Building Business Models Research Articles

User-centered circular value propositions – approaches in practice and research

Circular value propositions enable companies to build business models based on value preservation and circular resource flows. Circular value propositions also allow people to live more sustainably by facilitating increased utilization and resource efficiency. However, despite potential, transitions to circular business models remain low. One reason may be that circular value propositions are less attractive because they are often not developed with a user-centered approach and thus fail to meet people's everyday needs. Through interviews with 13 companies and a literature study, this paper explores how companies consider user needs and involve users during development of circular value propositions. It also identifies conditions and actions that aid development of attractive circular offers. The findings are synthesized in a framework describing six enabling conditions and a definition of user-centered circular value propositions useful for circular economy practice and research.

Применение операторами телекоммуникационных систем графов знаний позволяет существенно повысить уровень сервиса и минимизировать время реагирования на инциденты.

The article describes a method of designing and modeling telecommunication systems based on the joint use of modern business process models, information and functional models developed by the TMForum organization, and knowledge graphs. The systems developed using the proposed method enable to build business models and operating models of all segments of carrier networks by linking elements of TMForum models, as well as by supplementing them with operational data received from the network in the form of log files generated by application servers, and as a result of network devices polling. The generated models can be used by telecom operators to address business and operational problems, as well as by architects of telecommunications systems for their design and modernization.

Scaling Climate Smart Agriculture in East Africa: Experiences and Lessons

Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) responds in order to sustain agriculture under a changing environment, and is a major priority in the development sphere. However, to achieve impact at scale, CSA innovations must address agricultural systems’ context-specific and multi-dimensional nature and be purveyed through feasible scaling processes. Unfortunately, knowledge on the scaling of CSA innovations under smallholder farming systems and in the context of developing countries remains scant. Understanding scaling processes is essential to the design of a sustainable scaling strategy. This study aimed to draw lessons on scaling from 25 cases of scaling CSA, and related projects in Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania implemented by public institutions, local and international research organisations, Non-Govermental Orginsations(NGOs), and community-based organisations. Generally, scaling follows a linear pathway comprising technology testing and scaling. Most cases promoted technologies and models geared towards climate change adaptation in crop-based value chains, and only a few cases incorporated mitigation measures. Efforts to engage the private sector involved building business models as a potential scaling pathway. The cases were very strong on capacity building and institutionalisation from local, national, and even regional levels. However, four critical areas of concern about the sustainability of scaling emerged from the study: (i) There is little understanding and capture of the dynamics of smallholder farming systems in scaling strategies; (ii) climate data, projections, and impact models are rarely applied to support the decision of scaling; (iii) considerations for the biophysical and spatial-temporal impacts and trade-offs analysis in scaling is minimal and just starting to emerge; and (iv) there are still challenges effecting systemic change to enable sustainable scaling. In response to these concerns, we propose investment in understanding and considering the dynamics of the smallholder farming system and how it affects adoption, and subsequently scaling. Programme design should incorporate climate change scenarios. Scaling programmes can maximise synergies and leverage resources by adopting a robust partnerships model. Furthermore, understanding the spatio-temporal impact of scaling CSA on ecological functioning deserves more attention. Lastly, scaling takes time, which needs to be factored into the design of programmes.

Management Technologies of Business Modelling in IT Startup Marketing

The article is devoted to the main problematic issues of the relationship between management technologies, business modeling and marketing planning of IT startups. Modern approaches to classification, tasks, templates and elements of building business models are analyzed. Current issues and opportunities of management and marketing in the startup industry are considered. It is proposed to use business modeling tools in the chain of stages of an effective management process for startups to reduce risks. The role of IT startup business model management in marketing planning is determined. The advantages for entrepreneurs and investors of adequate application of business models in order to understand how the business idea will be implemented and assess the profitability of the project are described. The role of marketing planning in the management of IT startups with the help of business modeling management technologies is analyzed on the example of the Ukrainian startup project "Monobank". The principles of integration and convergence of management and marketing of IT-startups in solving the problem of attracting investment and bringing an innovative product or service to market are formulated.

