Calf Blood Research Articles

Cytotoxic Edema and Adverse Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Intracerebral Hemorrhage

BackgroundCytotoxic edema (CE) is an important form of perihematomal edema (PHE), which is a surrogate marker of secondary injury after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). However, knowledge about CE after ICH is insufficient. Whether CE has adverse effects on clinical outcomes of patients with ICH remains unknown. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the temporal pattern of CE and its association with clinical outcomes in patients with ICH.MethodsData were derived from a randomized controlled study (comparing the deproteinized calf blood extract with placebo in patients with ICH). Intervention in this original study did not show any impact on hematoma and PHE volume, presence of CE, or clinical outcomes. We conducted our analysis in 20 patients who underwent magnetic resonance imaging with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) images at day 3 and within 7–12 days after symptom onset. CE was defined as an elevated DWI b1000 signal and an ADC value reduced by > 10% compared with the mirror area of interest in the perihematomal region. The modified Rankin Scale (mRS), National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), and Barthel Index (BI) were performed face to face at 30-day and 90-day follow-ups after ICH onset to assess the clinical outcomes of the patients.ResultsCE was detected in nearly two thirds of patients with ICH in our study and seemed to be reversible. CE within 7–12 days, rather than at day 3 after symptom onset, was associated with poor clinical outcome (mRS 3–6) at the 30-day follow-up (P = 0.020). In addition, compared with those without CE, patients with CE within 7–12 days had more severe neurological impairment measured by NIHSS score (P = 0.024) and worse daily life quality measured by BI (P = 0.004) at both the 30- and 90-day follow-ups.ConclusionsCE appears in the acute phase of ICH and might be reversible. CE within 7–12 days post ICH was related to poor outcomes, which provides a novel therapeutic target for ICH intervention.

Maximal Calf Vasodilation Influences 6-Minute Walk Distance In PAD And Non-PAD Groups

PURPOSE: To (1) compare the maximal calf vascular conductance and 6-minute walk distance (6MWD) of participants with and without symptomatic peripheral artery disease (PAD), and (2) determine whether maximal calf vascular conductance was associated with 6MWD in both groups before and after adjusting for ankle-brachial index (ABI), and for demographic, anthropometric, and co-morbid characteristics. METHODS: Participants with (n = 633, 67.7 + 8.4 yr) and without (n = 327, 63.9 ± 10.4 yr) PAD underwent ambulatory function testing including 6MWD, resting ABI, and plethysmographic measurements of calf blood flow and vascular conductance at rest and during maximal hyperemia (ischemic toe raises to fatigue). Participants were further characterized on demographic, anthropometric, and co-morbid (age, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, etc) variables. RESULTS: The PAD group had lower maximal calf conductance (135.8 ± 71.4 vs. 200.7 ± 112.7 % reperfusion/min/mmHg, p < 0.001) and shorter 6MWD (375 ± 98 vs. 480 ± 107 meters, p < 0.001) than the non-PAD group (means+SD). Maximal calf conductance was positively associated with 6MWD in the PAD group (p < 0.001) and in the non-PAD group (p < 0.001). These positive associations remained significant after adjusting for disease severity (ABI) and co-morbid conditions in the PAD group (p < 0.001), and after adjusting for age and co-morbid conditions in the non-PAD group (p < 0.001). Calf circumference was also a significant independent predictor of 6MWD in both groups (p < 0.001) CONCLUSIONS: Maximal calf vascular conductance, an index of microvascular function, is important in explaining variance in 6MWD in PAD and non-PAD groups, even after controlling for ABI and the influences of co-morbid conditions.

Pharmacotherapy and efficacy of antihypoxants and antioxidants

In clinical practice, antihypoxants, «deproteinized calf blood hemoderivatives », and an antioxidant, «ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate», are used in the treatment of cerebral ischemic stroke and transient attacks. The use of these drugs is pathophysiologically justified as it prevents neuronal damage, which is confirmed by the clinical guidelines «Ischemic Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack in Adults», 2021. However, these drugs have not been proven effective. The purpose of the work: to study the expected effect of these drugs, based on pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics, as well as biochemical and physiological (pathophysiological) capabilities of the body.

