Language Capabilities Research Articles

Using Python in developing video games

The aim of this paper is to investigate the capabilities of Python language to be used for game developing. On the other hand we are interested in analyzing the advantages offered by Python in introducing students and non-professionals in the game design world. As a prove of concept we implemented a slider game in Python using Ursina engine and highlighted how easy different concepts from game design can be implemented using Python.The conclusion is that the main disadvantage of Python (time execution) can be overcome exploiting the multiple data structures provided by the language, the use of OOP (Object Oriented Programming) and of multitude of available frameworks. The ease of learning and understanding the language is a major advantage. Our code can be accessed on Github. Our study and project can also be used as a starting point for developing Python-based projects for introductory game design courses.

Development of Blended Learning-Based Learning Media to Improve the Language Capability of Children Aged 5-6 Years Old at Kindergarten Bunda Gemilang, Bogor Regency In 2021

This study aims to analyze: 1) The process of developing learning using the blended learning method to improve the language skills of children aged 5-6 years, 2) The feasibility of multi-language interactive multimedia learning based on Android on the ADDIE model in an effort to apply language skills to children aged 5-6 years at Bunda Gemilang Kindergarten, Bogor Regency. This research method is development research or also called Research and Development (RD). By using the ADDIE development model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation). The subjects in this study were Bunda Gemilang Kindergarten students, Bogor Regency. The results shown are the assessment of the feasibility of multimedia by material experts obtaining a score of 84.3% (Eligible). The feasibility assessment by media experts obtained a score of 74, 8 and the feasibility assessment by learning design experts obtained a score of 74.3%. Based on a feasibility assessment by media and instructional design experts, this multilingual dictionary is considered feasible to use. The response of Bunda Gemilang Kindergarten students with the multilingual learning dictionary in the Gemilang Multilingual Dictionary application in the individual trial was categorized as good (BSH) with a score of 71. In the small group trial, it showed an average score of 72 which was categorized as Good as Expected (BSH). And in the field trial, the N-Gain value was obtained in the range of 0.3 g 0, so it can be concluded that the development of blended learning-based learning media applied to students in Bunda Gemilang Kindergarten is very feasible and good in improving children's language skills. 5-6 years old.

POSTMODERNIST CONCEPTIONS OF TEXT AND WRITING IN CREATIVE WORKS BY MARGUERITE DURAS

This article is dedicated to the analysis of literature quests to find new expressive capabilities of the word in author’s speaking of the French writer of the XX century Marguerite Duras. Creative activity of Duras is considered in the context of postmodern concepts of R. Barthes, M. Foucault, J. Derrida which cast aside logocentric cultural tradition of modernism epoch. In her search for new expressive capabilities of language and writing the female writer encounters difficulties which she herself calls serious drawbacks, bearing in mind the complexity of overcoming inconsistency between the act of speaking and the expressed sense. After all, experience of the world and existence of human in it is absolutely unique, whereas language refers to abstract categories. Thereby, metaphysic dissociation of the human and the world occurs, as this connection may be implemented only indirectly. As a result, language proves to be incapable of expressing reality directly. Text setting of fiction books by Duras reflects the concept of feminine writing which connects literature quests of the female writer with the problems of the feminist theory, the objective whereof is justification of full-fledged rights and equivalence of the existence of various cultures and practices, including alternative ones to the dominating masculine discourse, feminine way of life in the world, feminine thinking, feminine writing. As a woman-author M. Duras comes forward as the creator of her own system of meanings, where principles of dissociation and multi-dimensionality are postulated instead of hierarchy. Having elaborated her peculiar style of writing, Marguerite Duras managed to reach those boundaries where dissociation between language and reality is overcome. Using existing lexical means and stylistic approaches, while shifting accents and deconstructing them, Duras has reached high creative excellence in her quests for new expressive capabilities of the language and the writing. Her texts create space where the essence is not grasped, but created instead, and due to this they are born in the process of their apprehension, active co-creation where the reader acts as co-author

The evolution of language by sexual selection.

