preliminary design of axial compressors.

Cell membrane fusion composite lipid nanocarrier: preparation and evaluation of anti-tumor effects.

With the advancements in nanotechnology and biomaterials science, the development of nanodrug delivery systems (Nano-DDSs) has provided opportunities for the realization of precise targeted treatment of malignant tumors. Liposomes have become a type of DDS with early clinical application and mature development due to their excellent tissue-targeting capacity and outstanding biocompatibility. However, several obstacles remain, such as recognition and clearance by the immune system, a short half-life, and poor tumor targeting. To address these problems, we propose a new method to transform liposomes, using fusion to reassemble the extracted natural cell membranes and artificial phospholipids to form a composite nanolipid carrier (recombined lipid nanocarriers (RLNs)). We evaluated the different types of cell membrane composite lipid nanocarriers based on parameters such as particle size, stability, drug loading and release capabilities, in vitro and in vivo tumor-targeting efficacy, and safety. The results indicated that these novel tumor cell-derived membrane fusion lipid nanocarriers exhibited promising antitumor effects and safety profiles, offering insights for precision cancer treatment.

Candle flame generated Co and Fe single atoms supported in soot as novel host for lithium-sulfur batteries with excellent electrochemical performance

By simply introducing metal salts into paraffin, Co and Fe single atoms dispersed in candle soot (CS) can be directly collected from the flame of home-made candles without any byproducts. STEM, XRD and XANES analysis demonstrate that Co and Fe exist in single atom state. The prepared Co-CS and Fe-CS, with high specific area and excellent sulfur loading capability, can be used as innovative host for cathode to assemble Li-S pouch cells, and exhibit excellent electrochemical performance with higher specific capacities (approximately 1250 mAh/g at 0.1 C with 7.5 mg/cm² sulfur loading) and improved cycling stability (retaining about 63 % of capacity after 50 cycles) than bare CS host. Meanwhile, density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrate that Fe-CS/Co-CS decrease the energy barriers of conversion reactions from Li2S8 to Li2S due to the increased binding energy between Co-CS/Fe-CS and LiPSs, therefore effectively mitigating the polysulfides shuttle effect. Such a strategy holds promise for practical cell-level designs in Li-S batteries.

A four in one nanoplatform: Theranostic bismuth-containing nanoMOFs for chemo-photodynamic- radiation therapy and CT scan imaging

Integration of different therapeutic performances into one platform is an innovative development for using multiple applications in real-time. In this paper, for the first time we exploited the concurrent capacity of radio and photosensitizing in a theranostic nanoMOFs based on bismuth, zirconium, and porphyrin. The porosity of nanoMOFs provided the capability of doxorubicin loading and chemotherapy besides enhanced photodynamic and radiation therapy (PDT & RT). Its PEGylation and aptamer (MUC1) immobilization endowed the platform with high biocompatibility and targeted tumor killing, respectively. In vitro assay exhibited that this aptamer immobilized DOX-loaded PEGylated MOF (Apt@DOX) produced more toxicity against 4 T1 cells compared to non-targeted nanoparticles (NP@DOX), especially when the treatment combined with PDT or/and RT. In vivo experiment also provided great results for tumor growth, survival rate, and body weight for 4 T1 bearing mice injected by Apt@DOX in combination with irradiation by 660 nm laser and/or exposure to 3 Gy dosage of X-ray radiation. The CT imaging of injected mice with targeted and non-targeted bismuth-based MOF introduced this nanoplatform as a promising CT contrast agent. Resultantly, we can present our as-synthesized nanoplatform as an efficient multifunctional theranostics with the ability of multimodal therapy and diagnostic performance.

β-cyclodextrin-modified carboxymethyl chitosan/hyaluronic acid-based crosslinked composite nanogels as a dual responsive carrier for targeting anti-tumor therapy

Advanced nanosized drug delivery systems can significantly improve efficacy and safety of first-line chemotherapeutics by enhancing tumor targeting. Herein, one-pot covalent crosslinking approach was developed to generate biodegradable tumor-targeted composite Nanogels from carboxymethyl chitosan, hyaluronic acid, cystamine and 6-ethylene-diamine-6-deoxy-β-cyclodextrin loaded with doxorubicin (DOX) for controlled intracellular DOX release. The optimized synthetic procedures generated Nanogels of about 190 nm in size and 28.3 % drug loading capability. DOX-loaded Nanogels was effectively internalized into tumor cells mainly by CD44 receptor-mediated endocytosis and rapidly released DOX in response to the high level of GSH in cytoplasm and acidic intracellular environments. DOX-loaded Nanogels significantly inhibited the tumor growth especially without appreciable side toxicities in 4 T1 tumor-bearing mice model owing to CD44 receptor-mediated active targeting and the passive targeting of Nanogels by enhanced permeation and retention effect. Overall, our newly developed composite Nanogels might be employed as a potentially effective therapeutic strategy for tumor therapy.