Diagnostics and correction of microcirculation disorders and endothelial dysfunction in complex therapy of acute pancreatitis with antioxidant drugs

Objective. To assess the efficiency of using polypositional skin thermometry of high resolution with wavelet-analysis of the obtained curve as a screening noninvasive method for diagnostics and correction of microcirculatory disorders and endothelial dysfunction in complex therapy of acute pancreatitis using antioxidant drugs.&#x0D; Materials and methods. A prospective open randomized study of 30 patients with acute pancreatitis was carried out. The polypositional skin thermometry of high resolution with wavelet-analysis of the obtained curve was chosen as a screening method of diagnostics of microcirculatory disorders and endothelial dysfunction. Measurement of temperature oscillation amplitude with an accuracy to 0,001 С was performed in conditions of skin heating with index finger. The study was implemented before and after calf blood deproteinized hemoderivative infusion.&#x0D; Results. Reliable changes in skin temperature oscillation of the microcirculatory bed of the skin in the endothelial range on the days 1, 2 and 3 of drug infusion were detected. In the investigated group of patients, the phenomena of transitory organ dysfunction were arrested during 48 hours that proves the presence of pancreatitis of a moderate degree of severity. The temperature oscillation amplitudes of skin in neurogenic range significantly differed by the moment of arresting organ dysfunction.&#x0D; Conclusions. The method of polypositional skin thermometry of high resolution with wavelet-analysis of the obtained curve can be offered as an instrument for assessment of endothelial dysfunction prior to appearance of clinical manifestations of acute pancreatitis. The calf blood deproteinized hemoderivative infusions applied as a metabolic therapy positively influence the endothelial dysfunction in acute pancreatitis of a moderate degree of severity.

Blood chemistry and rectal temperature changes in a population of healthy, fall-born, suckling beef calves from birth to 72 h of age

To determine changes in suckling neonatal beef calf blood chemistry and body temperature during the first 72 h of life, jugular blood samples and rectal temperatures were obtained from 24 healthy, fall-born Angus-cross and Hereford calves (average calving date = September 11) at 0 (after standing, but pre-suckling), 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h postnatally. Serum chemistry panels were conducted, and plasma triglycerides and serum non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were also determined. Data were analyzed using sampling hour as a repeated effect, and individual data points were compared to adult bovine reference intervals. All serum chemistry measures were affected by hour of age except bicarbonate (P = 0.48). Serum glucose, total protein, and globulin concentrations increased (P < 0.001) from 0 to 24 h. Plasma triglycerides increased (P < 0.001) from 0 to 6 h and 24 to 72 h. Serum urea nitrogen increased (P < 0.001) from 0 to 6 h and decreased (P = 0.01) from 48 to 72 h. Serum NEFA and creatine kinase (CK) increased (P < 0.001) from 0 to 6 h, but decreased (P ≤ 0.02) from 12 to 72 h. Serum magnesium, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and total and direct bilirubin increased (P < 0.001) during the first 12 h, then decreased (P < 0.001) from 24 to 72 h. Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) increased (P < 0.001) from 0 to 12, and then decreased (P < 0.003) from 12 to 48 h. Serum creatinine decreased (P < 0.001) from 0 to 72 h, and albumin decreased (P < 0.01) from 0 to 12 h but increased (P < 0.001) from 24 to 48 h. Anion gap decreased (P ≤ 0.05) from 6 to 24 h. No serum components measured were within adult bovine reference intervals for all calves at all sampling times. All serum albumin concentrations were outside of reference intervals, and the majority of serum glucose, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, CK, GGT, and total bilirubin were outside of reference intervals. More serum chemistry measures diverged from reference intervals in the first 24 h of neonatal life. Rectal temperature decreased (P = 0.003) from 0 to 6 h of age, then increased (P ≤ 0.02) from 12 to 48 h. In summary, blood chemistry profiles of healthy, suckling neonatal beef calves change over the first 72 h of life, indicating rapid changes in metabolism and physiology. Bovine reference intervals based on adults do not appear to represent neonatal calves; thus, neonatal status and animal age should be taken into consideration when interpreting serum chemistry in a clinical or research setting.