Business Models in the Industry 4.0 Environment—Results of Web of Science Bibliometric Analysis

The Fourth Industrial Revolution affects the operations of companies and results in new strategic thinking. The changes resulting from the requirements of Industry 4.0 force restructuring in many areas of management or the building of new business models. The aim of this article was to indicate the pillars that will form the basis for building business models of enterprises functioning in the era of Industry 4.0. The research methods used in this article were bibliometric analysis and analysis of the content of sophisticated publications. The results of this research are the analysis of the dynamics of publications in the area of business models in the era of Industry 4.0, an indication of the research areas undertaken in these publications and the identification of the pillars that will constitute the basis for building business models in the era of Industry 4.0. Business models in the era of Industry 4.0 are to be a method of increasing and using the company’s resources in order to achieve a competitive advantage through personalization of products and their new quality; their key competitive advantage will be a structure based on a network of cyber-physical cooperation. This article is dedicated to scientists and business practitioners looking for tips for building modern business models.

Engaging symbiotic ecosystems to build community centred business models for the BoP: Evidence from small social enterprises in East Africa

This article examines how small social enterprises (SSEs) in East Africa build business models for base of the pyramid (BoP) markets, through engaging symbiotic ecosystems. Through in-depth qualitative research, a three-stage process is identified. First, SSEs learn and become sensitised to the manifold challenges of building business models for BoP markets. Second, SSEs identify and connect with key BoP actors, weaving them together to create a symbiotic ecosystem and to overcome the aforementioned challenges. Third, SSEs harness this symbiotic ecosystem to deliver community-centred business models for the BoP. This research contributes to social entrepreneurship, small business, and BoP literatures, by shedding light on the challenges faced by SSEs working in the BoP, and through novel elaboration of how SSEs develop and interact with symbiotic ecosystems to surmount these challenges. It also provides important practical insights, for social entrepreneurs and social enterprise managers in Africa and elsewhere.

Сучасні тренди логістики сталого розвитку

The purpose of the article is to summarize the experience of Ukrainian and international companies in using the conception of sustainable development in the implementation of their activities. The article discusses the main events and changes in supply chain management associated with the transition to the conception of sustainable development separately by elements of the logistics system, such as supply, transport, packaging. Examples of legislative changes in Ukraine and the EU countries aimed at ensuring wider introduction of the conception of sustainable development are provided. In particular, the environmental restrictions for sea vessels introduced by the European Commission are analyzed; amendments to the German packaging law requiring e-commerce representatives and importers to register with the Central Packaging Register (ZSVR) and declare the use of various types of container and packaging; The Law of Ukraine No. 1534-IX on automatic fixation of violations of the dimensional and weight parameters of vehicles and increasing the responsibility of road carriers for exceeding the weight-size norms established by law. The experience of individual companies participating in the logistics market in implementing the conception of sustainable development in their activities is considered. As result of the study, it is proved that the conception of sustainable development occupies an important place in building business models of leading participants in the global logistics market. Cooperation with socially responsible suppliers, reducing carbon emissions during the transportation of goods, switching to environmentally friendly packaging, participating in socially important projects and promoting the development of the local community play altogether an important role in shaping the brand of a socially responsible company, which, in turn, allows the company to gain additional competitive advantages in the market and maintain its position in the competition. In further research, it is planned to develop a methodology for assessing the efficiency of the introduction of sustainable development principles when building individual supply chains

Techno-Entrepreneurship Learning Model in Higher Education

Techno-Entrepreneurship becomes an important part of higher education based on information technology. This is useful to enhance the spirit of entrepreneurship, the ability to read opportunities and build information technology-based businesses. This study aims to examine the appropriate techno-entrepreneurship learning model in higher education. The research method used is action research with practice using lean canvas models for business models and design sprint method to build product prototypes. The results of this study show how to use practice and tutorials, students can create the right business model and be able to make a prototype of a digital product that is good in implementing business ideas. The conclusion obtained in this study is that techno-entrepreneurship is very appropriate to use lean canvas to build business models and more efficiently use sprint designs to build prototypes of digital products. This model is highly recommended for entrepreneurship learning in higher education.

