Canine Parvovirus Research Articles

Molecular diversity of the VP2 of Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 (CPV-2) of fecal samples from Bogotá.

Background Carnivore protoparvovirus 1, also known as canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), is the main pathogen in hemorrhagic gastroenteritis in dogs, with a high mortality rate. Three subtypes (a, b, c) have been described based on VP2 residue 426, where 2a, 2b, and 2c have asparagine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid, respectively.ObjectivesThis study examined the presence of CPV-2 variants in the fecal samples of dogs diagnosed with canine parvovirus in Bogotá.MethodsFecal samples were collected from 54 puppies and young dogs (< 1 year) that tested positive for the CPV through rapid antigen test detection between 2014–2018. Molecular screening was developed for VP1 because primers 555 for VP2 do not amplify, it was necessary to design a primer set for VP2 amplification of 982 nt. All samples that were amplified were sequenced by Sanger. Phylogenetics and structural analysis was carried out, focusing on residue 426.ResultsAs a result 47 out of 54 samples tested positive for VP1 screening, and 34/47 samples tested positive for VP2 980 primers as subtype 2a (n = 30) or 2b (n = 4); subtype 2c was not detected. All VP2 sequences had the amino acid, T, at 440, and most Colombian sequences showed an S514A substitution, which in the structural modeling is located in an antigenic region, together with the 426 residue.ConclusionsThe 2c variant was not detected, and these findings suggest that Colombian strains of CPV-2 might be under an antigenic drift.

Fatal Toxoplasma gondii myocarditis in an urban pet dog.

A 70-day-old Boxer dog from a household in Montevideo, Uruguay, died after presenting neurologic, respiratory, and gastrointestinal signs for 6days. Autopsy findings included lymphadenomegaly, ascites and hepatomegaly. Histopathology revealed severe widespread lymphohistiocytic and plasmacytic myocarditis with cardiomyocyte necrosis, mineralization and numerous intrasarcoplasmic protozoa immunoreactive with anti-Toxoplasma gondii antisera on immunohistochemistry. The protozoa were ultrastructurally confirmed as T. gondii by transmission electron microscopy. Other lesions included diffuse centrilobular hepatocellular necrosis, multifocal lymphohistiocytic portal hepatitis and interstitial nephritis. Other causes of myocarditis, including Neospora caninum, Trypanosoma cruzi, Sarcocystis neurona, canine distemper virus, and canine parvovirus were ruled out by immunohistochemistry. Toxoplasma gondii infections in dogs are usually subclinical; however, clinical disease with fatal outcome can occur. To our knowledge, this is the first report of fatal toxoplasmosis in a dog in Uruguay. This case raises awareness for dogs as sentinels and possible sources of human toxoplasmosis in urban settings in Uruguay.

Seroprevalence of Canine Distemper and Canine Parvovirus Among Domestic Dogs in Buffer Zone of Chitwan National Park, Nepal

Seroprevalence of Canine Distemper and Canine Parvovirus Among Domestic Dogs in Buffer Zone of Chitwan National Park, Nepal

Prognostic Value of Cardiac Biomarker and Electrocardiography of Canine Parvovirus-2 Affected Kanni Pups: A Study of Eight Cases

Prognostic Value of Cardiac Biomarker and Electrocardiography of Canine Parvovirus-2 Affected Kanni Pups: A Study of Eight Cases

Assessment of the CPL-0015 isolate as a vaccine strain for the control of canine parvovirus in Cuba

Assessment of the CPL-0015 isolate as a vaccine strain for the control of canine parvovirus in Cuba

Genetic Diversity and Genotyping of Canine Parvovirus Type 2 by Using the Full-Length Vp2 Gene in North Iraq

Genetic Diversity and Genotyping of Canine Parvovirus Type 2 by Using the Full-Length Vp2 Gene in North Iraq

Serum Intestinal Fatty Acid-Binding Protein and Calprotectin Concentrations to Assess Clinical Severity and Prognosis of Canine Parvovirus Enteritis

Serum Intestinal Fatty Acid-Binding Protein and Calprotectin Concentrations to Assess Clinical Severity and Prognosis of Canine Parvovirus Enteritis

A retrospective study of acute kidney injury in dogs with renal resistive index as a prognostic indicator