Home‐Based Leg Heat Therapy Does Not Improve Vascular Function in Patients with Symptomatic Peripheral Artery Disease

INTRODUCTIONPatients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) suffer from severe exercise intolerance and accelerated rates of functional decline, resulting, in part, from significant endothelial cell dysfunction and the consequent impairment in leg blood flow. Unfortunately, few non‐invasive therapeutic interventions have been shown to ameliorate the microvascular dysfunction in patients with PAD. Repeated exposure to heat therapy (HT) improves endothelial function in sedentary young individuals, but the effects of this therapy on vascular function in patients with PAD remain poorly defined. The objective of the present study was to test the hypothesis that 8 weeks of home‐based leg HT would improve leg vascular function in patients with symptomatic PAD.METHODSThirty‐four patients with symptomatic PAD (66 ± 8 years, ankle‐brachial index: 0.68 ± 0.12) were randomized into one of two groups: home‐based leg HT (HT, n=18) or a control treatment (CON, n=16). Patients in both groups were provided with identical water‐circulating trousers and a portable heating pump and were asked to apply the therapy daily (7 days/week, 90 min per session) for 8 consecutive weeks. The pump issued to participants circulated water through the trousers at 43ºC in the HT group and 33ºC in the control group. Laser‐Doppler flowmetry was used to measure red blood cell flux, an index of skin blood flow, during local skin heating to 39°C for 40 min, followed by 43ºC for 20 min. Cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) was calculated as red blood cell flux divided by mean arterial pressure and expressed as a percentage of maximal vasodilation (%CVCmax). Calf skeletal muscle perfusion was assessed using arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) following circulatory occlusion of the thigh for 5 min.RESULTSFive participants were either withdrawn prior to study completion or failed to complete the 8‐week follow‐up visit. The remaining 29 participants were included in the final analysis (CON: n=14, HT: n=15). Two participants from CON and 4 from HT were unable to undergo the MRI scans. At baseline, local skin heating to 39ºC increased %CVCmax to 55.8 ± 12.9% in CON and 52.5 ± 18.7% in the HT group. The change from baseline to 8 weeks in %CVCmax was similar between CON and HT (CON: ‐2.6 ± 13.9%, HT: ‐0.7 ± 16.3%, p=0.74). Peak calf blood flow during reactive hyperemia was comparable between groups at baseline (CON: 48.0 ± 24.6 ml/min/100g, HT: 43.8 ± 20.4 ml/min/100g, p=0.76). The change from baseline to 8 weeks in peak calf perfusion was also similar between CON and HT (CON: ‐4.8±21.9 ml/min/100g, HT: ‐2.8±11.0 ml/min/100g, p=0.84).CONCLUSIONEight weeks of home‐based leg HT does not improve leg vascular function in patients with symptomatic PAD.

Pharmacological correction of immunometabolic disorders in patients with endometrioma along with chronic inflammatory diseases of the genital tract

The objective: to determine the markers of the inflammatory process, development and implementation of methods for pharmacological correction of immunometabolic disorders in patients with endometrioma on the background of chronic inflammatory processes of the pelvic organs. Materials and methods. A complex clinical and laboratory examination of 90 patients with ovarian endometrioma on the background of chronic inflammation was carried out. Of these patients, the comparison group included 45 patients who received basic therapy (antibacterial drugs cefotaxime and metronidazole, vitamin therapy (B vitamins), combined oral contraceptives with dienogest). Patients in the main group (45 women) received basic anti-inflammatory and antibiotic therapy, together with drugs that improve microcirculation and have systemic and local anti-inflammatory and thrombolytic properties (tissue antihypoxant, deproteinized hemoderivative drug from calf blood and local two-component thrombolytic in suppositories) and dienogest and vitamin D3. The control group included 30 gynecologically healthy women.ELISA-method was used to determine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) level, interleukins (IL) 1β, 4, 10, interferon-γ in blood serum and cervical mucus, immunoglobulins A, M, G in blood serum, and C-reactive protein (CRP), neopterin and 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3. Results. We determined that in patients with endometrioma on the background of chronic pelvic inflammatory disease at the systemic and local levels there are an increased level of proinflammatory cytokines and decreased level of anti-inflammatory cytokines, as well as increased IFN-γ level, increased CRP – in 8.2 times, and neopterin – 2.7 times (p &lt;0.05) relative to healthy women. The use of the proposed treatment program leads to normalize of IgG level and anti-inflammatory cytokine indices within a month. The level of CRP was significantly reduced in the main group, both in blood serum and cervical mucus. There was a decrease neopterin level in patients of the main group by 1.8 times after the treatment.Conclusions. Additional criteria for diagnosis of the inflammatory process in patients with endometrioma are a significant increase level of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β) and a decrease level of anti-inflammatory (IL-4, IL-10) cytokines, as well as a significant increase of C-reactive protein and neopterin.Studies suggest that the proposed therapy has a corrective effect on altered parameters of metabolic and immune status, which explains the importance of use in this group of patients the antibacterial therapy together with immunomodulatory, antiviral and metabolic drugs.

