Broiler Supply Chain Research Articles

Designing a resilient-sustainable integrated broiler supply chain network using multiple sourcing and backup facility strategies dealing with uncertainties in a disruptive network: A real case of a chicken meat network

Increasing supply and demand uncertainty, coupled with unforeseen disruptions, pose challenges to the resilience of today's critical sectors in the global food industry, including the broiler supply chain. This study introduces a resilient model to enhance the sustainability and resilience of the broiler supply chain in the face of uncertainties and disruptions. The model integrates backup facilities and employs multiple sourcing strategies to reinforce resilience. Using mixed integer linear programming with bi-objective, multi-period, and multi-product features, the model aims to minimize carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from transportation while maximizing overall supply chain profit. The goal programming, and the ε-constraint methods optimize decision-making and yield Pareto solutions, achieving a balanced approach to conflicting objectives. Also, robust optimization and stochastic programming provide practical solutions for handling uncertainties. Validation and sensitivity analysis confirm that the proposed model optimizes the broiler supply chain, enhancing resilience, sustainability, and profitability.

Halal Critical Point Assessment for Chicken Broiler Upstream Operations

Halal critical point (HCP) in the poultry business focuses has been only emphasized at the slaughter process and downstream production of chicken meat products. However, there is no extensive investigation on the implementation of HCPs at the upstream stage of broiler supply before it is transferred to halal slaughterhouses. This research aims to assess the halal critical point (HCP) involved in commercial broiler farming operations that might be halal critical, and therefore needs halal risk control. There are seven phase of operation in the broiler process, includes brooding, growth, feed withdrawal, medicine withdrawal, catching procedure, logistics, and slaughterhouse. The qualitative research approach using document analysis and semi-structured interview was used to gather more in-depth information and the halal critical controls were proposed. The findings of this research could assist the industry in maintaining the halal integrity of poultry-based products. Thus, enhance the halal authorities responsible for drafting halal development policy in the improvement of the halal management system along the broiler supply chain.

Analysis of Broiler Supply Chain Planning in North Sumatra Province

Deli Serdang Regency is a potential area for the development of broiler industry. The main challenge for the development of the broiler industry is high price fluctuations, both input and output. Distribution channels are closely related to the supply chain processes, both of which are important in a poultry industry. The supply chain, which also discusses distribution, trains companies to be more targeted in marketing their products. The purpose of this study is to analyze the supply chain and its application to poultry products and find out how the distribution channels are in the supply chain. The research method used is descriptive method. The results obtained state that the broiler supply chain includes: first the raw materials are obtained from PT. Charoen Pokphan, then enters to the livestock farming for 28 days – 35 days, and is sold the butcher entrepreneurs through company agents, after that it distributed to the markets, the restaurants and or to the consumers directly who buy from the butcher entrepreneur. In the supply chain used in the process of supplying chicken meat it is considered too complicated because it has to go through various parties. It is better for the livestock farming to cut the supply chain, so that it can be profitable for the livestock farming, and also maintain the quality of the chicken meat.

Risk Assessment and Mitigation Strategy in The Halal Broiler Supply Chain

The chicken meat supply chain process in Indonesia usually starts from suppliers, namely large-scale chicken farmers who are then distributed to medium-scale chicken agents/toke, traditional slaughter chicken traders, then restaurants and housewives as end customers. In such a long supply chain, there may be contamination that can cause the halal status of slaughtered chicken products to be questioned. The problem studied is the potential risk that can cause contamination of halal slaughtered chicken products from suppliers to end customers. Therefore, this study aims to identify the risk of contamination in the halal supply chain of slaughtered chicken products and obtain recommendations for corrective actions so that slaughtered chicken products are maintained halal. Data processing is carried out using manual Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) methods, ISM Professional V 5.0 software, MICMAC Analysis, and Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA). The conclusions obtained from this study are the identification of the risk of contamination of the halal supply chain in slaughtered chicken products consisting of 26 risk elements, recommendations for corrective actions based on the assessment of contextual relationships between risk elements, among others, slaughterers should be given adequate rest time and the number of workers should be adjusted to the workload, and recommendations for corrective actions based on the assessment of the risk level of each element, among others, preferably slaughterers are given education and motivation; Every slaughterer should be required to attend halal slaughterer training; The slaughterer should be motivated to always apply the slaughter training he participates in; ante-mortem should be done before the chickens are delivered; it is best to provide enough containers for chickens after slaughter; And the chicken should be left for up to 3 minutes after slaughter and make sure the chicken has completely died.