Doppler ultrasonography is relatively a new method for evaluation of the renal diseases in dogs. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of renal resistive index (RRI) in diagnosis and prognosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) in dogs and to ascertain its correlationwith other renal parameters. Twenty-seven dogs with AKI along with ten clinically healthy dogs were evaluated. The aetiology of AKI was multifactorial which included viper snake envenomation, pyometra, Babesiagibsoni infection, canine parvo viral infection, Ehrlichiacanis infection, leptospiral infection, bone meal poisoning and tetracycline-induced nephrotoxicity. Dogs with AKI were characterized into five gradesas per the guidelines provided by International Renal Interest Society. Parameters such asblood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, urine output, urine protein-creatinine (UPC) ratio and blood pressure were estimated. Both BUN and creatinine was significantly higher in affected dogs. Majority of the dogs with AKI were oliguric and had the presence of proteinuria, occult blood and leucocytes on urine dipstick examination. Urine Protein-Creatinine ratio was increased whereas no significant variation was noticed in blood pressure of dogs with AKI.B-mode ultrasonography of kidneys revealedrenomegaly, hyperechoic cortex, decreased cortico-medullary differentiation and loss of architecture in majority of the dogs with AKI. Renal resistive index was significantly increased inAKI and a positive correlation was established between RRI and serumcreatinine but not with UPC ratio, blood pressure and size of kidneys. Re-evaluation of RRIseven days post treatment showed considerablereduction. It wasconcludedthat an increase in RRIwas associated with severity of renal parenchymal injuryin AKI and reduction of RRI post-treatment indicated favorable prognosis.

Current trends of canine parvoviral enteritis: Nigeria perspective

Background: Canine parvoviral enteritis (CPE) is currently considered one of the major leading causes of morbidity and mortality in dogs. Canine parvovirus (CPV-2) was first isolated in 1978, ever since then the virus has mutated to CPV-2a, CPV-2b and recently CPV-2c, which has made the control and eradication of disease seemingly impossible. The disease has been reported in several parts of the world including; USA, Canada, Australia, United Kingdom, Taiwan, and Tunisia, South Africa and Nigeria. The identification of the strains of CPV-2 that are currently circulating in the canine population is very essential for the understanding of viral evolution and the development of measures to control its spread. This review therefore, focuses on the current trends and antigenic variants of canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) circulating in Nigeria. Methods: Previous literatures were reviewed on the status of canine parvovirus type 2 in Nigeria. The emphasis was on the antigenic variants of CPV-2 circulating in Nigeria and strains of the virus in the vaccines, and out breaks of infections. Results: Control and prevention of canine parvoviral enteritis (CPE) has remained a global challenge, and relies mainly on extensive vaccination. Sequence analysis of CPV-2 has revealed the presence of the three antigenic variants in Nigeria. CPV-2c is now predominantly in Nigeria and as such with so many countries of the world, without corresponding vaccines with the variants. Hence understanding the antigenic variants of CPV-2 virus circulating within a geographical area is very essential in controlling the infection. Conclusion: CPE infection is endemic in Nigeria and mainly infects dogs less than six months of age. The disease is of serious socio-economic importance to dog owners and breeders, as a number one killer disease of dogs. The three stains of the canine parvovirus type 2, (2a, 2b and 2c) exists in Nigeria, with predominantly 2c. The current vaccines mainly used in Nigeria are original CPV-2, 2a or 2b, and do not protect dogs against CPE due to 2c infections. We therefore, recommend that 2c be incorporated in CPV-2 vaccines presently used in Nigeria

Implementasi Knowledge Management System dan Knowledge Sharing Berbasis ChatBot – Penyakit Parvo pada Anjing

Canine Parvovirus is the leading cause of death for dogs, especially in puppies under six months of age. This disease is caused by the Parvovirus. Parvovirus comes from the Latin Parvus which means small. Symptoms of disease caused by CPV are characterized by vomiting and bloody diarrhea with a characteristic odor. Therefore, Parvo disease is often called Gastroenteritis in dogs. Puppies under the age of three months infected with this virus only survive 1-2 days before dying. Knowledge Management is an activity in managing Knowledge as an asset, wherein various strategies there is the distribution of the right Knowledge to the right people and quickly so that they can interact with each other, share knowledge and apply it in their daily work. with the help of a chatBot which can later help owners or veterinarians to find and provide information about diseases in animals, especially dogs, effectively and efficiently. by using the webhook method to communicate with users via social media Telegram. Webhook is a method that is installed on hosting, by using a webhook the chatBot application can communicate in real-time.

Development of a Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Fluorescence Assay for the Detection of Canine Adenovirus 2.