Evaluation of a point-of-care meter for measuring glucose concentrations in dairy calves: A diagnostic accuracy study

The objective of this cross-sectional, diagnostic accuracy study was to validate a human blood glucose meter (Contour Next One Meter, Ascensia Diabetes Care) for accuracy and precision when measuring blood glucose, and for diagnostic accuracy for hypoglycemic status in dairy calves using whole blood and blood plasma. A total of 49 male dairy calves [body weight (BW): 46.3 ± 0.8 kg] had jugular catheters placed within 75 min after birth. Thereafter, blood was withdrawn from the catheter at specific time points (−10, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 360, 480, and 600 min) relative to the first and second colostrum feedings (2 h 15 min and 14 h 5 min postnatal; feeding rate: 7% of BW wt/wt). The reference standard method for plasma glucose concentration was determined colorimetrically and in duplicate using the glucose oxidase-peroxidase reaction. Data were assessed for agreement between the glucose meter and the reference standard using Lin's concordance correlation coefficients (CCC), coefficients of determination (precision), and Bland-Altman plots. In addition, a mixed linear regression model was built using the reference method as the outcome, with the glucose meter and repeated measures of time as the explanatory variables and calf as a random effect. The sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), and area under the curve (AUC) for the glucose meter using calf whole-blood and plasma were calculated at a threshold of <4.44 mmol/L to determine hypoglycemia. The precision (CCC = 0.95, R2 = 0.93) and accuracy (AUC = 0.98) of the glucose meter were very high when used on 1,303 blood plasma samples. Youden's index revealed a threshold of <4.45 mmol/L for the glucose meter when used with plasma, leading to Se of 94.2% and Sp of 91.9%, with 92.5% of samples being correctly classified, suggesting high diagnostic accuracy. When using whole blood, precision (CCC = 0.85 and R2 = 0.73) and accuracy (AUC = 0.92) were high when used on 476 samples. Youden's index revealed a threshold of <4.95 mmol/L for the glucose meter when used with whole calf blood, leading to Se of 95.6% and Sp of 80.3%, with 84.7% of samples being correctly classified, suggesting high diagnostic accuracy for use on farm. In summary, this glucose meter was validated for measuring calf blood glucose using both plasma and whole blood. This meter can measure glycemic status in calves and may be useful for clinical and on-farm use to make intervention decisions.

Efficacy of Intense Pulsed Light Combined Blood Extract Eye Drops for Treatment of Nociceptive Pain in Dry Eye Patients.

Purpose: To investigate the efficacy of intense pulsed light (IPL) combined with deproteinized calf blood extract (DCBE) eye drops for dry eye disease (DED) patients with nociceptive ocular pain. Methods: In this prospective, one-center, interventional study, 23 subjects with DED and ocular pain were treated with a combination of IPL and DCBE eye drops for four sessions at a four-week interval. Subjective and objective assessments on nociceptive pain and dry eye were examined and analyzed. Results: The visual analog scale (VAS), ocular surface disease index, ocular pain assessment survey (OPAS), patient health questionnaire-9 items, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD-7), Athens insomnia scale, corneal fluorescein staining score, meibomian gland secretion quality, and expressibility scores were significantly reduced after the treatment. Tear break-up time and Schirmer I test increased significantly. The brand density of corneal nerves and neuropeptide substance P also significantly increased. OPAS, GAD-7, meibomian gland secretion quality, and expressibility scores were essential factors affecting the VAS changes. Conclusions: IPL combined with DCBE drop therapy was effective for DED patients with ocular pain. With such treatment, both DED symptoms and the sensation of ocular pain may be improved.