What can be observed in intervertebral cartilage endplate with aging? An animal model study of excessive axial mechanical loading.

The cartilage endplate (CEP) plays a crucial role as both a mechanical barrier and nutrient channel for the intervertebral disc, but it is vulnerable to excessive axial loading. We modified the Ilizarov external fixator and applied it to the CEP of the rat tail to impose diurnal, controllable excess axial loading. The objective was to measure morphological changes in the CEP when subjected to loading during the aging process. Two Kirschner wires were, respectively, inserted into the center of the eighth and ninth coccygeal vertebrae (Co8/9) of rat (n = 54) to apply axial loading to the CEP. A remote control device was used to establish the diurnal loading schedule. At the end of 4, 8, and 12-week periods, the Co8/9 CEPs in each group were analyzed using MRI, histological staining, and immunohistochemical staining techniques. The novel Ilizarov model that we modified successfully induced degeneration of the rat coccygeal CEP. MRI analysis revealed significant degenerative changes in the loaded Co8/9 CEP, including decreased signal intensity and the formation of Schmorl's nodes at 8 and 12 weeks. Histological examination showed progressive CEP degeneration (CEPD), characterized by decreased microporosity, thinning, and structural irregularities. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated a significant reduction in Aggrecan and Collagen II expression in the CEP and nucleus pulposus over time. Control and sham groups maintained normal CEP structure and composition throughout the study period. Excessive axial loading induced CEPD in the rat tail, primarily characterized by the formation of Schmorl's nodes and a reduction in CEP microporosity in this study. Our modified Ilizarov rat tail compression model, featuring stable and controllable axial loading capabilities, provided an alternative experimental paradigm for further investigation into CEPD.

Tailoring carrier-free nanoparticles based on natural small molecule assembly for synergistic anti-tumor efficacy

Interfacial modular assemblies of versatile polyphenols have attracted widespread interest in surface and materials engineering. In this study, natural polyphenol (tannic acid, TA) and nobiletin (NOB) can directly form binary carrier-free spherical nanoparticles (NT NPs) through synergistically driven by a variety of interactions (such as hydrogen bonding, oxidative reactions, etc.). The synthesis involves polyphenolic deposition on hydrophobic NOB nanoaggregates, followed by in situ oxidative self-polymerization. Interestingly, the assembled NT NPs exhibit controllable and dynamic changes in particle size during the initial stage. Ultimately, uniform and spherical NT NPs appear stable, with high loading capability, enabling incorporated NOB to preserve their function. Furthermore, in vitro evaluations demonstrate that the rational combination of polyphenol module and NOB can induce apoptosis and inhibit tumor metastasis for both lung cancer H1299 and human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cell lines. Notably, the optimized NT48 NPs were then verified in vivo experiments to achieve a promising synergistic anti-tumor efficacy. These findings not only provide new opportunities for the streamlined and sensible engineering of future polyphenol-based biomaterials, but also open up new prospects for the design of small-molecule nature phytochemicals.

Formulation optimization of chitosan surface coated solid lipid nanoparticles of griseofulvin: A Box-Behnken design and in vivo pharmacokinetic study

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are becoming increasingly favored for their robust biocompatibility and their capacity to enhance drug solubility, particularly for drugs with limited water solubility. This study delves into the effectiveness of the hot melt sonication technique in fabricating SLNs with high drug loading capabilities and sustained release characteristics. Griseofulvin (GF), chosen as a representative drug due to its poor water solubility, was encapsulated into SLNs composed of stearic acid. Optimization of chitosan-coated GF-loaded SLNs (CS-GF-SLN) was conducted using a Box-Behnken design. Utilizing the desirability approach, optimal parameters were determined, including a lipid quantity of 450.593 mg, chitosan content of 268.67 mg, and sonication duration of 2.14 h. These parameters resulted in a zeta potential of -34.8 mV and a particle size (PS) of 56.87 nm. Following optimization, the refined formulation underwent comprehensive assessment across various parameters. Notably, the drug encapsulated within SLNs exhibited sustained release over three days, as illustrated by the in-vitro drug release profile. The optimized formulation demonstrated a bioavailability enhancement by approximately 1.7 to 2.0 times compared to the conventional formulation. Furthermore, administration of drug-loaded SLNs to a macrophage cell line demonstrated no cytotoxicity, affirming their suitability as conventional drug delivery platforms for GF.