Canine adenovirus type 2 (CAdV-2) is often found in co-infections with other pathogens causing canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD). Rapid, efficient, and convenient pathogen detection is the best approach for early confirmatory diagnosis. In this study, we developed and evaluated a rapid real-time recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assay for detection of canine adenovirus 2 (CAV), which can detect CAV within 15 min at 39°C. The detection limit that assay was 214 copies/μl DNA molecules per reaction. The specificity was indicated by a lack of cross-reaction with canine distemper virus (CDV), canine coronavirus (CCV), and canine parvovirus (CPV). Field and clinical applicability of this assay were evaluated using 86 field samples. The coincidence rate of the detection results for clinical samples between CAV-RPA and qPCR was 97.7%. In summary, the real-time CAV-RPA analysis provides an efficient, rapid and sensitive detection method for CAV.

CANINE DISTEMPER AND PARVOVIRUS VACCINATION WITH RECOMBITEK C3 IN AFRICAN WILD DOGS (LYCAON PICTUS).

Infectious disease threats are increasingly recognized as a major contributor to mortality in wild populations of African wild dog (Lycaon pictus, AWD). Canine distemper virus (CDV) infection has been implicated as a cause of pack mortality in both captive and wild AWD populations. Ten animals were vaccinated with RecombitekTM C3, a vaccine containing a recombinant CDV, and modified live canine parvovirus (CPV) and adenovirus-2 components, at 8, 12, and 16 wk of age. Half of the pups received the vaccine IM and the other half SC. All ten pups had a positive serological response to CDV after the second vaccination, which decreased or stagnated after the third vaccination. Half of the pups had CDV titers ≥32 at 20 wk of age. Titers to CPV were high in all pups prior to vaccination and dropped precipitously over the course of the vaccine series. At the last sampling period, only 50% of the pups had measurable CPV titers. An initially higher titer was seen for CDV in the IM administration group; however, this was not significant at later time points. Vaccination with Recombitek C3 appears to be safe and effected a sustained serological response to CDV in AWD.

T598 and T601 phosphorylation sites of canine parvovirus NS1 are crucial for viral replication and pathogenicity

Canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) is an important pathogen causing severe diseases in dogs and other wild carnivores. Phosphorylation of NS1 may be related to CPV-2 pathogenicity, but the exact mechanism is unclear. Here, we conducted parvovirus disease surveillance in Shaanxi Province of China and 51 fecal swabs were detected to be infected with CPV-2. The 7 CPV-2 strains were identified, all of which belonged to CPV-2c. The complete genome sequence of one of the strains (CPV-2c XY) was cloned into pKQLL plasmid to construct a full-length infectious clone plasmid pX-CPV-2c, which carried a genetic marker. The plasmid pX-CPV-2c was transfected into F81 cells for virus rescue. And the rescued virus, which was designed as X-CPV-2c, showed the similar biological property to parental CPV-2c XY in vitro and in vivo. We further constructed four NS1 phosphorylation site mutant strains (X-CPV-2cT584A, X-CPV-2cS592A, X-CPV-2cT598A/T601A and X-CPV-2cT617A) on the basis of X-CPV-2c. After the analysis and comparison of biological characteristics, the low pathogenic strain X-CPV-2cT598A/T601A was further screened out, which emphasized the importance of phosphorylation sites 598 T/601 T for the pathogenicity of CPV-2. Overall, our data indicated that T598 and T601, the C-terminal phosphorylation site of CPV-2 NS1, play important roles in viral pathogenicity and laid the foundation for the development of new attenuated live vaccine vectors.

Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of Canine Parvovirus (CPV) in diarrhoeic pet dogs in Bangladesh

Since its emergence, Canine Parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) has been considered as a deadly pathogen in dogs with high mortality in puppies for its clinical gastroenteritis and severe haemorrhagic diarrhoea. Although several studies on CPV-2 were conducted in Bangladesh, molecular investigation is poorly understood. The aim of the study was molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of CPV in diarrhoeic pet dogs. During Jan-July 2019, anal swabs were collected from 96 unvaccinated pet dogs with suspected CPV infection from Sylhet region of Bangladesh. The CPV infection was initially screened through rapid Immunochromatographic (IC) strip test, and then CPV-2 (VP2 gene) were detected by conventional PCR assay. Then the nucleotide sequence of amplified VP2 gene was compared with other CPV strains from GeneBank. Of the total samples, 17.7% (17/96) found positive in IC strip test, and 15.62% (15/96) were found positive in PCR assay by using primer pair P2 that detect original CPV-2 type. The IC test showed 100% sensitivity and 97.5% specificity with PCR. In sequence analysis, our isolates showed the highest 90.40% homology with the isolates of China and the USA. Our strains had also an evolutionary relationship with the other strains of CPV from China and India. This study demonstrates the presence of CPV-2 in Bangladesh and futher sequence analysis of more VP2 gene will help in details insight of the molecular and genetic evolution of CPV in Bangladesh.