Most accounts of the evolution of language assume that language and greater intelligence are beneficial adaptations, leading to increases in survival fitness. These accounts emphasise natural selection, with language as an adaptation to the habitat, placing less emphasis on sexual selection and reproductive fitness. An account of language evolution by natural selection alone faces problems in accounting for the prodigious power and expressivity of human language. Modern language (and its recent antecedents) would appear to offer only small incremental benefits over simpler language, which would require a smaller brain with smaller metabolic costs. Accounts by natural selection also face problems in accounting for the uniqueness of human language and intelligence. I therefore consider a hybrid account, in which both natural selection and sexual selection played a role in the evolution of language and intelligence, probably at different times. Specifically, in this account, early language was driven by natural selection to collaborate. Then later humans became subject to sexual selection for superior intelligence, with language acting as the main display mechanism for intelligence. It is hard to determine the relative roles of natural and sexual selection over the time course of the evolution of language. In the later stages, sexual selection to display intelligence drove a runaway selection process towards powerful modern language. This hybrid account retains the benefits of accounts by natural selection, while also accounting for the prodigious power of human language and intelligence, and for its uniqueness compared to other primates. Sexual selection often leads to traits which are unique to a species, and are exaggerated beyond natural needs. On this account, the capability for language may have evolved in the order: (1) pragmatics and a theory of mind; (2) using single words and constructions; (3) learning and using syntax. In this model, relevance-based pragmatics evolved before language; then, single words and constructions came into use; and later, syntax condensed out of pragmatics, as a codification of some pragmatic rules of inference. This order requires only incremental extensions of primate cognition, and agrees with the order in which children learn language.

Speaking Rate, Immediate Memory, and Grammatical Processing in Prelingual Cochlear Implant Recipients

This study examined the extent to which prelingual cochlear implant (CI) users show a slowed speaking rate compared with typical-hearing (TH) talkers when repeating various speech stimuli and whether the slowed speech of CI users relates to their immediate verbal memory. Participants included 10 prelingually deaf teenagers who received CIs before the age of 5 years and 10 age-matched TH teenagers. Participants repeated nonword syllable strings, word strings, and center-embedded sentences, with conditions balanced for syllable length and metrical structure. Participants' digit span forward and backward scores were collected to measure immediate verbal memory. Speaking rate data were analyzed using a mixed-design, repeated-measures analysis of variance, and the relationships between speaking rate and digit spans were evaluated by Pearson correlation. Participants with CIs spoke more slowly than their TH peers during the sentence repetition task but not in the nonword string and word string repetition tasks. For the CI group, significant correlations emerged between speaking rate and digit span scores (both forward and backward) for the sentence repetition task but not for the nonword string or word string repetition task. For the TH group, no significant correlations were found. The findings indicate a relation between slowed speech production, reduced immediate verbal memory, and diminished language capabilities of prelingual CI users, particularly for syntactic processing. These results support theories claiming that immediate memory, including components of a central executive, influences the speaking rate of these talkers. Implications for therapies designed to increase speech fluency in CI recipients are discussed. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.21644795.

The Equations for Consciousness: A Reply to “Tracking the Travels,” a Review of Journey of the Mind

The Equations for Consciousness: A Reply to “Tracking the Travels,” a Review of <i>Journey of the Mind</i>

ІНФРАЧЕРВОНА ТЕРМОГРАФІЯ У КОНТЕКСТІ ПОЖЕЖНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ КОНТЕЙНЕРНИХ ПЕРЕВЕЗЕНЬ МОРЕМ

The given study focuses on the issue of marine fire safety systems as well as their improvement on container vessels. Modern technologies and a fresh look at the problem may significantly improve the methods and equipment for efficient and early reaction to hazardous situations’ development and/or their full prevention. In connection with the increase in the carrying capacity of container ships, the problem of the safe transportation of containers, and particularly the transportation of IMDG cargo, becomes more relevant. Therefore, in order to combine the advantages of existing fire protection systems with new perspectives in this regard, the concept of thermographic tools application was proposed, particularly for cargo carried under the deck. In the course of the work, the cargo state observations using a thermal camera were demonstrated. The preliminary effectiveness of the concept was evaluated, highlighting the importance of proper equipment calibration for more accurate results. To conduct an experimental assessment within the framework of the task, it was decided to use the simulation modelling methodology with the help of the designated integrated development environment (IDE) and C# programming language capabilities. The developed model gives an opportunity for further research in the field, describing the algorithm for processing the obtained data in order to comply with the framework of the main task. As such an algorithm, the use of a multilayer perceptron is proposed. Keywords: thermal imager, infrared thermography, fire safety, container transportation, neural networks, simulation modelling.

