Brine Shrimp Lethality Test Research Articles

Cytotoxicity activity oil of Anguilla marmorata (Q.) Gaimard

Eel fish (Anguilla marmorata (Q.) Gaimard) contains unsaturated fatty acids such as omega-3 and omega-6. Furthermore, EPA and DHA are forms of omega-3 and are known to treat various diseases such as atherosclerosis, cancer, inflammation, heart disease, stroke, lupus, hypertension, impaired growth and intelligence, diabetes, and act as antifungal agents. This study aimed to determine the cytotoxic activity of eel fish oil extract against Artemia salina leach shrimp larvae using the brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) method. It also aimed to determine the lethal concentration 50 (LC₅₀) value of the oil, which is the concentration that could cause the death of 50% of the test animal population. The cytotoxicity testing was carried out using the larvae of Artemia salina leach shrimp larvae aged 48 hrs and eel fish oil extract at concentrations of 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, and 500 ppm with five repetitions. Furthermore, the cytotoxic effect was observed by calculating the number of shrimp larvae mortality, while the probit analysis was used to determine the LC50 value of the oil. The results showed that the eel fish oil extract had the highest bioactivity against Artemia salina leach shrimp larvae at concentrations of 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, and 500 ppm, respectively, and its LC₅₀ value was 232.6802 ppm, which is <1000 ppm. Therefore, it was concluded that the oil is toxic to Artemia salina leach shrimp larvae and has the potential to be further investigated as an anticancer agent.

Study of Phytochemical Constituent and Biological Activities of Methanolic Extract of Rhizomes of Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora and Roots of Rheum australe collected from the Alpine Region of Nepal

Rhizomes of Neopicrorhiza scrophularii flora and roots of Rheum australe were collected from the alpine regions of the Jumla district of Nepal. The phytochemical analysis of the methanolic extract of these plants revealed the presence of polyphenols, flavonoids, quinones, saponins, and tannins. The total phenolic and flavonoid content in the extracts of N. scrophulariiflora were estimated to be 141.27±1.414 mg GAE/gm and 43.48±5.476 QE/gm respectively and that in the extracts of R. austral were estimated to be 101.54±4.061 mg GAE/gm and 24.97±2.857 mg QE/gm respectively. A brine shrimp lethality test was performed with the extracts of N. scrophulariiflora and R. austral against brine shrimp nauplii and results revealed high toxicity of the extracts towards nauplii with LC50 values 173.78μg/mL and 257.03μg/mL respectively. N. scrophulariiflora showed the strongest DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC50 value of 57.49 μg/mL in comparison to R. austral whose IC50 was determined to be 68.91μg/mL, ascorbic acid taken as standard with IC50 value 49.05μg/ml. In α-amylase inhibition assay, N. scrophulariiflora extract exhibited strong activity with IC50 value 140.67μg/mL while that of R. austral extract showed mild activity with IC50 value 192.88μg/mL. All the biological studies revealed that N. scrophulariiflora extract is more active than that R. austral extract. Column chromatography of the extract of N. scrophulariiflora was performed and 50 % methanolic fraction was further subjected to FTIR and GC-MS analysis. The GC-MS analysis showed various compounds and among them, 13 major compounds were identified.

LETHAL CONCENTRATION OF Saussurea costus WITH BRINE SHRIMP LETHALITY TEST METHOD

The safety of using herbal plant extracts is essential for COVID-19 patients who consume herbal plants daily to increase immunity and overcome the symptoms of the disease. One of the herbal plants used by the community in COVID-19 therapy is Qusthul Hindi (Saussurea costus). The public needs to know the safety of these herbal remedies when consuming them. Therefore it is essential to conduct a toxicity test of Hindi Qusthul extract. Secondary metabolite compounds present in plant extracts can be tested for toxicity in vitro using the Brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) method using Artemia salina Leach larvae to determine LC50 values. The BSLT method is used to determine biological activities in extract plants, such as cytotoxic activity, phototoxic, enzyme inhibition, and ion regulation, using Artemia salina Leach shrimp larvae as bioindicators. The BSLT method is carried out by observing the mortality rate in Artemia salina Leach shrimp larvae which are given extracts from plants and then incubated for 1x24 hours. The results obtained from this study as an LC50 (Lethal concentration) value of 532.78 ppm. LC50 (Lethal Concentration) value of 532.78 ppm indicates that the concentration of the compound can cause death in Artemia salina Leach by as much as 50%.

