Various Types Of Buildings Research Articles

Social and spatial determinants of energy ageism: Calibrating social policy towards older people under the conditions of energy transition in Polish society

The article aims to identify the problems and challenges faced by senior citizens in the context of energy transition and also to develop a framework of social policy that would respond to senior citizens' concerns and is necessary for the effective implementation of the goals of the European Union's (EU) climate and energy policy. The authors focus on the analysis of the challenges of energy transition faced by older people who live in Poland in various types of buildings and use different sources of home heating. The article shows how various types of buildings constructed using different technologies and in different historical periods and located in various social and geographical spaces divide people in terms of class and also create challenges for older people related to home heating. The type of building and its place in the urban space may be a determinant of the energy poverty of its inhabitants, and the area where specific types of buildings are clustered together may affect the air quality in this part of a city. The authors suggest taking specific local and national actions as part of social policy towards older people during energy transition. The material was collected in the winter of 2024 using focus group interviews for eight groups of senior citizens differing in place of residence, type of building inhabited and source of home heating.

Историческая наука о вкладе предпринимателей в формирование архитектурного облика городов дореволюционной Сибири

The aim of this article is to analyze the extent to which the role of entrepreneurs in the development of Siberian cities has been studied, particularly their contributions to the construction of various types of buildings in the region during the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. The renewed interest in the public and everyday life of entrepreneurs has prompted scholars to delve deeper into this subject. Researchers have explored a variety of topics, including contributions to the construction and renovation of administrative and commercial-industrial buildings, as well as cultural establishments such as libraries, museums, theaters, churches, temples, gymnasiums, and universities. New facts have emerged regarding entrepreneurs’ participation in philanthropy, with studies examining the motivations behind their charitable activities. The relevance of historiographical analysis, within the framework of modern discussions, is underscored by the theory of creative entrepreneur-ship. This theory, currently developing among modern Russian entrepreneurs from both large and small-to-medium-sized businesses, highlights their contributions to the architectural development of cities, culture, the economy, and philanthropy. This research provides valuable insights into how entrepreneurs of pre-revolutionary Siberia influenced not only the physical appearance of cities but also contributed to their social and cultural advancement.

Data-driven analysis of heating and cooling base temperatures for buildings: Case studies in South Korea

To investigate statistical differences in the heating (Tbh) and cooling base temperatures (Tbc) across various building types, vintages, and sizes, we conducted case studies in Seoul, South Korea, based on data from more than 10,000 buildings. To assess the relative impacts of internal and external loads on Tbh and Tbc, we used a core-to-perimeter zone ratio approximated by the average floor area, defined as the floor area per building floor. Employing the energy signature method, change-point regression, and calendarization, we determined the best-fit change-point model and the corresponding Tbh and Tbc for each building. Our findings revealed statistically significant differences in Tbhs and Tbcs, with variations of up to 6 and 4 °C, respectively, across six building types. Notably, for most building types, Tbh and Tbc decreased as the average floor area increased, possibly influenced by a higher core zone to total area ratio. This highlights the predominant impact of internal loads over external loads. The influence of the average floor area on Tbh and Tbc outweighed that of building vintage, particularly for lodging, medical, and sales facilities, where Tbh and Tbc decreased in the more recent vintage buildings. However, this influence was less pronounced for facilities for senior citizens and children and education and research facilities, possibly due to factors such as diverse building shapes and the thermal preferences of occupants. Although this study focuses on South Korea, our data-driven approach provides statistical evidence for refining base temperature and improving traditional degree-day methods. Our findings suggest the need to establish base temperatures that consider various building types, vintages, and average floor areas, especially for large metropolitan cities where these factors vary widely.

МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ ЕНЕРГОЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ЖИТЛОВОЇ БУДІВЛІ ЗА УМОВ РІЗНИХ ДЖЕРЕЛ ТЕПЛОВОЇ ЕНЕРГІЇ