Spoken English Deficiency among the Intermediate Pupils in Rangpur Division of Bangladesh

Language capability stands for a learner’s competence to use a language spontaneously and subconsciously in different situations. Skill on spoken English is extensively significant for any type of communication and correspondence. The need of spoken English is indefinable in the fields of refined education process both at home and abroad, better career opening, smart business, global communication, information and technology and better survival. It’s a deliberate process to steep capableness of English language into learners since their pre-primary tutoring to undergraduate echelon. It’s apparent in the course and syllabus of Intermediate stratum in Bangladesh that the sole emphasis has been put only on reading and writing whilst listening and speaking proficiency are remaining dark, whereas speaking skill is indispensible for transnational communication, advanced study at home and abroad, professional and business purpose, operating information and communication technology, pursuing better career etc. In this regard, lack of provocation to learn and exercise, unconstructive tutoring outfit, testing strategy excepting spoken predicated outgrowths along with marks distribution and paucity of experienced instructors in English and so on are the crucial deficits behind this problem. It’s a study targeting at assessing the spoken capability of the 12 class pupils in Rangpur Division of Bangladesh. This qualitative inquest work took place in the month of April 2022 and June 2022. The 100 informants were selected right away. Out of 100 interviewees, 50 were from urban and 50 were from rural intermediate standing institutions of 8 Districts in Rangpur Division of Bangladesh. A Spoken Test on free speech for the pupils was carried out by the author. Their speaking perfection was tested through content analysis to evoke data. The result focused that the replier made desultory errors in great number on fluency, vocabulary, information, sequence of tenses, sub-verb agreement, applicability and treatment of words, use of preposition, intonation and pronunciation. As per data compilation, it was noticed that deficits made in the process were almost on part of the rural participants. In addition, phobia in speaking English and irrelevancy were two peculiar limitations among the pupils hailing from rural background institutions.

Creative use of language in a literary text (an analysis of Urszula Kozioł’s poem Jest mi miałko… (I’m feeling bland...) based on assumptions of linguistic poetics)

This paper presents the assumptions of linguistic poetics, a direction that combines – in a curricular manner – the research on poetry and interpretation of poetic works with an analysis of language uses in a statement. It presents the role played by M.R. Mayenowa in shaping this stream in the Polish literary studies seeking support in linguistics and enumerates the most significant curricular studies and linguitic concepts employed in analyses of the represented world of poetry as “the world behind words”. The enclosed analysis of the lyric by Urszula Kozioł Jest mi miałko… (I’m feeling bland...) is an illustration of the methodology presented here. It shows the sense-creative capabilities of language activated in a description of an unusual state of the lyrical I of the poem–confession, who is experiencing elusive feelings that are hard to express. The whole complex organisation of the poetic statement serves the purpose of outlining these unique experiences and the evoked senses can be reached only through an in-depth analysis of the language uses in the text. Keywords: creative use of language – poetry – linguistic poetics – Urszula Kozioł – description – confession

Using the Jigsaw Strategy in the English Language Learner Classroom to Teach Content-Specific Vocabulary

Multilingual learners (ML) at the secondary level come to the classroom with a variety of learning experiences and language capabilities. An obstacle ML students could face is learning the everyday usage of an additional language while simultaneously learning the academic and content language, which can cause a potential challenge in the classroom. Thus, teachers must be able to adapt their teaching pedagogy to assist MLs, which can prove to be challenging. Academic vocabulary and conversational language are two different aspects of learning a new language, with academic being the more difficult to obtain since it is not as tangible as conversational language. This teaching techniques piece explains a modified jigsaw vocabulary activity that was used successfully in a sheltered ML secondary science class; additionally, this strategy can be modified and used across content disciplines and grade levels, and abilities. This activity utilizes cooperative learning, graphic organizers, and peer-to-peer engagement to create an optimal learning environment for ML students.