STOCK AND FLOW DIAGRAM OF SUPPLY-PRICES STABILIZATION MODEL OF THE CHICKEN MEAT INDUSTRY SUPPLY NETWORK: A CASE STUDY IN DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA (DIY)

During the Covid-19 Pandemic, the Government issued a policy through large-scale social restrictions and the impact was felt on the unsustainable availability of various food commodities, one of which was broiler chicken meat. Broiler chicken is one of the animal protein food products that is favored by people from various circles because it has a relatively cheaper price compared to other meat commodities that provide animal protein, is easy to obtain, and has good organoleptic quality. The purchasing power of the people of the special region of Yogyakarta (DIY) is also increasing due to increased nutritional awareness related to the fulfillment of animal protein. The broiler production process contains uncertainty because it is seasonal. This causes a fluctuating price change. Fluctuations in broiler prices are not a new phenomenon in the DIY. Price fluctuations usually occur at certain times such as during religious holidays and this phenomenon occurs repeatedly every year. So we need a broiler supply chain research to maintain price stability using a dynamic simulation system model of the broiler chicken supply chain in DIY. This study develops a causal loop diagram (CID) and stock and flow diagram (SFD) of system dynamic model of the broiler supply chain in the DIY and simulates the model using powersim studio 10 software. The simulation is confirmed verified and valid, therefore for the next research model can be used to solve the problem by generating policy scenario.

Stock And Flow Diagram of Supply-Prices Stabilization Model of The Chicken Meat Industry Supply Network: A Case Study In Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY)

During the Covid-19 pandemic, the government issued a policy through Large-Scale Social Restrictions and the impact was felt on the unsustainable availability of various food commodities, one of which was broiler chicken meat. Broiler chicken is one of the animal protein food products that is favored by people from various circles because it has a relatively cheaper price compared to other meat commodities that provide animal protein, is easy to obtain, and has good organoleptic quality. The purchasing power of the people of the Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY) is also increasing due to increased nutritional awareness related to the fulfillment of animal protein. The broiler production process contains uncertainty because it is seasonal. This causes a fluctuating price change. Fluctuations in broiler prices are not a new phenomenon in the DIY. Price fluctuations usually occur at certain times such as during religious holidays and this phenomenon occurs repeatedly every year. So we need a broiler supply chain research to maintain price stability using a dynamic simulation system model of the broiler chicken supply chain in DIY. This study develops a Causal Loop Diagram (CLD) and Stock and Flow Diagram (SFD) of system dynamic model of the broiler supply chain in the DIY and simulates the model using Powersim Studio 10 software. The simulation is confirmed verified and valid, therefore for the next research model can be used to solve the problem by generating policy scenario.

Salmonella from Farm to Table: Isolation, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella from Commercial Broiler Supply Chain and Its Environment.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in poultry production chain is one of the major food safety concerns due to indiscriminate usage of antibiotics and the presence of pathogens such as Salmonella which causes infections in various stages of production. In the present study, 182 samples were collected from commercial broiler supply chain, viz., three hatcheries (n = 29), three commercial broiler farms (CBF; n = 99), and three retail meat shops (RMS; n = 54), and used for isolation and identification of Salmonella using three different selective agar media and a selective enrichment medium followed by PCR confirmation targeting the hilA gene. The overall prevalence of Salmonella was 47/182 (25.82%), and a significantly higher (P < 0.05) prevalence was observed in retail meat shops (46.29%), CBF (19.19%), and hatcheries (10.34%). Comparison of three agar media for isolation of Salmonella revealed that all the media were equally selective. However, PCR amplification of hilA gene fragment was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in selective enrichment culture tetrathionate brilliant green bile broth (TTB) as compared to all solid (agar-based) media. Susceptibility pattern against most frequently used antibiotics revealed that 100% of the isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic. High resistance was observed for doxycycline (94.34%), followed by cefpodoxime (84.91%), ciprofloxacin (72.64%), gentamicin (65.09%), enrofloxacin (61.32%), colistin sulphate (40.42%), amikacin (34.91%), ampicillin (33.96%), neomycin (33.02), cefotaxime (30.19%), ceftazidime (29.25%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (23.58%), amoxicillin+clavulanic acid (21.70%), and chloramphenicol (12.26%); 16.98% of the isolates were ex-tended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producers, and 76.41% were multidrug resistant (MDR). MDR Salmonella were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in RMS (91.66%) followed by CBF (82.75%), whereas no MDR isolates were present in the isolates from hatcheries. The results indicated a higher prevalence of Salmonella and AMR for commonly used antibiotics in the complete broiler supply chain, especially RMS and CBF. Also, this study idicated that TTB enrichment followed by PCR and colony PCR was found to be rapid, specific and time-saving method.