The paper presents the results of modeling the process of energy consumption in public, residential, and commercial buildings as a result of the use of various sources of thermal energy. Buildings with such energy sources as: a) a low-temperature gas boiler with a capacity of up to 120 kW for the needs of heat supply of a residential building and freon air conditioning systems for the needs of cooling the building; b) a gas condensing boiler with a thermal capacity of up to 120 kW with a temperature regime of 55/45°C for heat supply and freon air conditioning systems for cooling; c) reversible heat pumping unit of the “ground-water” type with a temperature regime of 35/28°C for the needs of the heating and cooling system and a reversible heat pumping machine with a regime of 55/45°C for the needs of hot water supply; d) a reversible air-to-air heat pump for heating and cooling systems and electric boilers for hot water supply; e) a biomass solid fuel boiler with manual fuel loading with a heat output of more than 100 kW for heat supply and freon systems for cooling; f) a fuel pellet boiler with automatic mechanized fuel loading with a heat output of more than 100 kW for building heating and cooling and freon systems for cooling; g) centralized heating system of the building. The results of calculations of the specific primary energy consumption and specific greenhouse gas emissions for each of the above heat sources are presented. It is established that biomass boilers have the lowest values of primary energy consumption and specific greenhouse gas emissions. The lowest efficiency is achieved by a district heating system with a centralized energy source. The modeling was conducted for the climatic conditions of Vinnytsia. At the same time, the disadvantage of using solid fuel boilers is the limitation of their use in densely populated areas, which is explained by the complexity of flue gas cleaning and regular biomass supply. Therefore, it has been determined that the most efficient source of thermal energy for buildings of various types to achieve the standardized energy efficiency indicators is a ground-to-water heat pump system. This installation, along with providing buildings with thermal energy, allows for cooling in the warm season, operating in reverse mode.

FEATURES OF ARCHITECTURAL FORM FORMATION OF ENERGY-EFFICIENT MULTISTORY BUILDINGS

Problem statement. The active use of renewable energy sources and the introduction of energy-efficient systems in all spheres of life today is the most important component of future development, which can change the life and comfort of every person. And it is very important to determine the place of architecture in this process. Analyzing the global experience of architectural activity in recent decades, especially in economically developed countries, it can be noted that engineering and technological systems of alternative energy are becoming an integral part of various types of buildings and complexes, both residential (low-rise, high-rise) and public (business, retail, cultural, multifunctional complexes, etc.). Alternative energy is becoming one of the factors influencing the layout and appearance of a building, the choice of materials and decorative finishing, and significantly influencing the formation of objects of new “innovative” architecture. Purpose of the article. To explore the features of the architectural form formation of energy-efficient multi-storey buildings as a result of the interdependence of architecture and energy-efficient technological systems using the example of modern architectural objects in the world. Conclusion. Engineering and technological systems of alternative energy for multi-storey buildings, based on renewable energy sources, provide such characteristics of buildings as: environmental friendliness, autonomy, self-sufficiency, profitability, energy efficiency and a high level of living comfort, architectural individuality and freedom of architectural form formation, unusual volumetric and compositional architectural solutions objects.

Use of BIM with Modular Construction in Future Construction Techniques

Modular construction technology and applications are rapidly evolving. Modular construction is a process in which entire rooms or sections of rooms are built in a factory setting along with electrical, mechanical, and plumbing work and then transported to a final site for assembly. With modular construction, a building is built off-site, under controlled facility conditions, with the same materials and to the same codes and standards as conventionally built facilities, but in half the time. The modular construction method is used to build various types of buildings (whether they are apartment houses, office buildings, or hotels). This construction method is used for both permanent and relocatable projects. These projects can be built with two types of modules. These are 2D panels or 3D modules. These can be combined to form a third type, hybrid modular construction. Each has its advantages. 2D panels offer easy logistics and flexibility in building design and are mounted on site. Factory productivity is increased by using 3D volumetric solutions. They only need to be installed once they are delivered. The hybrid modular structure has the advantages of the previous two. With the recent development of Building Information Modeling (BIM), the use of modular construction methods in conjunction with BIM becomes more common. As with any method, this one has advantages as well as disadvantages. Disadvantages of this method, such as a higher number of complex decisions, front-loaded design, etc., can be solved with BIM. Furthermore, the BIM platform can resolve the disadvantages of traditional construction methods, such as the difficulty of pre-project planning and coordination among members of interdisciplinary professions. With BIM and the modular construction method, physical conflicts between the structural system and its mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems can be easily identified early in the design process, and resolution can be expedited. This article includes general information about the modular construction method, future application scenarios, use, and advantages of BIM. The document analysis method, one of the qualitative methods, was used, and in the light of the data obtained, comments and scenarios were tried to be created about the future of BIM and modular construction techniques. What distinguishes this study is that the concept of quality is examined in detail by using these two methods together.

Objects of specially protected natural areas as a specific architectural and typological group

The directions for the development and improvement of the architecture of tourist infrastructure facilities in specially protected natural areas (SPNA) are considered. Today there is no comprehensive system of requirements for their architectural solutions. In this work, based on an analysis of current practical experience, an attempt was made to identify the specific features of the main types of objects for protected areas. In particular, it was emphasized that the composition of protected area infrastructure facilities should be formed taking into account the entire range of tasks assigned to them, and above all, nature conservation. In this regard, urban planning, architectural, structural and engineering solutions should help minimize the anthropogenic impact on the environment. Examples of various types of buildings implemented according to projects of architectural bureaus from different countries are given.