Development of Learning Media Bowling Letters in Increasing Language Capabilities Early Children

This research at developing bowling letters game as learning media in increasing the early childhood language development, and knowing the feasibility of bowling letters as a learning media in developing early childhood language. It was a research and development (R&amp;D) which derives from Borg and Gall. The subject of this research was Play Group of State Kindergarten Perttiwi, Kecepatan Hulu district, Rokan Hulu Regency. Questionnaire validated by material and media experts, principal, and teacher was used for collecting the data. The data obtained was qualitative that was analyzed by the guidelines assessment criteria to determine the quality of bowling letter developed. This research produced a product like bowling letters as learning media based on media expert assessment was 82.6% in very proper category, 85% was from media expert assessment in very proper category, 84.37% was from teacher assessment in very proper category, and 83.75% was the limited trying out in very proper category. And for early childhood language development in the play group, it can be stated as developing because children are able to Pretend to read illustrated stories in books in their own words, Begin to understand two commands given at the same time, Begin to express a desire by saying simple sentences (6 words) and Start telling your experiences with simple stories

ASSISTANCE OF ENGLISH TEACHERS IN TOEIC TEST PREPARATION FOR 12TH CLASS STUDENTS WITH ONLINE LEARNING STRATEGIES

To improve the competence of vocational students, the Ministry of Education and Culture provides free TOEIC test facilities for vocational students through the SMK ENGLISH CHALLENGE program: FACILITATION OF INTERNATIONAL CERTIFICATION OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE CAPABILITIES WITH TOEIC FOR SMK STUDENTS. SMKN 1 Kadipaten is one of the schools in Majalengka Regency that utilizes facilities from the Ministry of Education and Culture. To improve students' competence in order to obtain satisfactory TOEIC scores, English teachers at SMKN 1 Kadipaten are committed to implementing various mentoring methods for test-taking students. However, the test faced at least two obstacles, namely, coincided with school holidays and also the implementation of field work experience program so that direct guidance through face-to-face became impossible. This is certainly a problem that requires a good solution. This PKM program aims to assist English teachers at SMKN 1 Kadipaten to find effective ways to increase the TOEIC scores achieved by students. The method of implementing this program is carried out with a Forum Group Discussion approach to English teachers and is applied to students by utilizing social media and the online meeting application, Google Meet. At the end of the program, students are able to prepare themselves optimally both from a technical point of view, motivation and knowledge of the TOEIC test.

Identifying the Difficulties of Learning Programming for Non-English Speakers at CQUniversity and Sebha University

Since computers have become widely used, programming has become a critical skill. Programming languages are built upon English language words and phrases. It is possible that this could make learning an English-based programming language for non-English language speakers especially challenging. In actuality, the literature did not say much. While many focused on solutions to teaching programming, and some researchers focused on the problems that led to these solutions, very few researchers made any distinction between the language capabilities of novices. Based on the literature, this research study highlights issues that directly influence beginners learning programming, looking particularly at the difficulties faced by those that do not have English as a first language. The methodological approach used in this research is a mixed methods design, with the questionnaire method for data collection in both CQUniversity in Australia and Sebha University in Libya, with experienced programmers and novice programmers in various stages of their study. These data were categorized and analysed to identify areas of difficulty. It became clear that there was a difference. While Australian students identified issues with loop statements (Do...While) and other program logic, Libyan students identified the major problem to be error messages and their interpretation, with over 71% of students identifying this as a problem. However, error messages were mentioned by just 2% of participants at CQUniversity. It was clear that English was a problem.