A multi-period multi-modal stochastic supply chain model under COVID pandemic: A poultry industry case study in Mississippi

The poultry industry is one of the most important agricultural sectors, which constitutes a significant part of the per capita consumption of protein and meat. Integrating operations of poultry industry sections including production, distribution and consumption becomes vital. Although the proper poultry supply chain has been established and made plenty of benefits for a long time, the global outbreak of COVID-19 shows that operations under pandemic are still challenge for the poultry industry. In this paper, the impacts of pandemic on poultry industry is investigated by developing a multi-period multi-modal stochastic poultry supply chain. Two models are developed aiming to mitigate the negative effects of pandemic occurrence through product stocking policy. In the first model, distribution system is in accordance with a multi-component structure, while the second model allows direct connections between suppliers (farmers) and demanders (customers). In both models, poultry productions are negatively affected by COVID 19. Due to the complexity of the model, a hybrid solution approach based on Branch and Cut and Dynamic Programming is developed. To validate the performance of the proposed model and solution procedure, a case study on the broiler industry in the state of Mississippi is performed. The results show that storing poultry products in the pre-pandemic along with direct logistics during pandemic period can save the broiler supply chain cost up to 30%.

Whole-Genome Sequencing Analysis of Salmonella Enterica Serotype Enteritidis Isolated from Poultry Sources in South Korea, 2010-2017.

Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Enteritidis (SE) is recognized as a major cause of human salmonellosis worldwide, and most human salmonellosis is due to the consumption of contaminated poultry meats and poultry byproducts. Whole-genome sequencing (data were obtained from 96 SE isolates from poultry sources, including an integrated broiler supply chain, farms, slaughterhouses, chicken transporting trucks, and retail chicken meats in South Korea during 2010–2017. Antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes were investigated using WGS data, and the phylogenetic relationship of the isolates was analyzed using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing and core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST). All isolates carried aminoglycoside resistance genes, aac(6’)-Iaa, and 56 isolates carried multiple antimicrobial resistance genes. The most frequent virulence gene profile, pef-fim-sop-inv.-org-sip-spa-sif-fli-flg-hil-ssa-sse-prg-pag-spv, was found in 90 isolates. The SNP analysis provided a higher resolution than the cgMLST analysis, but the cgMLST analysis was highly congruent with the SNP analysis. The phylogenetic results suggested the presence of resident SE within the facility of processing plants, environments of slaughterhouses, and the integrated broiler supply chain, and the phylogenetically related isolates were found in retail meats. In addition, the SE isolates from different origins showed close genetic relationships indicating that these strains may have originated from a common source. This study could be valuable reference data for future traceback investigations in South Korea.

Comprehensive Broiler Supply Chain Model with Vertical and Horizontal Linkages: Impact of US–China Trade War and USMCA

AbstractThis paper builds a comprehensive supply chain model of the US broiler industry that accounts for corn and soybean meal, feed mills, breeders, hatcheries, grow-out farms, broiler processing, value-added processing, and international trade. The model is calibrated and simulated to analyze the effects of (1) corn and soybeans tariffs imposed by China and (2) change in the Canadian tariff-rate quota proposed under US–Mexico–Canada–Agreement. The first scenario indicates that feed price falls while supply increases, which decreases the production costs of breeders and grow-out farms. The second scenario shows that exports to Canada rise at the expense of exports to Mexico.

Structural Attributes Dynamics of the Brazilian Broiler Production Chain

Brazil is one of the world’s largest broiler meat exporters. Broiler meat is one of the most consumed meats worldwide. The most significant challenge for strategic business management when optimizing the financial returnis knowing exactly where to invest. The same happens in the broiler production chain. The present research aimed to investigate which were the most central actors in the broiler supply chain and the dynamics of the chain. The current study was done based on the poultry chain business relations, from 2000 to 2015, of the leading actors of the Brazilian broiler production chain. The centrality indicator was established through social network analysis (SNA) approach, to determine their positions in the chain as a whole. The most used indicators within network analysis are those designed to identify the extent to which one actor occupies a more central position than another. The Gephi® software was applied to calculate the structural attributes and indicators of the network. Results were estimated using the RapidMiner® software. A model was presented that shows one infrastructure indicator as an explanatory variable. The findings indicate that the centrality indicator was weakly influenced when compared to the other variables, such as market demand, wide variations on the scenario, and mergers or acquisitions.