КИРПИЧНЫЙ «СТИЛЬ» В АРХИТЕКТУРЕ УЧЕБНЫХ ЗАВЕДЕНИЙ РОСТОВА-НА-ДОНУ КОНЦА XIX – НАЧАЛА ХХ ВЕКОВ

The buildings of educational institutions in the period of the late XIX - early XX centuries are one of the most important elements in the formation of the architectural environment of provincial cities, including Rostov-on-Don. The buildings of gymnasiums, commercial, clerk, and technical schools often formed a kind of spatial framework of the central part of the city, being unique objects. Primary schools, which had common typical features, were part of the central core of individual residential areas, including peripheral ones. Regardless of the status and level of the educational institution, the number of students and its place in the structure of the city, most educational buildings of primary, secondary and secondary specialized education were built in the brick “style”. At the same time, it should be noted the variety of artistic techniques that determine the appearance of educational buildings of various types. In addition to the so-called “average brick “style””, more complex techniques for solving facades are widespread in the architecture of most primary schools: turning to the stylized forms of medieval and Old Russian architecture, solving classical details in brick, combining simplified geometric decor with forms in the Art Nouveau style, combining light and red brick.

Investigation of seismic damage to existing buildings by using remotely observed images

A prolonged and highly destructive seismic sequence struck Central Italy, spanning from August 24, 2016, to January 2017. This series of earthquakes resulted in widespread structural failures and extensive damage across four regions along the Apennines: Lazio, Umbria, Marche, and Abruzzo. In the context of this study, based on post-earthquake remotely observed damages data, we conducted an in-depth empirical examination of the vulnerability of various types of buildings, including reinforced concrete, masonry, and steel structures. These valuable data, accessible through a Google Street View application, furnished critical insights into building locations, characteristics, and spatially observed patterns of damage before and after the seismic events. We undertook a meticulous review and comparison of this extensive dataset to ensure its consistency with prior earthquake observations, fragility functions, and relevant scientific literature. Our research involved a comprehensive examination of selected structures by combining post-earthquake inspections and visual assessments using Google Street View. This comprehensive study allowed us to compare similar buildings with and without damage, generating significant statistical insights into the types of structural pathologies that lead to localized and widespread damage, as well as instances of structural collapses or domino effects. Furthermore, we propose a preliminary glimpse at the power of Machine Learning techniques into earthquake risk assessment. We suggest that this approach could enhance the robustness and accuracy of modeling procedures, which are essential when addressing such complex challenges.

Impact of paving surface material on thermal conditions within a residential building

This paper presents the impact of paving surface material on thermal comfort in a residential building. The aim of the study was to demonstrate differences in temperature, measured near a building’s walls, depending on their location (relative to the cardinal directions) and the type of paving surface material outside the building (in its immediate vicinity, considering the cardinal directions). The study found differences in temperature values recorded near walls located on the south-west side, which faced a garden and a grassy surface, compared to the temperature of the walls that faced a street with asphalt and concrete paving blocks. It should be noted that the study was carried out in the summer, when the interior of the building was not heated. The facade of the building had not been additionally insulated and retained its original historical form (facade render). The method used in the study consisted of temperature measurements taken near the building’s walls using a Steinberg System weather station’s sensors. The measurement results supported the hypothesis that wall temperature varies depending on a space’s placement relative to the cardinal directions and the surface paving material in the space adjoining the building. The results of the study are presented using line graphs. The study is of scientific value and the results may also be useful in site development planning practice. The thermal conditions are a major factor that affecting the comfort of various types of buildings, including housing.

A Simple Analysis of the Quality, Cost, and Safety Management of Basic Construction in Universities

With the continuous development of higher education, both national and local governments have increased their investment in the construction of higher education infrastructure. There are various types of buildings that universities need to build, and most of the infrastructure construction in universities is sustainable. This leads universities to not only focus on the engineering construction itself, but also pay attention to the relationship between the engineering and the normal operation of existing campuses in infrastructure construction and management. This article analyzes the current focus of infrastructure management in universities from three aspects: quality, cost, safety, and civilization.