Improving Early Children's Language Capabilities through Interactive Compact Disk Media

Language skills are essential skills to be developed from an early age. That's because language is an important means in human life to communicate. With language, humans can issue ideas and opinions to establish communication with other humans. Thus, language skills should have been improved since early childhood. In line with the development of science and technology, various kinds of learning media can be found that can be used to develop students' abilities, one of which is interactive compact disk media. The research was conducted at Raudhatul Athfal Al-Hikmah Kedaton Bandar Lampung. This research is a Classroom Action Research with a qualitative descriptive type. The data collection technique that the researcher uses is the observation method as the primary method, the documentation method as support in research, and the interview method to determine the extent of the teacher's response to the use of interactive compact disk media in improving children's language skills. The results of this study that interactive compact disk media can improve children's language skills in Raudhatul Athfal Al-Hikmah Kedaton Bandar Lampung with very satisfying results. This can be seen from the development of students in the pre-cycle research it is known that students who reach the assessment standard develop according to expectations. There are only 3 children out of all 15 students. Then in the first cycle, the number of children who had the language skills as expected increased to 9 children, and in the second cycle, it rose again to 12 students or 80% of the students had reached the assessment standards that had been set.

Обучение иностранному языку с применением корпусного подхода для развития языковых возможностей студентов

This article discusses such a direction in pedagogy as linguopedagogy, the peculiarities of its use in the classroom in a foreign language (English), as well as the relevance of using the corpus approach, which takes into account the personality of a university student, language skills and professional orientation. The corpus approach in teaching a foreign (English) language is considered as one of the means of developing the cognitive interest of students. Pedagogical conditions were formulated and proved in the course of experimental work, contributing to the effective growth of cognitive interest, as a significant factor in improving education, among students of foreign (English) language courses. The main goal of the study was to identify how different approaches to teaching a foreign (English) language can influence the cognitive activity of students when studying the topics "My future profession". "What is your profession in the future", "Popular professions at the present time", and how the motivation for learning foreign vocabulary is associated with the corpus approach. Applying an individual approach to the language capabilities of students, turning to the corpus direction in teaching a foreign language, a number of exercises have been developed that take into account the different language skills of students. The experimental work was carried out in three stages, a series of exercises was developed, taking into account the different language skills of students, applying an individual approach to the language capabilities of students. In the course of the experiment, the hypothesis was confirmed that the use of the corpus approach promotes the activation of the cognitive interest of students. When analyzing the results, it was revealed that the knowledge of the students of the control group (their quality, academic performance in general), as well as the activity of their participation in studies and independence in the process of working with educational material have undergone significant changes. The progress of all students of the first experimental group has increased.

Philosophical understanding of prospects of the codification of language as a factor of science development

The codification of language has both its advantages and disadvantages, both its prospects and its limitations. It is possible to determine this not from linguistic, but from meta-scientific, namely philosophical positions. At the heart of the codification procedure is the creation of specialized dictionaries based on a particular national language. The language of science is also always built on the basis of a certain national language — even if this language later serves as the language of international scientific communication (for example, English). At the same time, codification of the language of science should reproduce the most significant resources of natural language as a symbolic system, as well as develop the institutional potential of science based on the capabilities of language as an institution. The codification of language of science should perform three main functions: descriptive-classification, system-legitimation and projective-predictive. The language of science is the embodiment of the symbolic universe studied by social phe- nomenologists Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann, and at the same time must correspond to the four main functions of the system of action, which were distinguished by Talcott Parsons. Codification is a relentless process that reflects and stimulates the development of language as a symbolic system, the meaning of which is set by specific language practices. The language of science is a set of all language practices of scientists in various fields, these practices must be harmonized through the codification of the language of science, while they constantly stimulate the renewal of codification of the language of science. It should be done through the creation of new practices and new scientific objects — and through the extrapolation of the application of existing terminology to new scientific fields as well.