Prevalence and molecular characterization of Salmonella enterica isolates throughout an integrated broiler supply chain in China.

A total of 1145 samples were collected from chicken breeder farms, hatcheries, broiler farms, a slaughterhouse and retail refrigerated chicken stores in an integrated broiler supply chain in Guangdong Province, China, in 2013. One-hundred and two Salmonella enterica strains were isolated and subjected to serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, virulence profile determination and molecular subtyping by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The contamination rates in samples from breeder farms, hatcheries, broiler farms, the slaughterhouse and retail stores were 1·46%, 4·31%, 7·00%, 62·86% and 54·67%, respectively. The isolated strains of S. enterica belonged to 10 serotypes; most of them were S. Weltevreden (46·08%, 47/102) and S. Agona (18·63%, 19/102). Isolates were frequently resistant to streptomycin (38·2%), tetracycline (36·3%), sulfisoxazole (35·3%) and gentamicin (34·3%); 31·4% of isolates were multidrug resistant. The isolates were screened for 10 virulence factors. The Salmonella pathogenicity island genes avrA, ssaQ, mgtC, siiD, and sopB and the fimbrial gene bcfC were present in 100% of the strains. PFGE genotyping of the 102 S. enterica isolates yielded 24 PFGE types at an 85% similarity threshold. The PFGE patterns show that the genotypes of S. enterica in the production chain are very diverse, but some strains have 100% similarity in different parts of the production chain, which indicates that some S. enterica persist throughout the broiler supply chain.

Resistance to extended-spectrum β-lactamases in Salmonella from a broiler supply Chain.

The prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae varies worldwide, however, the incidence of ESBL-producing environmental Salmonella isolates is increasing. Salmonella is still one of the most important pathogens that occur in the poultry supply chain. Therefore, this study analyzed the susceptibility of Salmonella isolates collected from a poultry supply chain to β-lactam antibiotics, and examined the phenotypes of the isolates based on enzyme-inducible AmpC β-lactamase analysis. All analysis of the putative positive isolates in the current study confirmed that 27.02% (77/285 analysis) of all ESBL tests realized with the isolates produced a profile of resistance consistent with β-lactamase production. All isolates of S. Minnesota serotype had ESBL phenotype. Aztreonam resistance was the least common amongst the Salmonella isolates, followed by ceftazidime. The presence of inducible chromosomal ESBL was detected in 14 different isolates of the 19 serotypes investigated. These results are very indicatives of the presence of ESBL genes in Salmonella isolates from a broiler supply chain, reaffirming the growing global problem of ESBL resistance.

Prevalence and characterization of Salmonella species in entire steps of a single integrated broiler supply chain in Korea

The purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution of Salmonella species in an integrated broiler supply chain in Korea. A total of 1,214 samples from various steps of an integrated broiler production company including broiler breeder farms, broiler farms, broiler trucks, slaughterhouse, and retail chicken meats were collected and investigated. Salmonella was detected in 195 of the samples. The highest prevalence of Salmonella was observed in broiler transporting trucks (71.43%), followed by the slaughterhouse (63.89%) and broiler farms (16.05%). Salmonella Hadar was the most frequently isolated serotype (83.08%). All Salmonella Hadar isolates investigated in this study with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed the same XbaI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pulsotype.

The impact of the national standardization system on ranking the supply chain stages improvement

Article history: Received December 10, 2013 Received in revised format 25 June 2014 Accepted July 17 2014 Available online July 19 2014 The objective of this study is to measure the performance improvement of supply chain (SC) stages through implementing the national standardization system (NSS) in an innovative way. There are many studies on the positive effects of standardization system on supply chain performance (SCP), but very few studies have measured and prioritized the impact of this system on SCP. This paper introduces a new approach to the performance improvement of each stage of SC through implementing the NSS. First, we use fuzzy analytical hierarchical process method to measure the relative importance of each stage and determine the characteristics of SC. Then, the amount of SC stages improvement after implementing the NSS is determined. Finally, using a combination of results, the stages of SC are ranked according to the effectiveness of NSS implementation. In order to validate the proposed approach, the case analysis of Iran NSS is carried out on broiler SC. The stages of SC are ranked according to the performance improvement through implementing standardization system, subsequently. This approach can be generalized to other standardization systems and SCs. © 2014 Growing Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Farm and slaughterhouse characteristics affecting the occurrence of Salmonella and Campylobacter in the broiler supply chain