Delphi/AHP를 활용한 화력발전플랜트 고위험시설 선정 연구

Thermal power plants are large-scale plants made up of various types of buildings and equipment to produce electricity and consist of coal handling systems, oil storage facilities, boiler facilities, turbine/generator facilities, substation facilities, water treatment facilities, and auxiliary facilities for operating them. For these special fire-fighting objects, high safety is required in consideration of fire load and fire risk. In principle, the selection of fire fighting facilities applied to each space is primarily in accordance with relevant laws and regulations, and is installed and maintained by the power plant operating institution. However, most power plant operating institutions do not secure safety according to the characteristics of each major dangerous space and maintain fire fighting facilities under the same conditions, which is insufficient to secure actual fire safety. In this study, Delphi and AHP were used to assign weights according to the importance of dangerous spaces, and major dangerous spaces according to priorities were divided into fire/explosion risk facilities and leak/explosion risk facilities.

Research on Energy Consumption Prediction Models for High-Rise Hotels in Guangzhou, Based on Different Machine Learning Algorithms

With the advancement of information technology, energy consumption prediction models are widely used for various types of buildings (office, residential, and commercial buildings) as guidance during the design and management stages. This article will establish an efficient building energy consumption prediction model for hotel buildings. To achieve this, we collected 78 architectural drawings of high-rise hotel buildings to establish 6 kinds of typical energy consumption models in 2 standard floor layouts and 3 public area levels. Then, on this basis, we used the total energy consumption calculated by EnergyPlus as an indicator to conduct sensitivity analysis on geometric feature parameters, internal heat source parameters, and thermal parameters, respectively. Finally, we generated a building database with 5000 samples through the R programming language to calculate and verify the energy consumption. As a result, it was proved that the energy consumption of hotel buildings can be predicted accurately, and that quadratic polynomial regression, with the best accuracy and stability, is the most suitable optimization model for hotel energy consumption prediction in Guangzhou. These conclusions provide a good theoretical basis for the analysis, prediction, and optimization of energy consumption in high-rise hotel buildings in the future.

On the cooling energy impacts of combined urban heat mitigation strategies in subtropical urban building environment

Regional climate change leads to more extreme urban heat in desert cities. This affects the building's performance negatively through an increase in cooling energy consumption. To our knowledge, this is the first study investigating the impacts of implementing combined urban heat mitigation strategies of cool materials and increased vegetation on the cooling load demands of 40-various types of buildings in Dubai downtown. Four urban heat mitigation scenarios have been conducted in combination with a base case scenario to examine the effectiveness of the combined strategies in reducing the cooling load demand by using the climatic data from weather research and forecasting model coupled with single layer urban canopy model (WRF/SLUCM) in CitySim. Results revealed that for non-insulated buildings there was an estimated 17.2% to 36.4% reduction in cooling energy demand whereas insulated buildings have an average reduction in energy demand ranging between 15.5% and 29.1%. This reduction in cooling energy consumption is higher when compared with other mitigation techniques like additional urban vegetation and modified cool materials.

Waterproofing materials used in buildings in the colonial period in Mexico: Case study Huichapan, Hidalgo

Mexico, focusing specifically on the case of Huichapan, Hidalgo. The study examines various applied waterproofing techniques, considering factors such as available materials and type of building. The particularities and challenges associated with the implementation of these techniques in a historical context are highlighted, providing valuable actions for the effective conservation of ancient buildings in Mexico. The richness of cultural heritage is emphasized through architectural diversity, highlighting the various types of buildings that stood out during the colonial period in Mexico. This approach not only seeks to document physical characteristics but also to underscore the significant contribution of these buildings to the cultural identity and history of the region.

Research degradation of construction and building materials with use of vibration processes

Existing civil engineering structures, especially masonry structures are subjected to heavy loads dynamic, well reflected vibration in the generated processes. These vibrations can affect the condition of the works by reducing the comfort of people working there, as they can reach the level of endangering the safety of the structure. The effect of vibration on the structure manifests itself mainly as an additional stress in the present section, which add to the stress of static loads. In addition, there is often of the effects of climate-related environment, with fatigue - dynamize destruction of the object. Dynamic loads can cause devastating effects in buildings of various types of construction or lead to catastrophic destruction.
 This article presents a modern methodology for non-invasive testing of masonry structures using vibration processes. Here is shown the possibility of using modal analysis methods to assess the state of destruction elements and masonry using the process of vibration and vibration measurement. This is a new approach, using innovative research methods supported by information technologies, to examine the suitability of building materials, and the conditions for the construction of a diagnostic agent.

High-resolution electric power load data of an industrial park with multiple types of buildings in China

Considering the growing demand for electricity in industrial parks, understanding their electric power load patterns is critical for improving energy efficiency and ensuring the rational utilization of energy resources. However, the detailed electric power load data of various buildings in industrial parks are rarely available and accessible, which hinders the related studies. In this context, we present the electric power load data of 6 years (from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2021) for various types of buildings in an industrial park in Suzhou, China. The data are obtained from smart meters and have various time resolutions (i.e., 5 minutes, 30 minutes, and 1 hour). This work describes the data collection, processing process, and different imputation methods. The high-resolution electric power load data can be used for various research tasks, including load prediction, load pattern recognition, anomaly detection, and demand response strategy development.