Juju Jam: Natural anti-cancer food from Bidara fruit for cancer risk patients

Cancer is the second leading cause of mortality worldwide, responsible for one in six deaths. Conventional treatments have been advancing and becoming more effective, but scientists continue to seek alternative and complementary treatments. Nature is the main source of alternative medicine for various diseases, including cancer. For example, mineral-rich plants are widely available in Indonesia and have been used traditionally to treat illnesses. One of them is the bidara fruit (Ziziphus mauritiana), which has medicinal compounds such as flavonoid, phenolic and tannin. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) antioxidant assay test shows an IC50 234,2139 ppm and classifies bidara fruit extract as a medium antioxidant. Meanwhile, the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) test shows an LC50 4,5449 and classifies bidara fruit extract as having high toxicity.

Komponen Kimia Minyak Atsiri yang Diisolasi dari Daun Tanaman Pucuk Merah (Syzygium myrtifolium Walp.) dan Potensi Antibakteri serta Toksisitasnya

Pucuk merah (Syzygium myrtifolium Walp.) is an ornamental plant from the Myrtaceae family. Several phytochemical tests from previous researchers reported that pucuk merah contains secondary metabolites that have benefits such as antioxidants, antibacterials, and anti-cancer. In addition, the distinctive aroma produced from pucuk merah leaves indicates the presence of essential oils whose bioactivity can be studied. Still, there has been no report on this plant's chemical components or bioactivity. Therefore, this study aims to determine the content of chemical components of pucuk merah essential oil and their bioactivity as antibacterial and toxicity. The isolation of essential oils was carried out by the hydro distillation method. The chemical components of essential oils were analyzed using the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) method. GC-MS results showed the presence of 42 compounds with four main compounds, namely caryophyllene (23.45%), 3-carene (15.67%), α-terpineol (10.74%), and α-pinene (5.98%) ). Antibacterial test of pucuk merah essential oil using the disc diffusion method showed strong activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli with inhibition zones of 16.15 ± 2.03 and 16.13 ± 1.74 mm at 100% concentration. The results of the toxicity test of pucuk merah essential oil using the BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test) method on Artemia salina Leach shrimp larvae showed strong toxic properties with an LC50 value of 3.99 µg/mL.

Cytotoxicity by Brine Shrimp Lethality Test and Potential Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz Stem Bark Ethanol Extract as Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Efficacy

Cytotoxicity by Brine Shrimp Lethality Test and Potential Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz Stem Bark Ethanol Extract as Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Efficacy

Endophytic Fungi from Mangrove Plant Acanthus ilicifolius L.: Antimicrobial, Anticancer, and Species Determination

The current study aimed to screen, identify and evaluate the biological activity of fungi strains from the mangrove plant Acanthus ilicifolius L, which has proven to be a rich source of fungal species. Thirteen fungi were screened from the leaves, stem bark, and roots. Each fungal strain was cultivated in rice as media, and then the secondary metabolites of the fungus were extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracts were tested for antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. Next, a phylogenetic tree was reconstructed based on the sequence similarities of each strain. The fungal extract AIA1 displayed excellent antimicrobial activity in a concentration of 5 % against some pathogenic bacterial strains with an inhibition zone in the range of 11.87 ± 0.87 to 15.42 ± 0.51 mm. The brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) showed that strains AIA1 and AIKB3 were toxic against Artemisia salina L with an LC50 value of less than 80 ppm. The MTT assay determined the cytotoxicity against the human ductal breast epithelial tumor (T47D) cell line. Based on molecular identification, AIA1, AIKB3, and AID1 showed maximum similarity (> 95 %) with Pestalotiopsis sp. AIA1, Trichoderma yunnanense AIKB3, and Schizopyllum commune AID1, respectively. The ethyl acetate extracts of fungi strains from the mangrove plant A. ilicifolius showed strong antibacterial and moderate cytotoxic activities, which make them good candidates for secondary metabolite isolation. HIGHLIGHTS This is the first report on exploring the endophytic fungi from the mangrove plant Acanthus ilicifolius collected from Mangrove Forest Tourism Park, West Sumatera, Indonesia Endophytic fungi strains from mangrove plant Acanthus ilicifolius showed good activity on the antimicrobial and cytotoxic assay Three potential endophytic fungi were identified asPestalotiopsis AIA1, Trichoderma yunnanense AIKB3, and Schizopyllum commune AID1 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES, PHENOLIC CONSTITUENTS AND OF VARIOUS EXTRACTS OF CYCLAMEN COUM TUBERS AND LEAVES FROM TURKEY