Disrupting the Disruptors? The 'Going Public Process' in Transition

For decades, private companies planning to enter public markets have used bankers operating as intermediaries, helping them decide on issue timing and pricing, and in meeting disclosure requirements. That banker-led process has always had inefficiencies, but without clear alternatives, companies had to accept the high costs and the money left on the table on the offering date, as bankers set offering prices well below market prices, and rewarded preferred clients. The IPO process is being disrupted by three major changes. First, companies are waiting longer to go public, and are focusing more on scaling up revenues than on building business models that deliver profits, while private. Second, the investor base for IPOs is shifting, from primarily institutional, to include more retail investors, many of whom are young, and get their investing cues more from social media than from roadshows. Third, there are alternatives emerging to the banker-led process, with a few turning to direct listings and many more, especially in the last two years, using special purpose acquisition companies (SPACs). These alternatives clearly are works in progress, and need improvement, but change is coming. In the final part of the paper, we look at disclosures that companies are required to make when they go public, and argue that they not only suffer from bloat, but are not in sync with changes that have occurred in both the companies going public, and those who trade their shares in the immediate aftermath of going public. We argue for reducing disclosure bulk and an easing of restrictions on companies making projections about the future, since these restrictions actually make it easier for companies to sell pie-in-the-sky stories.

Шерингова економіка: діалектичний розвиток реципрокного обміну в умовах віртуальної реальності та цифрової трансформації

Theoretical and practical aspects of the formation and development of common economy in the world and Ukraine are considered and the economic nature of the line economy is substantiated and its socio-economic content is deepened through the prism of digital transformation that takes place in virtual reality. Purpose of the article is to substantiate the peculiarities of sharing economy in the global communication space in virtual reality, due to the development of digital technology platforms, highlighting and analyzing the benefits and risks of building business models of shared economy in Ukraine and abroad. A set of methods of empirical and theoretical research is used: methods of analysis, synthesis and generalization, which at the dialectical level of research allow to scientifically substantiate the most popular types of solutions of sharing economy, presented by structure: solutions, examples of foreign and Ukrainian digital platforms. The article used theoretical and methodological principles of an interdisciplinary approach, which includes in the analysis of socio-cultural, behavioral and institutional prerequisites for the formation of a shared economy. Based on the available data of companies that aggregate BigData, as well as consulting companies, the behavior of consumers through sharing economy in the period of digital transformation is described. Special methods of economic sciences, namely: economic-statistical, comparative and functional-structural analysis have revealed the emergence of new business models of sharing, which combine the “world of goods” and “world of services”. A historical and economic analysis of the formation of the theory of sharing, as well as the spread of row platforms. Based on the generalization of theoretical approaches to the definition of economic categories, author’s interpretation of the concepts “line economy”, “virtual reality”, “augmented reality”, “augmented reality”, “augmented reality”, “augmented reality”, “mixed reality” is formed. As a result of the research, author’s concept of sharing economy in the conditions of virtual reality is offered. It is established that the most important factor in the transition to sharing economy is the transformation of customer service. It is the customer, who differs from the consumer by active involvement in the process of forming its value proposition, today is a key player in the market. It is proved that today digital economy is fundamentally changing the ways of building and managing sharing organizations, the problems that arise can be associated primarily with changes in the object and subject of management and the development of organizations in digital environment. The advantages of sharing models in terms of the use of innovative resources in terms of stages of business project implementation are indicated. The review of the internal development of national economy of sharing type allowed to present its restraining and stimulating factors and potential opportunities and threats in the conditions of virtual reality.

ВИБІР ЦІЛЬОВИХ СЕГМЕНТІВ ДЛЯ НАДАННЯ ПОСЛУГ З РОЗВИТКУ ПАМ’ЯТІ, КОНЦЕНТРАЦІЇ УВАГИ І МИСЛЕННЯ ЛЮДИНИ

In the article the target segments for the provision of services for the development of memory, concentration and thinking of a person are analyzed. For the analysis and modeling of the target audience, such segmentation features are taken: age, occupation, education, attitude towards a product (service) (age psychology), and belonging to a generation (generation theory). It has been established that during the transition from the industrial era to the information era or the digital age, the digitalization of all social processes of human life support is extremely necessary. And this is the reality that already exists. Processing information 24/7 in such conditions has a significant impact on a human brain, which does not evolve as fast as the world. And for a person capable of intellectual work, thinking, expressing feelings, there is a need to protect their natural abilities. Investing in development of memory, concentration and thinking will lead to success tomorrow and in the future. It has been proven that in the era of digitalization, humanity should constantly carry out neurotraining of its own capabilities and abilities to develop memory, concentration, etc. To satisfy these services, a new profession of brain trainer has appeared on the labor market, which teaches the brain to work with information, develops memory, concentration and so on. Various target audiences have been analyzed from the point of view of developmental psychology and the theory of generations. We propose to divide the target audiences into primary (those who will receive services) and secondary (those who will pay for the services provided). The assumption that for Generation Z, as the primary target audience, it will be interesting to pass all kinds of exams that they will have to take during this period of their life, the opportunity to prepare for them in a short time is expressed. During analyzing generations X and Y, as a secondary target audience, it was found that this target audience may be interested in the issue of enhancing their own abilities, revealing the potential of the individual, “singling out” among others. To build a business model for the provision of services for the development of memory, concentration and thinking of a person, a target audience format was proposed, which was developed using the “5W method”. The works of Western and Ukrainian scientists, which contain a modern view on the problem of the intellectual potential of students and the psychology of perception and processing of information, the theory of generations and an attempt to interconnect the theory of generations with consulting the staff of the organization are used in the article. We see prospects for further research in the detailed development of programs for the provision of services for the development of memory, concentration and thinking of a person and, on this basis, building business models within the framework of the Ukrainian sociocultural space.

STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION OF NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE USING BALANCED SCORECARD METHOD: A CASE STUDY IN AN – NISA HOSPITAL IN TANGERANG

One of the private hospital successful implementation the National Health Insurance with cost efficiency without neglecting the quality of service is An-Nisa Hospital. This study aimed to finding out the strategy of An-Nisa Hospital in the implementation of the National Health Insurance with Balanced Scorecard. The research was conducted in May 2018 using qualitative approach. Data was collected through in-depth interview to 7 informants from hospital and 2 informants from BPJS Kesehatan. The subjects were selected purposively and the data was analyzed using thematic analysis. The results show that there are several strategies that have been developed and implemented, including: adding types of services, increasing the capacity of inpatients and polyclinics, increasing doctor practice slots, completing medical equipment, applying the principle of low cost and increasing working capital, choosing JKN patients as target market, develop 5 values propotition, complaint management, develop standard operating procedures, develop drug formulary and clinical pathways, carry out operational and audit controls, build business models, form casemix teams and claim management, develop training, giving reward and good salaries, build a competitive work environments, and pay attention to employee career paths. Through this strategy, An-Nisa Hospital is able to implement the JKN Program well and still record a surplus without sacrificing service quality

Developing a business model and internal reports as a way for advertising businesses to adapt to recession

Subject. The advertising business in Russia is characterized by high level of competition. Many areas of advertising activities showed a negative trend even before the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. In such unfavorable conditions, solutions to problems associated with the development of adequate business models of advertising agencies, become especially relevant. Objectives. Our aim is to underpin the need for transforming the business models of advertising agencies as a way of their survival in the face of future recession. Our working hypothesis is that under crisis conditions, organizations that continue to develop their business model tend to survive. Methods. The study employs general scientific methods, like comparison, deduction, analysis, synthesis. Results. We updated the definitions of ‘business model’, ‘optimal business model’, ‘internal reporting’, disclosed relationship between them. Based on foreign and domestic experience of advertising business functioning in conditions of the global financial and economic crisis of 2014–2015 and existing approaches to building business models, we offered an integrated business model. We also developed a form of management consolidated report, which reflects the specifics of advertising agencies. The recommended business model for an integrated group of companies and the adapted form of management consolidated report will provide the top management with integrated information about the total operating activities of agencies and enable adequate economic decisions. Conclusions. To address the threats of the looming crisis, companies should continue to develop their business model and improve in-house management reporting.

Factors Affecting the Adoption of e-Learning at University Level

The dynamic development of e-learning technologies caused by the global epidemiological situation during the last year has prompted the rapid adaptation of the education sector to new challenges. At the same time, many barriers and challenges have emerged, especially at the initial period of e-learning implementation. The identification of factors determining the adoption of e-learning should be the source of information needed to improve the methods and tools used by educational institutions. In the era of strong competition, higher education institutions need to improve their business models or build new ones e.g. based on remote learning. The article aims to identify the essential success factors and their interlinks that explain the initial stages of adoption of an e-learning system by university students in Poland. The author built three regression models which explain relationships between six input variables, i.e., the perceived usefulness (PU), the perceived ease of use (PEU), facilitating conditions (FC), computer self-efficacy (CSE), the preparedness level (PL), and previous experience (PE); and three output variables, i.e., satisfaction and personal development (SPD), attitude toward e-learning (AT), and intention to use (IU). The variable “satisfaction and personal development” (SPD) was newly added to the model. Data was collected with the help of a survey, which was conducted using the CAWI (computer-assisted web interview) technique. In total, 982 completed questionnaires were received. Results achieved using a regression analysis confirmed that the perceived usefulness played a crucial role in building the attitude of students toward e-learning and achieving satisfaction and personal development of the users. Only in the case of two analyzed variables, the obtained results confirmed statistically significant differentiation within the two gender groups. Results confirmed that men had declared a high level of computer self-efficacy. The variable “facilitating conditions” received higher marks from women. The research carried out and the results obtained may form the basis for building strategies for the development of universities and building business models in which e-learning plays an important role.