MIC-1 Antlerogenic Stem Cells Homogenate from Cervus elaphus Accelerate Corneal Burn Reepithelization in Rabbits

Deer antler is the only mammalian organ that can fully grow back once lost from its pedicle. Antler regeneration is a stem cell-based process. Therefore, antlers probably offer the most pertinent model for studying organ regeneration in mammals. Evaluation of the effect of deer antler stem cells on the healing of superficial and deep rabbit corneal wounds was performed. Thirty-six New Zealeand White rabbits were used in this study in superficial and deep denaturation models, and corneal erosion was performed with n-heptanol placed on the cornea for 30 and NaOH for 90 s. Antler stem cells in drop formulation with hyaluronate was used. As a control, sodium hyaluronate in the superficial model and protein-free calf blood dialysate (Solcoseryl) in the deep model were administered. In superficial corneal damage, a reduction in the area of the damaged cornea was observed from day 3 of the experiment to an adequate level: 45% in the test group and 52% in the control group relative to the baseline damage (100%). Between days 3 and 7, on average, a smaller lesion area was observed in the group receiving antler stem cells. The use of antler stem cells has resulted in a marked improvement in cornea clarity. According to the 5-point scale of corneal opacity evaluation, where 1 is completely clear and 5 is completely opaque, the first statistically significant changes were observed after 4 weeks of treatment: 3.0 in the study group, 4.1 in the control with Solcoseryl, and 4.4 in the control group. After 9 weeks, these values were, 2.5, 3.8, and 4.1, respectively. The present preliminary study shows the promising results of antlerogenic stem cells of Cervus elaphus topically applied for the treatment of corneal injury. A deeper understanding of the developmental mechanisms involved in antler renewal can be useful for controlling regeneration cornea processes.

Accumulation and decontamination kinetics of PCBs and PCDD/Fs from grass silage and soil in a transgenerational cow-calf setting

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) are bioaccumulative pollutants that endanger bovine food safety. Bioaccumulation depends, among others, on the physiological dynamics of the cow's reproductive cycle. However, recent studies have focused only on near steady-state situations. Thus, the effects of animal physiology on PCB + PCDD/F transfer from grass silage and soil to cows' blood, adipose tissue, and milk and subsequently to suckling calves during gestation and lactation were investigated. In the exposed group, nine cows ate a grass silage/contaminated soil mixture (6.6 ± 0.8 μg iPCBs and 2.6 ± 0.4 ng dlPCB + PCDD/F TEQ kgDM−1) for 109 days prepartum until 288 days in milk (DIM). Four of these cows underwent decontamination after DIM164, receiving the same clean grass silage as the four control cows during the experiment. Calves were fed the milk of their respective mothers. In the exposed group, transgenerational bioaccumulation occurred until DIM164, with calf blood and adipose tissue PCB + PCDD/F concentrations reaching levels twice as high as those in their respective mothers. Transfer rates from oral intake to milk ranged from 0.1 up to 42%, depending on pollutant congener, dietary treatment, and reproductive parity of the cow. Congener and parity also influenced the decontamination half-lives of milk. In decontaminated calves, declines in adipose tissue PCB + PCDD/F concentrations coincided with increases in body fat mass. Therefore, it is essential to know the physiological characteristics of cattle, exposure dose and duration, and physicochemical compound properties to perform reliable transfer assessments.

Veterinary drug Trametin obtained on the basis of &lt;i&gt;Trametes pubescens&lt;/i&gt; xylotroph fungi: its effect on the biosynthesis of interferons and its prophylactic activity against calf respiratory diseases

Given the spread of bacterial and viral diseases in young farm animals, the use of interferons and drugs to stimulate their biosynthesis has gained relevance. In a previous study, we examined the effect of a veterinary drug Trametin produced on the basis of Trametes pubescens (Shumach.: Fr.) Pilat. on the biosynthesis of interferons in the blood of mice. The present work is aimed at studying the biosynthesis dynamics of α- and γ-interferons when using Trametin and studying its prophylactic activity in calves. It is shown that a single oral administration of Trametin in doses ranging from 15 to 60 mg/kg causes a dose-dependent induction and production of γ-interferon in the blood of mice, whose maximum content reaches 1337.0±93.0 pg/mL at 48 h after administering a dose of 30 mg/kg. With a Trametin dose increase from 15 to 30 mg/kg, the level of α-interferon production rises to 1388.0±84.0 pg/mL at 48 h after administration. At a Cycloferon dose of 4.5 mg/kg, the production level of α-interferon and γ-interferon amounts to 1455.47±84.2 and 1447.0±90.0 pg/mL, respectively. The immunostimulatory properties of Trametin are confirmed by a scientific and economic experiment conducted using immunocompromised calves. In our studies, an immunological test of calf blood performed prior to and following the administration of Trimetin and Cycloferon constitutes criteria for the prophylactic activity of these drugs. The prophylactic efficacy of Trametin is confirmed by an increase in phagocytic activity by 10.5%, phagocytic index by 61.8%, and phagocytic number by 52.8%. After Trametin administration, the bactericidal activity of the serum increases by 60%. Cycloferon exhibits a similar immunostimulatory effect. Nonspecific prophylaxis using Trametin is shown to reduce the incidence of bacterial and viral respiratory diseases in young calves and generally improve their immunity.