The present study evaluated thephenolics composition and biological activities of various extracts of Cyclamen coum. The antioxidant properties of these plant wasdetermined using the scavengingmethods (DPPH andABTS), total antioxidant test systems (β-carotene/linoleic acid), reducing power (FRAP) assays.The antibacterial effect was examined with MIC method. The phenolics were identified using HPLC and the brine shrimp lethality test was used to screen for possible toxicity. Larvicidal activity against Cx. pipienswas assessed.The highest phenolic compound was foundcinnamic acid with 411.6 µg/g. The highest total phenolic and flavonoid were found in the ethanolic extracts with 8.99±3.07 mgGAE/mL and 54.66±3.02 mgQE/g, respectively. The tuber-methanol extract exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity (β-carotene/linoleic acid test, 76.43±3.02%). The radical scavinging activity of the extracts varied from 129.74±0.02 (tuber ethanol) to 336.3±0.02 (tuber acetone) IC50 μg/mL (DPPH assay) and from 118.04±0.07 (tuber ethanol) to 321.96±0.08 (leaves acetone) IC50 μg/mL (ABTS assay). Very strong reduction of Gr (+) S. aureus growth were observed during incubation in tubermethanolic extracts (MIC was 56±0.03μg/mL). The brine shrimp lethality assay of tubermethanol extract has showed good cytotoxic with LC50 of 3.016 μg/mL. The tuber extract of C. Coum showed highest larvicidal activity against Cx. pipiens with value LC50 (296.80 μg/mL). C.coum could be a source to derive the potential antioxidant and cytotoxic agents. However, further studies are needed to determine the mechanism involved in the process.

Cytotoxic Activity of Ethyl Acetate Extract from Voacanga foetida (Bl.) Rolfe Leaves Against T47D Breast Cancer Cells

The cytotoxicity of ethyl acetate extract from Tampa badak (Voacanga foetida (Bl.) Rolfe) leaves against Artemia salina leach larvae was determined using the brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) method and was evaluated against T47D breast cancer cells using MTT assay method. The result of BSLT showed a consistent result with MTT assay, which is the result obtained that ethyl acetate extract is very toxic against A. salina Leach larvae with LC50 value of 8.61 µg/mL and very cytotoxic against T47D breast cancer cells with IC50 values of 0.87; 0.66; and 0.95 µg/mL at the 24, 48 and 72 hours of incubation times, respectively. The MTT assay data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA statistical method to see the effect of the dependent variable (concentration and time) on the independent variable (% viability). Based on the statistical test result, there is a difference in % viability between concentrations of 0.1; 1; and 10 µg/mL (p <0.05), but the length of incubation does not affect % viability (p >0.05).

