Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a non-enveloped and single-stranded DNA virus. This virus is belonging to parvoviridae family that necessitates quickly dividing cells to replicate. On the other hand, it is extremely hardy, withstanding many common disinfectants and staying alive for months to years in ground surface or on fomites. This virion is an icosahedral symmetry. It has rough surface and form a triangular units. The parvoviruses have two sizes of viral proteins: small (VP2–5) and large (VP1). This virus is classified into three strains that widely recognized: CPV2a, CPV2b and CPV2c. It is extremely contagious and therefore is distributed from canine to canine via fecal oral contact. It has been reported worldwide. Sources of stress includes early weaning, overcrowding, and parasite load. On the other hand, lacking of the active or passive immunity, geographic area, and the incidence of other pathogens are all related to the development of clinical parvovirus disease. Puppies have been identified to have a more severe case of the disease than older dogs. There are two clinical forms: gastro-enteritis and myocarditis. The gastroenteritis form is general in dogs, while the myocarditis form is public in puppies. The symptoms of the disease include fever, leucopenia, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration. This disease was primarily controlled through hygienic measures and vaccination. The interference of maternal antibodies is thought to be a main reason of CPV immunization failures in puppies. The viral diagnosis is confirmed using different laboratory methods such as direct and indirect examination. The direct methods include viral isolation, detection of viral morphology, detection of viral antigen and detection of viral genome. As well as the indirect methods include detection the specific antibodies against virus.
Highlights
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a vertebrate-infecting virus in the family Parvoviridae (Tijssen et al, 2017; De et al, 2018; Cotmore et al, 2019)
Canine parvovirus type 2 had been designated to differentiate it from parvovirus of dogs known as canine minute virus
The actual canine parvovirus evolved into CPV1 and CPV2
Summary
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a vertebrate-infecting virus in the family Parvoviridae (Tijssen et al, 2017; De et al, 2018; Cotmore et al, 2019). The CPV is 98 % which similar to feline panleukopenia virus As well as, it is only differing in 6-7 amino acids of the VP2 capsid protein (Ogbu et al, 2020). There is little antigenic modification between CPV2a, CPV2b, and CPV2c when compared to the variation between CPV2 and the three variants (Ogbu et al, 2017; Decaro et al, 2020). The characteristics of canine parvovirus were summarized, including viral classification, viral structure, and viral genome. It aimed to study about CPV epidemiology, pathogenesis and how to control this disease
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