Feline panleukopenia virus DNA shedding following modified live virus vaccination in a shelter setting

This study assessed the frequency and timing of feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) shedding in feces following administration of a modified live FPV vaccine. Feces were collected from 37 shelter cats that did not meet clinical criteria for panleukopenia on the day of vaccination or on days 3, 7, 14, and 21 post-vaccination (NCL group). A commercial quantitative PCR (qPCR) fecal pathogen panel and a canine parvovirus point-of-care antigen test were performed. FPV DNA copy numbers from a concurrent study of 39 cats with panleukopenia (CL group) were compared with the NCL group.Of the 165 samples from the NCL group, one had a weak positive antigen test result on day 7, while nine samples (5.5%) from eight cats (21.6%) produced positive FPV qPCR test results, one on day 3 and eight on day 7. There were no day 21-positive qPCR results in the 11 cats that were revaccinated on day 14. There was no association between the number of additional fecal pathogens identified and a positive FPV qPCR result. Of the cats with positive results, FPV DNA copy numbers differed between NCL group and CL group (median 1.13 × 107 and 5.01 × 10⁸ copies/g feces, respectively; P < 0.001). The FPV qPCR cannot differentiate subclinical infection from vaccine virus shedding. To avoid unnecessary isolation and euthanasia, shelters should therefore limit FPV PCR testing to cats with a high index of suspicion of panleukopenia. The timing of recent vaccination should also be considered when interpreting test results.

Viral Fitness and Antigenic Determinants of Porcine Parvovirus at the Amino Acid Level of the Capsid Protein.

Since 2001, strains of porcine parvovirus (PPV), designated 27a-like strains, were observed in Europe, suggesting a predominance of these viruses over older strains. The reasons for the obvious evolutionary advantage are unknown. Here, a series of mutants containing amino acid replacements found in the predominant field strains were generated in a PPV-NADL2 background, and their impact on replication efficiency and antibody binding activity was determined. Some amino acid substitutions observed in the 27a-like strains significantly increased viral fitness and decreased neutralization activity of serum samples raised against commercial vaccines and old virus strains (e.g., NADL2). These mutant viruses and a monoclonal antibody raised against a classical PPV strain defined a 27a-specific neutralizing epitope around amino acid 228 of the capsid protein VP2. Based on the analysis of the mutant viruses, it is hypothesized that the predominant factor for the global spread of the PPV-27a strain substitutions is an increased viral fitness of the 27a-like viruses, possibly supported by partial immune selection. This is reminiscent to the evolution of canine parvovirus and worldwide replacement of the original virus by the so-called new antigenic types. IMPORTANCE Porcine parvovirus is one of the most important causes of reproductive failure in swine. Recently, despite the continuous use of vaccines, "new" strains emerged, leading to the hypothesis that the emergence of new amino acid substitutions could be a viral adaptation to the immune response against the commercial vaccines. Our results indicate the amino acid substitutions observed in the 27a-like strains can modify viral fitness and antigenicity. However, an absolute immune escape was not evident.

Phylogenetic Characteristics of Canine Parvovirus Type 2c Variant Endemic in Shanghai, China

Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) has spread and mutated globally over the past 40 years. In the present study, 206 samples from dogs suspected of CPV-2 infection were collected from five veterinary clinics in Shanghai city, China. The average positive rate for CPV-2 was detected to be 40.78% using the PCR method. Using an F81 cell (feline kidney cell) culture, the isolates of three CPV-2c strains were obtained. The near full-length genome sequences of the isolates were determined and submitted to GenBank: CPV-SH2001 (MW650830), CPV-SH2002 (MW811188), and CPV-SH2003 (MW811189). By comparing the amino acid sequences of 12 CPV strains with those of 48 related strains retrieved from GenBank, all of the CPV strains from Shanghai were typed as belonging to a relatively new CPV-2c variant spreading in Asia, with typical amino acid residues (5Gly, 267Tyr, 324Ile, and 370Arg) in the VP2 protein. The divergence time of this new CPV-2c clade was estimated by the phylogenetic tree using the maximum likelihood and RelTime with Dated Tips (RTDT) approaches. Our results indicate that the 426 and 324 VP2 amino acid residues are under strong selection pressure with a posterior probability of 0.966 and 0.943, respectively. Therefore, this study provides insight into the phylogenetic characteristics of the current CPV-2c variant in Shanghai city, China.