Cytotoxic Activity Ethanol Extract Rind of Arumanis Mango (Mangifera indica Linn.) and Ethanol Extract Rind of Kweni Mango (Mangifera odorata Griff.) by Brine Shrimp Lethality Test Method

Mango is a plant that has many health benefits such as helping the body to ward off free radicals. Research on the cytotoxic test of the ethanol extract rind of arumanis mango (Mangifera indica Linn.) and rind of kweni mango rind (Mangifera odorata Griff.) with the brine shrimp lethality test method was to determine the cytotoxic activity of the rind. Simplicia powder of mango arumanis rind and mango kweni rind was macerated with 70% ethanol. Cytotoxic testing used various concentrations of 1000 μg/mL, 500 μg/mL, 250 μg/mL, 100 μg/mL, 50 μg/mL. From the results of phytochemical screening, the ethanol extract of the arumanis mango rind contains alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, terpenoids, and ethanol extract of kweni mango rind (Mangifera odorata Griff.) Containing alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, and terpenoids. The results of the cytotoxic test obtained LC50 values of 41.6869 μg/mL for arumanis mango and 29.4238 μg/mL for kweni mango with a very toxic category of <30 μg/mL and toxic of 30-1000 μg/mL. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the ethanol extract rind of arumanis mango and the ethanol extract rind of kweni mango have cytotoxic activity.

Cytotoxic Activity Test Of Ethanolic Extract Of Berenuk Fruit (Crescentia Cujete L.) On Artemia Salina Leach Shrimp Larva Using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) Method

Introduction. Cancer is one of the leading causes of human death in the world. One of the therapies given to cancer patients is chemotherapy which has cytotoxic effects. One of the plants that have the same effect is the berenuk or calabash (Crescentia cujete L.) plant, from the family of Bignoniaceae, which grows wild and is often referred to as a poisonous plant. However, some people traditionally use this plant as a medicinal plant such as for antifungal, anthelmintic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory. This plant contains naphthoquinones as one of the cytotoxic chemical compounds and another metabolite secondary such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, and anthraquinones. Methods. The BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test) method was used for this study. The powder of berenuk fruit flesh was extracted using ethanol. The obtained solvent was evaporated using a rotary evaporator to obtain a thick extract. The extract was tested on A. salina larva that has been prepared and the value of mortality was observed. Results. The result of the cytotoxic activity test of ethanolic extract of berenuk fruit on A. salina larva had the LC50 value of 529.386 ppm which is categorized as toxic. Conclusion. Extract ethanolic of berenuk fruit on A. salina had cytotoxic activity.

Fabrication of silver nanoparticles-deposited fabrics as a potential candidate for the development of reusable facemasks and evaluation of their performance

Recently, wearing facemasks in public has been raised due to the coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic worldwide. However, the performance and effectiveness of many existing products have raised significant concerns among people and professionals. Therefore, greater attempts have been focused recently to increase the efficacy of these products scientifically and industrially. In this respect, doping or impregnating facemask fabrics with metallic substances or nanoparticles like silver nanoparticles has been proposed. So, in the present study, we aimed to sonochemically coat silver nanoparticles on the non-woven Spunbond substrates at different sonication times and concentrations to develop antibacterial and antiviral facemask. The coated substrates were characterized using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope, Energy Dispersive X-Ray, X-ray diffraction, and Thermogravimetry analysis. The amount of silver released from the coated substrates was measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The filtration efficiency, pressure drop, and electrical conductivity of the coated samples were also investigated. The antibacterial activity of fabrics was evaluated against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Cellular viability of samples assessed by MTT and brine shrimp lethality tests. The results revealed that the higher sonication times and precursor concentrations result in a higher and more stable coating, larger particle size, wider particle size distribution, and lower content of released silver. Coated fabrics also revealed enhanced filtration efficiency (against nanosize particles), desired pressure drop, and antibacterial activity without significant cytotoxicity toward HEK 293 cells and Artemia nauplii. As a result, the coated fabrics could find potential applications in the development of facemasks for protection against different pathogenic entities.

