Bottled Drinking Water Research Articles

Determination of perfluorooctane sulphonate and perfluorooctanoic acid in seafood and water from Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate area, Thailand

ABSTRACT This initial study aimed to determine the concentrations of perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in seafood, bottled drinking water, and surface and tap water collected from Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate in Rayong province, Thailand. Samples were collected during dry (January) and wet (June) seasons, 2019. The perfluorinated compounds were cleaned up by solid phase extraction and analysed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry with stable isotopic labelled internal standards (13C8–PFOS and 13C8–PFOA). This study reports concentrations of PFOS and PFOA in seafood at levels between 29–6724 and <48–421 ng/kg wet weight, respectively. Surface water samples from rivers and the coastal sea had PFOS and PFOA between 0.60–465.65 and <0.25–59.29 ng/L, respectively. Contamination of PFOS and PFOA in bottled drinking water (<0.125–0.454 and <0.25–0.621 ng/L, respectively) did not exceed the USEPA standard of 70 ng/L. Concentrations of PFOS and PFOA in seafood and water samples between seasons did not show any definite trend. Seafood dietary assessments of PFOS exposure in the seafood eater population raised a health concern, as the exposure exceeded the latest EFSA tolerable weekly intake value for PFAS mixtures (4.4 ng/kg body weight/week). Therefore, environmental and food samples from Map Ta Phut area should be closely monitored to ensure the safety of people living in and around this area.

Consumption of Honey in Wa Municipality, Upper West Region Ghana

Honey commonly referred to as ‘liquid gold’’ is a sweet, thick liquid natural food produced by honeybees through secretions of living plants that transform and combine with specific substances of their own, and leave it in the honey comb to ripen and mature. Honey is spoken of by all religious books, and accepted by all generations, traditions and civilizations, both ancient and modern as very medicinal and nutritious food. The paper explored the source, brand and packaging of honey sold, the quality features of honey consumers look out for during purchase, average consumption (daily, weekly, monthly, yearly) of honey, health and nutritional benefits of honey and the concerns consumers have about honey purchased for consumption. A consumer survey in peri-urban and urban communities in Wa Municipality was carried out. A total number of 400 consumers were accidentally sampled and consented for the study after verifying consumer’s eligibility from a check list. The study found out that, consumption of honey was common among urban and peri-urban dwellers thereby creates a business opportunity for producers, processors and vendors, Two major sources of honey were identified, wild and apiary honey. The brands identified were also the local and external honeys. Honey in the Municipality is packaged and sold in plastic/rubber bottle, recycled drinking water bottle and beer bottles for consumers. Honey consumers in the Wa municipality commonly use four quality characteristics (flavor, taste, color and thickness) in buying honey for use. They believe that these physical characteristics are all-inclusive in determining the quality of honey and stretches an upright conclusion of honey quality. The overall daily average quantity of honey consumed per person in Wa Municipality was calculated at 1.7 ml, weekly 11.9ml, monthly 47.6ml and yearly 571.2ml. In terms of access point of honey, consumers buy honey from processors, distributers and vendors. Majority of the consumers bu

PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT STRATEGIES IN FINANCIAL, LEARNING AND GROWTH PERSPECTIVES THROUGH IMPLEMENTING THE INTEGRATION OF LEAN WITH SIX SIGMA (DMAIC) CONCEPTS IN THE PACKAGING DRINKING WATER INDUSTRY IN MAKASSAR CITY

The growth of bottled drinking water is currently growing in line with the increasing needs of the community, however, in its operational activities, several problems are still found. The problems are related to the problem of activities that are not useful (waste) in the aspects of finance, learning, and growth. Based on these problems, in this study, an analysis was carried out by applying the integration of the concept of Lean and Six Sigma. The research method approach is carried out by identifying the types of activities that are not useful (waste) and analyzed by the stages Define, Measure), Improve, and Control with the abbreviation DMAIC analysis. The method of data collection was carried out by direct survey, interview, and questionnaire instrument distribution. The results of this study identify activities that are not useful (waste) in the form of findings of the amount of non-productive work time, low work motivation, low frequency of employee education and training activities, loss of sales turnover due to consumer movement to buy other brands of products, it is still found that the lowest sales volume occurs. Based on the stages of DMAIC analysis, 10 root causes and strategies of waste are found from a financial perspective, and 8 on the aspects of growth and learning.

Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm to Solve Vehicle Routing Problem with Fuel Consumption Minimization

The Conventional Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) has the objective function of minimizing the total vehicles’ traveling distance. Since the fuel cost is a relatively high component of transportation costs, in this study, the objective function of VRP has been extended by considering fuel consumption minimization in the situation wherein the loading weight and traveling time are restricted. Based on these assumptions, we proposed to extend the route division procedure proposed by Kuo and Wang [4] such that when one of the restrictions can not be met the routing division continues to create a new sub-route to find an acceptable solution. To solve the formulated problem, the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is proposed to optimize the vehicle routing plan. The proposed methodology is validated by solving the problem by taking a particular day data from a bottled drinking water distribution company. It was revealed that the saving of at best 13% can be obtained from the actual routes applied by the company.