A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Wealth Management Behaviour of Investors

India is ranked among the Top 10 nations in terms of total private wealth held as per Capgemini’s World Wealth report. In 2017, the individual wealth in India expanded to Rs.344 lakh crore from Rs.310 lakh crore in 2016. Individual wealth witnessed a higher growth rate of 10.91% in 2017 against 8.50% in 2016. India also created higher number of high-net-worth-individuals (HNWIs)with a growth rate of 9.5% to 2.19 lakh HNWIs versus the global average of 7.5% and Asia Pacific region’s 7.4% Preference of Indians is also slowly but definitely shifting to financial assets over physical assets on year-on-year basis. The aggregate wealth held by Indian High Net worth Individuals (HNWI) (i.e. individuals with investible assets of $ 1 million or more) is expected to grow at a CAGR of 27 percent over next five years to approximately Rs. 400 trillion. Wealth advisors and wealth managers need to employ specific strategies for acquisition, service and retention of individual investor clients and at the same time deploy bold, game-changing strategies using data analytics to build business models to provide dynamic innovative investible products. This paper seeks to understand the diverse needs and factors influencing wealth management behaviour of the individual investors using descriptive statistics and confirmatory factor analysis.

Corporate Form and Sustainability: How to Leverage Benefit Governance

This chapter investigates whether corporate form matters in building a more sustainable business. The most prevalent corporate form that purports to increase sustainability is the benefit corporation, which has been around for almost a decade as of this writing. In that time, over 10,000 benefit corporations have been formed and over 300 have collectively raised more than $4 billion in outside capital; three have gone public; and two other public companies have committed to take a vote to their shareholders to convert. Three additional companies traded in the United States have adopted benefit corporation governance, a form of private ordering available to companies in jurisdictions where the benefit corporation is not available. Many well-known brands belong to these companies including Dannon Yogurt, Silk Milk, Eileen Fisher, Avon Products, The Body Shop, and Allbirds Shoes. Financial services like Amalgamated Bank and Lemonade Insurance are included as well. The chapter includes a summary of the important elements of benefit governance, focusing on the form adopted in Delaware, the public benefit corporation (PBC). It covers the directors' balancing obligation and how it affects director decision-making. It also covers the unique role that shareholders play in protecting stakeholder interests and the disclosure obligation of a PBC. The chapter also provides an overview of the differences directors may encounter in overseeing the management of a benefit corporation. This section covers the use of board committees, considerations in the normal course of business and the role of executives. The discussion includes ordinary business, as well as sale and defensive situations. Readers should remember that benefit corporation governance is only the map, and not the territory itself. By shifting corporate purpose from shareholder wealth to shared value, this new corporate form can show the way for executives, directors and shareholders to work together to build business models that derive sustainable profits from efficiency and innovation and that reject the business of extraction and exploitation.

Формы, методы и направления цифровизации экономики

The article reveals the role and features of the digitalization of the economy, which is an objective prerequisite for the innovative development of the economic system of the state, as well as examines the results and determines the prospects for the implementation of the digital economy in the countries in the post-Soviet space, primarily in the Republic of Uzbekistan. The features of digital representation of information, prerequisites, implementation and consequences of digitalization are considered. The analysis of the relationship between the concepts of “digitization”, “digitalization”, “digital economy”, “digital transformation” is carried out on the basis of studying the specific features of these categories as a process, the application and implementation of its results when building business models. The advanced experience in the development of digitalization in a number of post-Soviet countries has been studied. The forms and methods of assessing the degree of digitalization coverage of individual countries are considered on the example of the Republic of Uzbekistan for obtaining new opportunities for using digital technologies in business, creating information technology platforms, new values, benefits, and providing virtual services. It was proposed to intensify cooperation between IT companies of the countries in such areas as: media content, e-commerce, e-government, digital banking technologies, exchange of experience, development of innovation centers, management of technology parks and development of technological infrastructure. The important role of private business in stimulating the use of the results of the digital economy is indicated. Thus, the article identifies the problems and defines the prospects for the digitalization of the economy in the post-Soviet space, especially on the example of the Republic of Uzbekistan, taking into account the accumulated positive experience and effective examples of the digitalization of public life. The examples considered can be useful for the development of the economies of other countries, including Ukraine.