Phytotoxic and Cytotoxic Polyketides Produced by Fungal Endophytes Isolated from Psidium guajava

Endophytic fungi reside within their host plants with no obvious symptoms. They have been proven as abundant sources of new bioactive compounds with diverse structures. In our continuous search of the new compound from endophytic fungi, a new compound, 5,7-dihydroxy-3(R)-methylphthalide (1), was isolated from Xylaria brevipes PGR1, and three known compounds, (–)-altenuene (2), alternariol (3), and altertoxin I (4), were isolated from Alternaria alternata D-8. Both endophytic fungi were isolated from the branch of an Indonesian medicinal plant, Psidium guajava. Their structures were elucidated using extensive spectroscopy analyses, including 1D/2D NMR, HRESITOFMS, and data comparisons with the literature. Compounds 1–3 exhibited phytotoxicity at IC50 (µg/ml) values of 4.6, 23.07, and 77.28, respectively. Additionally, 1–4 showed significant cytotoxicity in the brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT), with mortality rates at 75%, 50%, 90%, and 80% at the concentration of 0.19 μg/ml, respectively.

Phytochemical Screening and Toxicity Test of Various Extracts from Microalgae <I>Dunaliella salina</I>

Highlight Research Extract N-hexane of salina contains alkaloids, steroids, triterpenoids, and phenols Extract Ethyl Acetate of salina contains alkaloids, steroids, triterpenoids, phenols, flavonoid, and saponins Extract Methanol of salina contains alkaloids, steroids, triterpenoids, phenols, flavonoid, and saponins 24- hours LC50 value of the n-hexane extract salina was 276 ppm, the ethyl acetate extract was 673 ppm and the methanol extract was 811 ppm. All of the three extracts were included in toxic category Abstract Microalgae are single celled microorganisms as the primary producers in the water food cycle. Microalgae bioactive compounds was estimated to be 10 times more diverse than compounds produced by land plants. Microalgae use nutrients more efficiently to grow, metabolize, and produce chemical compounds. Dunaliella salina is a type of chlorophyte microalgae with a lot of potential to be used in various fields. This study aimed to determine the phytochemical compound content and the value of lethal toxicity (24-hour LC50) in microalgae D. salina extract with different solvents. The multistage maceration method uses n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol to extract samples. Phytochemical screening uses reagents according to the content of secondary metabolites. The Brine Shrimp Lethality Test method is used to test toxicity. The extracts were tested by using 10 Artemia salina against five concentrations, namely 0, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 ppm. Toxicity data were processed through probit analysis to get the 24-hour LC50 value. The results showed that alkaloids, steroids, triterpenoids, and phenols were found in the methanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extracts. Saponin were found in the methanolic extracts. Flavonoid were found in the methanol and ethyl acetate extracts. The 24-hour LC50 value of the n-hexane extract was 276 ppm, the methanol extract was 811 ppm, and ethyl acetate extract was 673 ppm. The three extracts were included in toxic category. Extracts of microalgae D. salina have plenty secondary metabolite, that can be used in various fields and holds the potential as an anticancer.

Toxicity Test of Cat Whiskers (Orthosiphon stamineus) and Miana (Coleus artropurpureus) Leaves Against Artemia salina Leach Using BSLT

Medicinal plants are a good source of therapeutic drugs because they contain phytochemical compounds. Cat's whiskers (Orthosiphon stamineus) and miana (Coleus artropurpureus) are plants that are widely used as herbal medicines. However, there are no studies related to toxicology to ensure its safety. The aim of this study was to determine the toxicity of 96% ethanol extract of cat whiskers and miana leaves to shrimp (Artemia salina Leach) larvae. Toxicity test was carried out using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method with 48 hours old Artemia salina shrimp larvae. The concentration of the extract used was 1 ppm, 2 ppm, 3 ppm, 4 ppm and 5 ppm. The results of the toxicity test showed that the 96% ethanol extract of cat's whiskers leaves had an LC50 value of 8.0855 ppm, while the 96% ethanol extract of miana leaves had an LC50 value of 4.7067 ppm. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that cat's whiskers and miana leaves have the potential to be developed as candidates for anticancer drugs.

Silver Nanoparticle Incorporated Human Amniotic Membrane Gel Accelerates Second-Degree Burn Wound Healing in Wister Rat.