Impacts of a Post-Transport/Pre-Processing Rest Period on the Growth Performance and Serum Metabolites of Cattle Entering a Feedlot

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of a post-transport rest period on receiving calf growth performance and blood serum metabolites as indicators of immune function. Study Description: Eighty heifers were purchased from a sale barn and transported 6 hours to the Kansas State University Beef Cattle Research Center where they were processed at one of four times: immediately upon arrival or after a 6-, 24-, or 48-hour rest period. Cattle were then fed for 35 days with growth performance data collected weekly. Blood samples were also collected and analyzed for serum infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) titer and biochemical parameters. Results: Processing time did not impact (P > 0.05) heifer average daily gain. Overall, dry matter intake (DMI) decreased linearly (P = 0.027) as the rest time increased. The number of days for heifers to reach a targeted DMI of 2.5% body weight was linearly increased (P = 0.023) as time of rest increased. Serum IBR titer for heifers processed at either 0 or 6 hours upon arrival was higher (P < 0.01) on day 35 compared to day 0. This response was expected, as these cattle were vaccinated immediately or shortly after arrival. Interestingly, no difference in IBR titer was observed (P > 0.05) between day 0 and day 35 for heifers processed at either 24 or 48 hours upon arrival, indicating potential seroconversion of IBR antibodies before vaccination. The Bottom Line: These results indicate that rest time after arrival and prior to processing may not affect calf growth performance, but there is evidence that a 6-hour rest period could maximize DMI upon arrival to a feedlot. Additional research with greater replication and more industry-standard experimental conditions should be conducted to further evaluate these parameters.

Metaboreflex Activity is Attenuated by Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation and Interferential Electrical Stimulation in Healthy Individuals

Background: Transcutaneous electrical nervous stimulation (TENS) and interferential electrical stimulation (IES) attenuates muscle metaboreflex by sympathetic nervous modulation. Objective: We tested the hypothesis that IES may be more effective than TENS to improves blood flow which may be linked to greater of deep tissue. Methods: Eleven health subjects were randomized to TENS (80 Hz, 150μs), IES (4000 Hz, ΔAMF=25 Hz) or sham stimulation group, during 30 minutes. The acute intervention was applied on stellate ganglion region (C7-T4). Results: Were measured metaboreflex activity by calf vascular resistance (CVR) and calf blood flow (CBF) and HRV during three times: rest, exercise (static handgrip) and postexercise circulatory occlusion (PECO+ and PECO-). At the exercise peak, compared with TENS and Sham, the IES group reduced CVR (36 ± 3 vs 43 ± 3; p&lt;0.05) and increased CBF (p&lt;0.01). Also, IES was associated with a greater reduction on the MMA (IES: 9 ± 2, TENS: 14 ± 4, Sham: 26 ± 5 units; p&lt;0.01). Furthermore, the IES group had a higher reduction of LF/HF ratio during PECO- and PECO+ (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: The IES over the stellate ganglion region seems to have superior efficacy compared with TENS to attenuate metaboreflex activation and vasodilatory responses during exercise in healthy subjects.