The effect of helminthic invasion on the level of post-vaccination antibodies against canine distemper and parvovirus enteritis in dogs

Relevance. In the instructions for the use of vaccines for dogs, there is a clause prescribing mandatory anthelmintic treatment of the animal before vaccination. This is really a correct indication, since it is well known that helminthiasis affects the animal’s body, disrupting many metabolic processes and causing a number of pathological changes in the body. Helminthic infestations affect the level of immunity of the animal by changing the level of immunoglobulins, causing changes in the T- and B-systems of immunity. However, there is no data available in the literature describing how helminths affect the production of post-vaccination antibodies. This paper describes an experiment aimed at establishing how toxocara invasion affects the formation of post- vaccination immunity against canine distemper and parvovirus enteritis in dogs.Methods. The research was conducted in a shelter for neglected animals in Vitebsk. The object of research was two dogs aged 4 years and seven puppies aged 1–2 months. The animals were divided into two groups. The first group included one adult dog and four puppies. The second group included an adult dog and three puppies. Animals of both groups were vaccinated against carnivorous plague and parvovirus enteritis, but only animals of the second group were dewormed.Results. By evaluating the results of the study, it was found that helminthic invasion really hinders the development of post-vaccination immunity.

Canine parvovirus: A review

Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a non-enveloped and single-stranded DNA virus. This virus is belonging to parvoviridae family that necessitates quickly dividing cells to replicate. On the other hand, it is extremely hardy, withstanding many common disinfectants and staying alive for months to years in ground surface or on fomites. This virion is an icosahedral symmetry. It has rough surface and form a triangular units. The parvoviruses have two sizes of viral proteins: small (VP2–5) and large (VP1). This virus is classified into three strains that widely recognized: CPV2a, CPV2b and CPV2c. It is extremely contagious and therefore is distributed from canine to canine via fecal oral contact. It has been reported worldwide. Sources of stress includes early weaning, overcrowding, and parasite load. On the other hand, lacking of the active or passive immunity, geographic area, and the incidence of other pathogens are all related to the development of clinical parvovirus disease. Puppies have been identified to have a more severe case of the disease than older dogs. There are two clinical forms: gastro-enteritis and myocarditis. The gastroenteritis form is general in dogs, while the myocarditis form is public in puppies. The symptoms of the disease include fever, leucopenia, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration. This disease was primarily controlled through hygienic measures and vaccination. The interference of maternal antibodies is thought to be a main reason of CPV immunization failures in puppies. The viral diagnosis is confirmed using different laboratory methods such as direct and indirect examination. The direct methods include viral isolation, detection of viral morphology, detection of viral antigen and detection of viral genome. As well as the indirect methods include detection the specific antibodies against virus.

Identification and characterization of DNA aptamers specific to VP2 protein of canine parvovirus.

Canine parvovirus‐2 (CPV‐2) is ubiquitously distributed in dog population worldwide causing a severe and often fatal gastroenteritis. Owing to its highly contagious nature, rapid detection of CPV is crucial in effective control of the disease. Aptamers have emerged as potential alternative to antibodies as affinity reagents in diagnostic field. Present study was aimed to select and validate ssDNA aptamers specific to CPV. Systematic evolution of ligands through exponential enrichment (SELEX) method was employed for selection of CPV structural protein (VP2) specific DNA aptamers. SELEX was performed using a pool of ssDNA library comprising 30 random nucleotide region. A total of seven rounds of SELEX were performed using VP2 protein as target antigen which yielded ten aptamers (1A-10A) with distinct sequences. Target binding of all ten aptamers was assessed by dot blot and enzyme-linked oligonucleotide assay (ELONA) which revealed that 5A, 6A, 9A, and 10A were superior binders. In silico analysis of the aptamers revealed the existence of binding site on VP2 protein, and binding pattern was similar to in vitro findings. The affinity (KD) of all these four binders against CPV was evaluated by ELONA indicating relatively higher affinity of 6A and 10A than remaining two DNA sequences. Out of which, aptamer 6A displayed cross-reactivity with canine distemper virus and canine corona virus. Hence, aptamer 10A was considered as better binding sequence having high specificity and affinity for CPV. The study confirms the future utility of selected aptamers in development of a reliable diagnostic for rapid detection of CPV.Key points• Canine parvovirus-specific ssDNA aptamers were identified with nanomolar affinity (100–150 nM).• Three aptamers displayed negligible cross-reactivity with other related viruses.• Aptamer 10A displayed high binding affinity and specificity to CPV.Graphical abstract Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00253-021-11651-x.