Advantages and disadvantages of (dedicated) model transformation languages

ContextModel driven development envisages the use of model transformations to evolve models. Model transformation languages, developed for this task, are touted with many benefits over general purpose programming languages. However, a large number of these claims have not yet been substantiated. They are also made without the context necessary to be able to critically assess their merit or built meaningful empirical studies around them.ObjectiveThe objective of our work is to elicit the reasoning, influences and background knowledge that lead people to assume benefits or drawbacks of model transformation languages.MethodWe conducted a large-scale interview study involving 56 participants from research and industry. Interviewees were presented with claims about model transformation languages and were asked to provide reasons for their assessment thereof. We qualitatively analysed the responses to find factors that influence the properties of model transformation languages as well as explanations as to how exactly they do so.ResultsOur interviews show, that general purpose expressiveness of GPLs, domain specific capabilities of MTLs as well as tooling all have strong influences on how people view properties of model transformation languages. Moreover, the Choice of MTL, the Use Case for which a transformation should be developed as well as the Skill s of involved stakeholders have a moderating effect on the influences, by changing the context to consider.ConclusionThere is a broad body of experience, that suggests positive and negative influences for properties of MTLs. Our data suggests, that much needs to be done in order to convey the viability of model transformation languages. Efforts to provide more empirical substance need to be undergone and lacklustre language capabilities and tooling need to be improved upon. We suggest several approaches for this that can be based on the results of the presented study.

Use of Mind-Mapping in Language Learning: A Cognitive Approach

This article aims to describe the use of mind-mapping techniques in language learning as a way to assist students in developing their analytical, organizational, collaborative, and creative skills in addition to their language capabilities. During the 2020 academic year, mind-mapping was utilised as a teaching and learning tool in an English class composed of 93 12th-grade students. The research tools used for the purpose of a quasi-experiment included lesson plans, integrated mind-mapping techniques and unit tests. Through a one-group posttest-only design, cognitive-related data was collected by way of unit tests while a questionnaire was used for gathering opinions related to the use of mind maps in English classes. The results showed that the use of mind maps in English language classrooms provide an opportunity for students to be an active learner by acquiring data, processing information, organizing details and constructing knowledge by themselves. In addition, mind-mapping techniques also improve students’ skills such as creative and critical thinking, collaborative and organizational skills, alongside their English-language skills. They also develop positive attitudes towards mind-mapping techniques in which they can apply to other subjects.

Skilled Foreign Employees’ Linguistic, Social, and Economic Capital in Organizations

While language proficiency is shown to be a source of power and career capital in multinational corporations, less is known why and how contextual language capability is related to social and economic capital development of skilled foreign employees (SFEs) in organizations. This study applies the theory of practice (Bourdieu, 1973, 1991) and interviews with 142 SFEs in a range of domestic corporations that operate in domestic and international settings in Japan to examine the interrelated nature of linguistic, economic, and social capital. Our analysis shows that SFEs’ lack of context-specific linguistic capital (e.g., accent and intonation) lowered their power and career opportunities, and prevented them from accumulating social capital (e.g., networks with local stakeholders) and economic capital (e.g., job promotion). Due to the reproductive relationships between these capital types, low linguistic capital explains the sustained disadvantaged positions of SFEs in domestic organizations. This study by focusing on the contextual aspect of language contributes to international business research on language and suggests new avenues of language research.

Preliminary psychometric properties of a standard vocabulary test administered using a non-invasive brain-computer interface.

ObjectiveTo examine measurement agreement between a vocabulary test that is administered in the standardized manner and a version that is administered with a brain-computer interface (BCI).MethodThe sample was comprised of 21 participants, ages 9–27, mean age 16.7 (5.4) years, 61.9% male, including 10 with congenital spastic cerebral palsy (CP), and 11 comparison peers. Participants completed both standard and BCI-facilitated alternate versions of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test - 4 (PPVT™-4). The BCI-facilitated PPVT-4 uses items identical to the unmodified PPVT-4, but each quadrant forced-choice item is presented on a computer screen for use with the BCI.ResultsMeasurement agreement between instruments was excellent, including an intra-class correlation coefficient of 0.98, and Bland-Altman plots and tests indicating adequate limits of agreement and no systematic test version bias. The mean standard score difference between test versions was 2.0 points (SD 6.3).ConclusionThese results demonstrate that BCI-facilitated quadrant forced-choice vocabulary testing has the potential to measure aspects of language without requiring any overt physical or communicative response. Thus, it may be possible to identify the language capabilities and needs of many individuals who have not had access to standardized clinical and research instruments.