PSI-8 Determining the effect of dam milk production and mastitis infection during pregnancy on blood biochemistry in dairy bull calves

Abstract Maternal programming can affect offspring health postnatally. We hypothesized that high milk production and/or mastitis infection during pregnancy will adversely affect calf blood biochemical analytes. Holstein bull calves (n = 45) were transported to the University of Rhode Island within 24 hrs of birth. Calves were classified by dam production and somatic cell counts (SCC) during pregnancy; HI (top 25% for herd M305, n = 7), MOD (lower 60% for herd M305, n = 16), HIMAST (HI with SCC ≥ 200,000 cells/mL; n = 15), and MODMAST (MOD with high SCC; n=6). Calves were sampled once a week for 8 wks. Serum was sent to the Missouri State Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory (Columbia, MO) for analyses. Results were analyzed in SAS using proc mixed. At wk 1, Calcium (Ca) concentrations were greater in HI calves (11±0.61mg/dL; P =.05) than MOD calves (10± 0.25mg/dL). At wk 3, Ca concentrations were greater in HIMAST (10± 0.13mg/dL) compared to HI (8±.048mg/dL; P&amp;lt;0.01) and MOD (9±0.36mg/dL; P =.02) calves respectively. MODMAST calves (10 ± 0.460 mg/dL) exhibited greater Ca concentrations than HI calves (P = 0.05). Aspartate aminotransferase concentrations were greater in HIMAST calves compared to MODMAST calves at wk 1 (36±2.49 Units (U)/L vs. 27±2.63U/L; P = .04) and wk 8 (79±7.08U/L vs. 47±5.71U/L; P&amp;lt;0.01). At wk 8, total protein concentrations were greater in HIMAST (6 ± .13g/dL) calves compared to MODMAST(5±0.13g/dL; P =.01) and MOD calves(5±.13g/dL; P = .03). In conclusion, maternal mastitis infection and production level during pregnancy does affect key circulating factors in the offspring. Correlation and gene expression analyses will be performed to better understand these changes.

Gebe Sığırlara İnaktif Escherichia coli Aşısı Uygulamasının Kolostrum ve Buzağı Kan Serumlarındaki IgG Seviyelerine Etkisinin Araştırılması

Bu çalışmada, gebe sığırlara uygulanan inaktif E. coli aşısının kolostrum ve buzağı kan serumlarındaki immunoglobulin (Ig) G seviyelerine olan etkisinin araştırılması amaçlandı. Bu amaçla, gebeliklerinin farklı dönemlerindeki sığırlara (son 60 ve 30 gün) ticari bir inaktif E. coli aşısı uygulandı. Aşılanan sığırların kolostrumu ve bu kolostrumlarla beslenen buzağıların kan serumlarındaki IgG seviyeleri ELISA ile incelendi. Aşılama grupları ve kontrol grubu arasında IgG seviyelerindeki farklılıklar ölçülerek, gruplar arasındaki IgG değerleri karşılaştırıldı. Kolostrum örneklerine ait veriler incelendiğinde, kontrol grubu ile tek doz ve iki doz aşılanan hayvanlardan elde edilen sonuçlar arasındaki farkın önemli (p&amp;lt;0,001) olduğu belirlendi. Benzer şekilde buzağı serumlarına ait veriler değerlendirildiğinde; tek doz ve iki doz aşı yapılanan sığırların buzağılarında ölçülen kan serumu değerlerinde kontrol grubuna göre önemli oranda artış tespit edildi (p&amp;lt;0,001). Diğer yandan kontrol grubundaki 7 buzağının tamamında (%100), tek doz aşılanan sığırlara ait 7 buzağının 5’inde (%71,4) pasif transfer yetersizliği (PTY) görülürken, iki doz aşılanan 7 buzağının hiçbirinde PTY belirlenemedi. Böylece aşılanan hayvanlarda PTY oranlarında önemli oranda düşüş sağlanmış oldu. Sonuç olarak gebe sığırlara uygulanan inaktif E. coli aşısı ile oluşturulan immun yanıtın pasif olarak buzağılara transfer edildiği, gebe sığırların gebeliklerinin son 60 ve 30. gününde iki doz aşılamanın, tek doz aşılamaya göre daha etkili olduğu kanaatine varıldı.