Unlocking of Hidden Mesopores for Enzyme Encapsulation by Dynamic Linkers in Stable Metal-Organic Frameworks.

Mesoporous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising supports for the immobilization of enzymes, yet their applications are often limited by small pore apertures that constrain the size of encapsulated enzymes to below 5 nm. In this study, we introduced labile linkers (4,4',4''-(2,4,6-boroxintriyl)-tribenzoate, TBTB) with dynamic boroxine bonds into mesoporous PCN-333, resulting in PCN-333-TBTB with enhanced enzyme loading and protection capabilities. The selective breaking of B-O bonds creates defects in PCN-333, which effectively expands both window and cavity sizes, thereby unlocking hidden mesopores for enzyme encapsulation. Consequently, this strategy not only increases the adsorption kinetics of small enzymes (<5 nm) such as cytochrome c (Cyt C) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP), but also enables the immobilization of various large-sized enzymes (>5 nm), such as glycoenzymes. The glycoenzymes@PCN-333-TBTB platform was successfully applied to synthesize thirteen complex oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, demonstrating high activity and enhanced enzyme stability. The dynamic linker-mediated enzyme encapsulation strategy enables the immobilization of enzymes exceeding the inherent pore size of MOFs, thus broadening the scope of enzymatic catalytic reactions achievable with MOF materials.

Unlocking of Hidden Mesopores for Enzyme Encapsulation by Dynamic Linkers in Stable Metal‐Organic Frameworks

AbstractMesoporous metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising supports for the immobilization of enzymes, yet their applications are often limited by small pore apertures that constrain the size of encapsulated enzymes to below 5 nm. In this study, we introduced labile linkers (4,4′,4′′‐(2,4,6‐boroxintriyl)‐tribenzoate, TBTB) with dynamic boroxine bonds into mesoporous PCN‐333, resulting in PCN‐333‐TBTB with enhanced enzyme loading and protection capabilities. The selective breaking of B−O bonds creates defects in PCN‐333, which effectively expands both window and cavity sizes, thereby unlocking hidden mesopores for enzyme encapsulation. Consequently, this strategy not only increases the adsorption kinetics of small enzymes (&lt;5 nm) such as cytochrome c (Cyt C) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP), but also enables the immobilization of various large‐sized enzymes (&gt;5 nm), such as glycoenzymes. The glycoenzymes@PCN‐333‐TBTB platform was successfully applied to synthesize thirteen complex oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, demonstrating high activity and enhanced enzyme stability. The dynamic linker‐mediated enzyme encapsulation strategy enables the immobilization of enzymes exceeding the inherent pore size of MOFs, thus broadening the scope of enzymatic catalytic reactions achievable with MOF materials.

Chitosan-melanin complex microsphere: A potential colonic delivery system for protein drugs

The characteristics and performance of chitosan-based colon delivery systems are significantly influenced by the method of preparation. Insect chitosan-melanin complex (CMC) may offer superior attributes over traditional shrimp and crab chitosan (CS) for colon-targeted administration. This study used dung beetle CMC as the carrier matrix and comprehensively examined the impact of various crosslinking techniques on the colonic drug delivery efficacy of microspheres, encompassing drug loading, swelling, drug release behavior, adhesion, enzymatic degradation, and absorption enhancement. The results indicate that F-TPPLC microspheres, crosslinked with a combination of formaldehyde and sodium tripolyphosphate, exhibit superior drug loading capabilities, optimal swelling behavior, and controlled in vitro drug release profiles in the colonic environment, along with excellent adhesion and enzymatic degradation properties within intestinal tract. Notably, these F-TPPLC microspheres increase paracellular permeability, possibly by disrupting the calcium-dependent adhesion junctions. In comparison to commercial CS, CMC demonstrates superior drug encapsulation efficiency, enhanced colonic drug release, adhesion, and absorption promotion, rendering it a favorable candidate as a carrier in colon-targeted drug delivery systems. Consequently, F-TPPLC microspheres derived from CMC are highly suitable for colon drug delivery applications and show promising potential for the oral delivery of peptide and protein-based therapeutics to the colon.