Burn has terrible consequences for the affected patients, making them vulnerable to wound infections and septicemia, which results in physical and mental disability and death, necessitating superior treatment options. Human amniotic membrane (HAM) has been utilized in burn wounds for decades for its low immunogenicity, angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties and for promoting epithelialization. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), on the other hand, have antimicrobial properties and promote fibroblast migration. This study aimed to determine the burn wound healing potential of HAM + AgNPs. The gel was prepared using HAM (1% and 2%), AgNPs, carbopol 934, acrylic acid, glycerine, and triethanolamine, and different physical properties (pH, water absorption, swelling variation, spreadability, etc.) of the gel were determined; nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, antibacterial activity, brine shrimp lethality test, and histopathological observation were conducted. In vivo studies with Wistar rats demonstrated better healing capabilities than individual components of the gel. Wound contraction percentage after 20 days was 96.1 ± 0.27% which was highly significant (p < 0.0001), and the epithelialization period was 23.67 ± 2.05 days (p < 0.01) for HAM + AgNPs which was preferable to the positive control, AgNPs, HAM, and negative control; also, the histopathologic observation using hematoxylin and eosin, and Masson's trichrome staining were showed the better healing progress for HAM + AgNPs. Both HAM and AgNPs had antibacterial activities against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. These results indicated that the formulated HAM + AgNPs gel had remarkable effectiveness in burn wound healing compared to others. Further studies will be conducted to determine the molecular mechanism behind wound healing.

In-vitro cytotoxicity and in-silico investigation of the anticancer potential of 3-methoxyxanthen-9-one from Garcinia lanceifolia Roxb

For its beneficial effects on health, Garcinia lanceifolia Roxb. Has long been used as a vegetable and in juice. In this study, as part of the process of finding and developing new drugs, we examine the cytotoxic and other pharmacological characteristics of isolated molecules. Various chromatographic methods were used to isolate the bioactive compounds identified by spectroscopic techniques. The brine shrimp lethality test was used to evaluate the cytotoxic properties of G. lanceifolia. In addition, the compounds' ADME screening, in-silico cell-line toxicity prediction, and molecular docking investigations were also looked into. The chemicals identified were 3-methoxyxanthen-9-one, Furo [3, 2-g] chromen-7-one, and 7-hydroxy-2-chromenone after a thorough spectrum analysis. According to an in-silico cell-line toxicity investigation, chemicals 1, 2, and 3 are likely to be active against different cancer cell lines. After a docking analysis against the cancer target protein epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), compound 1 (3-methoxyxanthen-9-one) showed a significant interaction with the active site of EGFR, with crucial amino acid residues including LEU694, ALA719, THR766, LEU820, and LEU831. The current study provided evidence that compound 1 (3-methoxyxanthen-9-one) may be a potent inhibitor against the cancer target protein EGFR, and this study will also be beneficial for the process of developing anticancer drugs.

Chromolaena odorata Linn leaf extract - Geothermal versus nongeothermal: Phytochemical, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity screenings.

Chromolaena odorata Linn, a popular yet underutilized ethnomedicinal plant, is hypothesized to possess higher bioactive phytoconstituents when it grows in geothermal areas. In this study, the comparison of ethanolic extract from geothermal and nongeothermal C. odorata leaves was carried out based on the phytochemical profile, antioxidant activity, and cytotoxicity. The leaf extracts were produced from a maceration using ethanol 96%, where the products were identified using reagents and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Antioxidant activities of both samples were measured based on their 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activities. Cytotoxicity was determined by brine shrimp lethality test using Artemia salina. Phenols were found to be more abundant in geothermal sample based on the qualitative screening and GC-MS analysis (i.e. higher relative abundance of phytol - 3.97%). DPPH antioxidant was higher in geothermal sample than in nongeothermal sample (median inhibitory concentration =13.04 ± 3.35 mg/L vs. 41.09 ± 4.13 mg/L, respectively). Geothermal sample was noncytotoxic (median lethal concentration [LC50] =2139.30 mg/L), whereas the nongeothermal sample had low cytotoxicity (LC50 = 491.48 mg/L). Taken altogether, geothermal C. odorata leaves contain higher bioactive compounds with potent antioxidant activities.

Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity and Toxicity of Cinnamomum Burmannii B. from Different Provinces of Indonesia

Cinnamomum burmannii B. is an indigenous spice plant from Indonesia that is commonly used as a folk medicine. Differences in the location of cinnamon cultivation in Indonesia can affect its bioactive compounds, which have therapeutic value. This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity and toxicity of C. burmannii extracts from five different Indonesian provinces where the location of cultivation may influence the plant bioactive compounds. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu and AlCl 3 methods, respectively. The antioxidant activity was measured using the DPPH assay and toxicity was assessed using the BSLT method. Results showed that C. burmannii extracts from different locations had varying total phenolic and flavonoid content (82.42 ± 3.4—316.26 ± 20.94 mg GAE/g and 18.08 ± 0.23—96.10 ± 7.97 mg QE/g, respectively) as well as antioxidant activity and toxicity (170.54 ± 24.61—43.85 ± 1.09 µg/mL and 826.10 ± 57.79—341.95 ± 32.24 µg/mL, respectively). The presence of active secondary metabolites in these extracts including phenolic and flavonoid compounds was found to contribute to their antioxidant and toxicity properties. The study emphasizes the importance of the location of cinnamon cultivation in determining its bioactivity and the bark of C. burmannii products from Indonesia, particularly from the five provinces included in this study, can be considered relatively safe for consumption within reasonable limits. Further comprehensive research is necessary to assess the safety of cinnamon for human consumption due to the variability in coumarin content and the potential toxicity risks associated with its use, especially from Indonesian sources. Keywords: antioxidants, brine shrimp lethality test, cinnamon, DPPH, Indonesia, methanol extract. https://doi.org/10.55463/issn.1674-2974.50.4.16

Green Synthesis of Terminalia Arjuna-mediated Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles, Its Morphological Assessment and Evaluation of Cytotoxic and Antioxidant Properties: An In-vitro Study

Introduction: Terminalia Arjuna (TA) has been used in the field of ayurvedic and unani medicine for quite some time now. It has been shown to possess several medicinal properties. Literature has highlighted the osteoinductive properties of TA and has been extensively been used for its fracture healing and bone forming potential. This would have a positive impact in the field of periodontics and orthodontics, which require bone grafts to maintain ideal periodontal conditions. Aim: To synthesise TA-mediated Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles (TA-HApNPs) and subject it to morphological assessment and evaluate its cytotoxic and antioxidant properties. Materials and Methods: This in-vitro study was done under a laboratory setting within the city of Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, extending for a period of one month from April 2022 to May 2022. A 1 g of TA plant bark was mixed with 100 mL distilled water and heated to derive the plant extract. A 20 mL of distilled water was mixed with 0.502 g of Hydroxyapatite (HAp). An 80 mL of TA extract was mixed with 20 mL of HAp solution. The mixture was placed in a magnetic stirrer and was subjected to an Ultraviolet Visible (UV-Vis) double beam spectrophotometer. The solution was dried and was subjected to Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) analysis for morphological characterisation, 2,2-Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay for the assessment of antioxidant properties and brine shrimp lethality test to evaluate its cytotoxic properties. The results were obtained electronically, tabulated in a spreadsheet and were subjected to descriptive statistics using Microsoft excel 2019 Management Services Organisation (MSO) (Version 2202; Build 16.0.14931.20118). Results: UV-Spectroscopy revealed a sharp peak at 375 nm wavelength suggesting Nanoparticle (NPs) formation. Spherical shaped NPs with size ranging from 5-25 nm were seen under the TEM. At concentration of 48 µL also TA-HApNPs elicited good cytotoxicity as seven out of 10 brine shrimps were alive at the end of 24 hours. Good antioxidant properties at 50 µL concentration with a DPPH assay reading of 1.044 was noted. Conclusion: The TA-HApNPs can be synthesised using simple and routinely used laboratory armamentarium in the size range of 5-25nm. TA-HApNPs have minimal cytotoxic effect and a good antioxidant activity