Acute Skin Wounds Treated with Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Biopolymer Compositions Alone and in Combination: Evaluation of Agent Efficacy and Analysis of Healing Mechanisms

We studied the efficacy of using mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and a polymeric compound (based on chitosan and cellulose with integrated cerium dioxide nanoparticles (PCCD)) in wound healing, and to compare the effects with various invasive and external drugs used for the same purpose. Two wounds were made on the backs of each of 112 Wistar rats, removing the skin. Eight groups were studied: Control_0—intact wounds; Control_ss—0.9% NaCl injections; MSC injections; Control_msc—intact wounds on the opposite side of the body from the MSC group; external application of the PCCD; external application of a combination of the drugs PCCD + MSC; DCh –ointment Dioxomethyltetrahydropyrimidine + Chloramphenicol; and DHCB—injections of a deproteinized hemoderivative of calf blood. After 14 days, we evaluated the state and size of the wounds, studied the level of microcirculation, performed a histological study, and identified and counted the different types of cells. The most effective remedy was combination PCCD + MSC. The treatments in the PCCD and MSC groups were more effective than in the DHCB and DCh groups. Invasive drugs and DCh slowed the regeneration process. DHCB did not affect the rate of healing for acute wounds without ischemia during the first week. The proven efficacy of developed polymeric compounds demonstrates the feasibility of further studies in clinical practice.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ИММУНОМОДУЛЯТОРОВ НА НЕСПЕЦИФИЧЕСКУЮ РЕЗИСТЕНТНОСТЬ И ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ ОКСИДА АЗОТА (II) В ОРГАНИЗМЕ ТЕЛЯТ

The article presents data on the dynamics of bactericidal activity of blood serum against St. aureus and E. coli, and the lysozyme activity of calf blood serum against Micrococcus lisodeicticus, as well as nitrate and nitrite anions when immunomodulators are administered. It has been established that administration of «Fosprenil» increases bactericidal and lysozyme activity of blood serum, whereas, Imunophane increases nonspecific resistance without affecting lysozyme activity. Nitric oxide (II) has been shown to be directly involved in the mechanism of non-specific immunity. At the same time, the stimulation of serum lysozyme activity requires nitric oxide (II) formation in high concentrations (above 50 µmol/l).

Comparing the whole genome methylation landscape of dairy calf blood cells revealed intergenerational inheritance of the maternal metabolism

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the hypothesis that the maternal metabolic stressed status could be inherited to their F1 daughters via epigenetic mechanism. The maternal cow blood β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHB) level (≥0.9 mM/L) was used as an indicator of maternal metabolic stress. Eight newborn daughters’ blood cells were used for methylation comparison and analysis. By Whole Genome Bisulphite Sequencing (WGBS), a total of 1,861 Differentially Methylated Regions (DMRs), including 944 differentially methylated cytosines (DMCs), were identified. Most DMRs were distributed in intronic and intergenic regions, and most of the DMR in promoter regions were hypermethylated. Differentially methylated genes (DMGs) with DMR methylation differences higher than 20% were mainly enriched in metabolism-related pathways. These results suggest that newborn calves’ metabolic pathways were altered, with 64 DMGs being clustered with metabolic signalling by KEGG analysis. Our study revealed the whole epigenetic landscape of calf blood cells and suggested that the maternal metabolic status can affect the embryo’s epigenetic status and metabolic-related pathways in offspring, providing further evidence for epigenetic intergenerational inheritance of metabolic stress in domestic animals. Besides, this study also contributed more evidence to support the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHAD) theory in large animals.

Interfering with cholesterol metabolism impairs tick embryo development and turns eggs susceptible to bacterial colonization

Cholesterol is a known precursor of arthropod molecules such as the hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone and the antimicrobial boophiline, a component of tick egg wax coat. Because the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway is absent in ticks, it is necessarily obtained from the blood meal, in a still poorly understood process. In contrast, dietary cholesterol absorption is better studied in insects, and many proteins are involved in its metabolism, including Niemann-Pick C (NPC) transporter and acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT), as well as enzymes to convert between free cholesterol and esterified cholesterol. The present work addresses the hypothesis that tick viability can be impaired by interfering with cholesterol metabolism, proposing this route as a target for novel tick control methods. Two drugs, ezetimibe (NPC inhibitor) and avasimibe (ACAT inhibitor) were added to calf blood and used to artificially feed Rhipicephalus microplus females. Results show that, after ingesting avasimibe, tick reproductive ability and egg development are impaired. Also, eggs laid by females fed with avasimibe did not hatch and were susceptible to Pseudomonas aeruginosa adhesion and biofilm formation in their surfaces. The immunoprotective potential of ACAT against ticks was also accessed using two selected ACAT peptides. Antibodies against these peptides were used to artificially feed female ticks, but no deleterious effects were observed. Taken together, data presented here support the hypothesis that enzymes and other proteins involved in cholesterol metabolism are suitable as targets for tick control methods.