ФРАНЧАЙЗИНГ ЯК ФОРМА РОЗВИТКУ ПІДПРИЄМНИЦТВА СОЦІАЛЬНО ВРАЗЛИВИХ ВЕРСТВ НАСЕЛЕННЯ

The paper argues that franchising is a specific form of doing business that applies to all developed market-economy countries. However, the scope of franchise practice in the Ukrainian economy, in particular in the area of doing business and entrepreneurship among socially vulnerable groups, remains rather limited. The research hypothesis is to assess the attractiveness of franchising for socially vulnerable populations. The implementation of this type of entrepreneurship by socially vulnerable groups allows to gain significant benefits for all the participants of franchising relationships: for start-uppers this is a good opportunity for effective self-employment, since they obtain a stable profitable business; for reputed firms and companies – to expand and strengthen their market positions; for the state – to acquire an effective tool to support entrepreneurship. The purpose of this study is to provide rationale for selecting the most appropriate franchise business model for socially vulnerable populations and to evaluate its implementation specifics. To summarize the research findings, the following methods were used: the taxonomy method – to analyze the key stages of business models evolution and classification; cluster and factor analysis – to expound the basic elements and tools of a franchise business model; the methodology for modeling of future by constructing scenarios – to predict possible socio-cultural and existential franchise-based entrepreneurship risks. The paper also seeks to explore characteristics of franchise entrepreneurship; its significance and role in the socioeconomic framework; the sources and motifs behind social entrepreneurship; the specific patterns of building business models for socially vulnerable groups along with justifying the particular indicators and criteria to develop a franchise business model typology and to reveal the institutional aspects in the formation of different types of franchise-based business models. The above study on the conceptual paradigm of social entrepreneurship has allowed to expand the theoretical understanding of social business entities functioning and development and to identify the peculiarities in the formation of different types of franchise business models. The application of the most optimal model will contribute to enhance the management efficiency of social businesses, which in turn will increase the cumulative social effects through the replication and dissemination of successful sustainable business models.

Building business models through simple rules

PurposeHow do entrepreneurs use simple rules to build their business models? Based on an inductive study of three Chinese Internet and technology firms, the authors find that business models emerge from simple rules that entrepreneurs learn from their experience. Simple rules also guide entrepreneurs to actualize and exploit opportunities in the marketplace, and they can help business models evolve through market feedback, especially in internationalization. This paper aims to delve into the black box of entrepreneurial decision-making and offer a better depiction of the business model development process in uncertain and fast-changing environments and thus provide guidance for future entrepreneurs.Design/methodology/approachFollowing the case method (Eisenhardt, 1989; Yin, 2003), the authors first present a thick description of characteristics of three companies and the dynamics of their business models. They then code these descriptions into first-order measures. Finally, they aggregate these measures into abstract constructs. They constantly compare the theoretical constructs and the emerging theory with the existing literature on business models.FindingsThe authors generate three key insights from the findings: business models emerge from simple rules learned from entrepreneurs’ experience, simple rules help entrepreneurs exploit and actualize opportunities in the marketplace and simple rules help businesses expand and evolve business models through market feedback, especially in internationalization.Originality/valueThis paper falls into the intersection of strategy and entrepreneurship – an emerging new field of strategic entrepreneurship – and is concerned with how businesses create and sustain a competitive advantage while simultaneously identifying and exploiting new opportunities. The authors bring people – the individual decision-makers for businesses – back in strategy research and depict a more realistic picture of the behavior of successful entrepreneurs and their business model development process.

KONCEPCJE BUDOWY MODELI BIZNESU W SPÓŁKACH SEKTORA INFFORMATYKA

KONCEPCJE BUDOWY MODELI BIZNESU W SPÓŁKACH SEKTORA INFFORMATYKA