Several strong historical earthquakes during Ming and Qing Dynasties and their effects to local reconstruction at Southern Shanxi Province, North China: Insight from the Chinese literature

The dissection of related Chinese literature of historical strong earthquakes is very important for formulating effective disaster mitigation measures. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties (AD 1368–1910) in North China, there were three strong earthquakes (AD 1556 Huaxian M 8.25 earthquake, AD 1695 Linfen M 7.75 earthquake and AD 1815 Pinglu M 6.75 earthquake), caused great damages to local cities of southern Shanxi Province, including damages of various types of buildings, numerous casualties, while the society and economy suffered a sudden heavy blow. Meanwhile, the occurrence of these earthquakes also provides important opportunities to restore the regional social order. In addition to the support of national disaster relief policies, the local officials actively organized people to cope with the disasters, made every effort to reconstruct the cities, that reflected the feelings of "caring about People's livelihood" or "the principle of supremacy of life", to improve the efficiency of regional social order benign operation. Certainly, the recovery and reconstruction process after the three strong earthquakes reflected imbalance between different time, regions, and between urban and rural areas. The literature review in this article has certain reference significance for the formulation and improvement of current disaster reduction measures.

ВІЗІЯ ІДЕАЛЬНОГО СВІТУ: КОНЦЕПЦІЯ «BROADACRE CITY» ФРЕНКА ЛЛОЙДА РАЙТА

In the first half of the 20th century, architects and urban planners actively sought alternative models of urban life, sought to rethink the anthropogenic environment. American architect F. Lloyd Wright proposed the «Broadacre City» concept, which was described in his book «The Disappearing City». This concept is a reflection of the author's utopian vision of improving the social system, ensuring the equality of citizens and moving away from overpopulated cities. The aim of this article is: to determine the main characteristics of F. Lloyd Wright's utopian concept «Broadacre city»; to highlight the architectural features of various types of buildings and structures; to compare his work with the works of utopians who could have an influence on the concept. F. Lloyd Wright proposes to give each citizen of the country a plot of 1 acre for housing and farming, and the rest of the territory to be evenly distributed among public buildings and structures, namely: airfields, power plants, hotels, offices, farms, factories, hospitals, public centers, schools and universities, shopping and entertainment centers and gas stations. The article highlighted the leading signs that demonstrate the utopian nature of the concept, namely: the presence of features of transcendentalism, egalitarianism, economic self-sufficiency of the proposed urban formations, decentralization and adaptability and flexibility of urban planning solutions. F. Lloyd Wright's work is compared with the works of utopians who could influence the concept of «Broadacre city»: R. Owen, S. Fourier, E. Cabet, E. Bellamy, W. Morris, E. Howard. This demonstrates that nominally this concept has all the features of a utopia, except for those that are not considered characteristic of architectural and urban development, namely: there is no clearly defined political ideology, no prediction of the behavioral habits of the inhabitants, and no carefully developed economic system.

ВТРАЧЕНИЙ ДВІР ЖЕВУСЬКИХ: ЛОКАЛІЗАЦІЯ БУДІВЕЛЬ ТА ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ЇХ ПЛАНУВАЛЬНИХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК

The lost court of Franciszka Zhevuska on the Galician suburb of Lviv, located at the present-day 14-16 V. Vynnychenka Street, has been examined. This court is a classic example of suburb residences that were common on the territory of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 17th and 18th centuries. According to the register of 1768, there were approximately 110 courts in the suburbs of Lviv, but none of them has not been preserved. The article presents the results of the localization the buildings of the lost Zhevuski court based on descriptive and cartographic sources, specifically the inventory description from 1768 and Lviv maps from the late XVIII century. The complex included buildings of various types: a palace, an outbuilding, a stable, a granary, and an inn, indicating its use not only as the residence of the owners but also as a multifunctional complex with the potential for generating income. The planning characteristics are determined, including the dimensions and outlines of the buildings in plan, the number of floors and the materials from which they are built. The main building of the complex is a two-story brick palace, built in 1774-1775 according to the project of the famous architect Petro Poleiovskyi. Other buildings and structures are wooden and built earlier. The information presented in the article is the basis for the following studies of the architecture of the courts and the implementation of a theoretical graphic reconstruction of the Zhevusky court.