A market-based load regulation method for heterogeneous residential air-conditioning loads under cloud-edge collaboration

Residential air-conditioning load on the power demand side has gradually increased. The air-conditioning loads have thermal storage characteristics, and adjusting their temperature settings will not cause significant negative impacts to users, making them well-suited for demand response. In existing studies, load aggregators usually serve as demand response implementors, and reducing the energy consumption levels of air conditioning loads directly. However, this method often lacks a clear definition of the flexibility of individual air-conditioning units and fails to account for their variations. The absence of well-defined commodity characteristics for the flexible regulation potential complicates pricing, making it difficult to safeguard the interests of the load aggregator and each air-conditioning user. Furthermore, the diversity among residential air-conditioning loads introduces high-dimensional variables into demand response optimization, making it challenging to balance data security with computational efficiency. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a market-based load reduction method for heterogeneous residential air-conditioning loads using cloud-edge collaboration. First, the flexible adjustment capability of air-conditioning loads is defined as a tradable commodity. Then, a cloud-edge collaborative trading scheme is proposed to guarantee the benefits of the load aggregator and each air-conditioning user in a data-neutrality manner. Finally, a hybrid method based on encrypted clustering is developed to compute the optimal trading strategy, ensuring data security and computational efficiency. Simulation results based on data from the Austin area show that Pareto improvement is achieved compared to other load reduction schemes, and the proposed encrypted clustering method reduces computational complexity and data security risks compared to traditional analytical and iterative approaches.

Carrier-Free Biomimetic Organic Nanoparticles with Super-High Drug Loading for Targeted NIR-II Excitable Triple-Modal Bioimaging and Phototheranostics.

Multimodal near-infrared II (NIR-II) theranostics combined with nanotechnology have emerged as promising treatments for cancer due to their noninvasive and high spatiotemporal nature. Traditional NIR-II theranostics typically comprise useless and massive inert carriers, resulting in low drug loading capacity, reduced therapeutic effects, and potential biotoxicity. To overcome these limitations, this work reports carrier-free NIR-II theranostics simultaneously with high drug loading capacity and multimodal NIR-II imaging capabilities for cancer phototheranostics in the NIR-II window. Carrier-free BTA nanoparticles (NPs) are prepared by self-assembling the NIR-II responsive conjugated oligomer BTA without adding coating agents; these NPs exhibited 100% drug loading and high-performance NIR-II theranostic capabilities. Cancer cell membranes are camouflaged on carrier-free BTA NPs to provide homologous targeting ability, enhanced stability, and 77.8% drug loading. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have indicated that biomimetic NPs provide efficient triple-modal guidance for NIR-II fluorescence, photoacoustic, and photothermal imaging and complete tumor elimination via photothermal therapy (PTT). Additionally, theranostics-based treatments with good biosecurity are demonstrated. This study contributes a new strategy for the design of high-drug-loading NIR-II theranostics and further promotes the clinical translation of theranostic agents.

Dual Frequency-Regulated Magnetic Vortex Nanorobots Empower Nattokinase for Focalized Microvascular Thrombolysis.

Magnetic nanorobots are emerging players in thrombolytic therapy due to their noninvasive remote actuation and drug loading capabilities. Although the nanorobots with a size under 100 nm are ideal to apply in microvascular systems, the propulsion performance of nanorobots is inevitably compromised due to the limited response to magnetic fields. Here, we demonstrate a nattokinase-loaded magnetic vortex nanorobot (NK-MNR) with an average size around 70 nm and high saturation magnetization for mechanical propelling and thermal responsive thrombolysis under a magnetic field with dual frequencies. The nanorobots are stable in suspension and undergo the magneto-steered assembly into chain-like NK-MNRs, which are regulated to generate magnetic forces to mechanically damage and penetrate the thrombus by the low-frequency rotating magnetic field. Synergistically, enhanced magnetic hyperthermia is triggered by an alternating magnetic field of high frequency, enabling heat-induced NK release and fibrinolysis. In this dual frequency-regulated magnetothrombolysis (fRMT) strategy, nanorobots collaborate under the dual magnetic energy conversion model to achieve the vasculature recanalization rate of 81.0% in thrombotic mice. Overall, the nanorobot with the special magnetic vortex property and multimodel controls is a promising nanoplatform for in vivo focalized microvascular thrombolysis.

Poly(4‐Vinylpyridine)‐Based Cubosomes: Synthesis, Assembly, and Loading Capabilities

Polymer cubosomes (PCs) are 3D porous microparticles with high surface area that have great potential for applications that require a large interfacial area including catalysis, drug delivery, and energy storage. Most reported PCs are based on chemically inert block copolymers (BCPs) with limited intrinsic functionality, which is why they have been mainly used as templating material. Herein, the synthesis, self‐assembly, and loading of poly(4‐vinylpyridine) (P4VP)‐based PCs are reported. The pyridinic moieties are located inside the PC wall and are well‐known functional groups for coordination, cross‐linking, and pH response, which is demonstrated on platinum coordination and pH‐dependent dye release.