Based on a data set on Campylobacter and Salmonella prevalence in the broiler supply chain, collected during the period 2002 through 2005 in the Netherlands, farm- and slaughterhouse-specific characteristics were tested for their effect on Campylobacter and Salmonella prevalence at different stages of the broiler supply chain. Three different sampling points were considered: departure from the farm, arrival at the slaughterhouse, and the end of the slaughterline. Strong associations were found between Salmonella and Campylobacter prevalence at a particular sampling point and their prevalence at the preceding point of the chain. Statistical analyses showed that the country of origin of the broiler farm had a significant effect on the prevalence of Salmonella and Campylobacter at slaughterhouse arrival. The feeding company delivering to the farm also showed a significant effect on the occurrence of both pathogens at departure from the broiler farm. The prevalence of Campylobacter decreased with an increasing number of birds per flock, whereas the prevalence of Salmonella increased with an increasing number of birds per flock. The number of flocks processed within a specific slaughterhouse was not associated with an increased or decreased prevalence of Campylobacter and Salmonella. The results provide more insight into factors related to the occurrence of both pathogens and in understanding their epidemiology. The results can be supportive in decision making on measures to reduce the contamination of broiler products with Salmonella and Campylobacter.

Meat Broiler Supply Chain Analysis at Malang City, East Java (A Study on One Meat Broiler Distributor)

The research has been conducted on April 1st to May 1st 2010, at Malang City, East Java Province. Result of research shows four patterns of marketing chain. The first marketing chain is farmer/producer o wholesaler o retailer o consumer. The second marketing chain is farmer/producer o wholesaler o RPA o retailer o consumer. The third marketing chain is farmer/producer o wholesaler o restaurant o consumer. The final marketing chain is farmer/producer o wholesaler o retailer o broker o consumer. Basically, value chain on each chain is about the unbalanced profit share taken on each chain, the final marketing agent is inclined to take the highest profit, thus make the price on consumers become higher. The result of marketing margin analysis indicates that the margin distribution of first chain is 26.52%, while those of second, third and fourth chain are 28.08%, 13.36% and 32.04%. Farmer’s share in first chain is 44.72%, while those in second, third and fourth chain are 43.57%, 61.56% and 40.22%. Profit share per cost of each farmer is similar in rate of 0.08. The profit share of broker in the first chain is 0.47, while those in second, third and fourth chain are 0.49, 0.09 and 0.59.

A Model for Setting Performance Objectives for Salmonella in the Broiler Supply Chain

A stochastic model for setting performance objectives for Salmonella in the broiler supply chain was developed. The goal of this study was to develop a model by which performance objectives for Salmonella prevalence at various points in the production chain can be determined, based on a preset final performance objective at the end of the processing line. The transmission of Salmonella through the broiler production chain was modeled. The prevalence at flock level was calculated from the measured prevalence at sample level. The transmission model is based on data on the occurrence of Salmonella collected in the Dutch broiler production chain during several years. The developed model can be used by policymakers and industry to determine economically and politically acceptable performance objectives for various points of the production chain and to draw conclusions about which interventions are most appropriate.

From the Editors

From the Editors

Salmonella serotype distribution in the Dutch broiler supply chain

Salmonella serotype distribution can give insight in contamination routes and persistence along a production chain. Therefore, it is important to determine not only Salmonella prevalence but also to specify the serotypes involved at the different stages of the supply chain. For this purpose, data from a national monitoring program in the Netherlands were used to estimate the serotype distribution and to determine whether this distribution differs for the available sampling points in the broiler supply chain. Data covered the period from 2002 to 2005, all slaughterhouses (n = 22), and the following 6 sampling points: departure from hatchery, arrival at the farm, departure from the farm, arrival at the slaughterhouse, departure from the slaughterhouse, and end of processing. Furthermore, retail data for 2005 were used for comparison with slaughterhouse data. The following serotypes were followed throughout the chain: Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Paratyphi B var. Java (Salmonella Java), Salmonella Infantis, Salmonella Virchow, and Salmonella Mbandaka. Results showed that serotype distribution varied significantly throughout the supply chain (P < 0.05). Main differences were found at the farm and at the slaughterhouse (within one stage), and least differences were found between departure from one stage and arrival at the next stage. The most prominent result was the increase of Salmonella Java at farm level. This serotype remained the most prominent pathogen throughout the broiler supply chain up to the retail phase.