Application of Critical Path Method and Fuzzy Logic in Optimizing Bottled Drinking Water Production

AbstractProject management is one of the analytical techniques used for planning, scheduling, and making decisions about activities. This is useful so that the project can be implemented optimally and efficiently. Project management can be done by optimizing the network. Network optimization is very important for the production of bottled drinking water (AMDK) "AETA" produced by the PDAM of Kota Madiun. The optimization of the bottled water production network in this study uses the Fuzzy Critical Path Method (FCPM) analysis technique. Optimization of this fuzzy network is carried out to find a critical path in the production of bottled drinking water in order to get an efficient time in the production of 4 types of bottled drinking water, namely glass, 1.5L bottles, 600mL bottles, and gallons. The results showed that gallon product packaging has a high level of efficiency. In this research, fuzzy data analysis uses trapezoidal fuzzy numbers for bottled drinking water production time. Meanwhile, CPM is used to obtain the most efficient critical path or time in the AMDK production. The combination of these two methods is very helpful in project management so that the scheduling of activity can be run optimally.Keywords: Critical Path method; fuzzy; optimization; project management; scheduling. AbstrakManajemen proyek merupakan salah satu teknik analisis yang digunakan untuk perencanaan, penjadwalan, dan pengambilan keputusan tentang kegiatan. Hal ini bermanfaat agar proyek dapat dilaksanakan secara optimal dan efisien. Manajemen proyek dapat dilakukan dengan mengoptimalkan jaringan. Optimalisasi jaringan sangat penting untuk produksi Air Minum Dalam Kemasan (AMDK) "AETA" yang diproduksi oleh PDAM Kota Madiun. Optimasi jaringan produksi AMDK dalam penelitian ini menggunakan teknik analisis Fuzzy Critical Path Method (FCPM). Optimalisasi jaringan fuzzy ini akan dilakukan untuk mencari jalur kritis dalam produksi air minum dalam kemasan guna mendapatkan waktu yang efisien dalam produksi 4 jenis air minum dalam kemasan yaitu gelas, botol 1.5L, botol 600mL, dan galon. Hasil penelitian didapat pengemasan produk gallon memiliki tingkat efisien yang tinggi. Dalam penelitian ini, data fuzzy menggunakan bilangan fuzzy trapezoidal untuk waktu produksi AMDK. Sedangkan CPM digunakan untuk mendapatkan jalur atau waktu kritis yang paling efisien dalam produksi AMDK. Penggabungan antara dua metode ini sangat membantu dalam manajemen proyek sehingga penjadwalan suatu aktivitas bisa berjalan secara optimal.Kata kunci: Critical Path method; fuzzy; manajemen proyek; optimasi; penjadwalan.

Identification and Factors of Failure Risk in Refill Drinking Water Quality by Using Ishikawa Diagram

The owner of refill drinking water stores (RDWS) have a big opportunities to expand their business since most of people need drinking water with the cheaper price than bottled drinking water. However, some issues regarding the quality of refill drinking water (RDW) have been arised recently, such as issue of pathogen existence in the treated water of RDW. This study aims are to measure the RDW quality and to identify the factors of failure risk of RDWS in treating RDW by using Ishikawa diagram. Study was carried out in 23 RDWS in Gunung Anyar District of Surabaya City. Sample was taken and measured for pH, turbidity, total dissolved solid (TDS), total coliform and Eschericia coli concentration. Ishikawa diagram was applied to reveal risk failure factors of RDW treatment processes. The results show that microbiology parameters was not fulfilled the drinking water quality standard. Ishikawa diagram found that man, material, method, machine, monitoring and evaluation for environment were the factors of failure risk. Therefore it is necessary to provide recommendations to reduce the failure risk of microbiology parameters through UV or Ozone contact time of at least 4 minutes, routine monitoring of treatment units, preparing procedure operational standard.

Design and Development of Fuzzy Logic Control Systems on Bottled Drinking Water Pressing Equipment

Pressing system in drinking water in the form of glass is mostly completly in all scale production. Almost all companies large or small use this tool in its packaging. There is often a decline in the quality of bottled water caused by peeling off the lid on the package. Peeling off the lid of bottled water is caused by the pressing process when drinking water production does not match the glass material and the temperature of the pressing device. The thickness and temperature of the pressing tool as an indicator or input in obtaining pressure output (pressing) for the quality of drinking water packaging results. Therefore this study will discuss the design of control systems in the process of pressing bottled drinking water. input adalah ketebalan bahan kaca dan suhu pada proses pers. The system will be controlled using the fuzzy logic control method to obtain the value of the pressure at the system output.

The influence of silicon consumption with drinking water on morphological changes in the lungs of rodents

Currently there is no consensus on the safety effect of silicates presence in drinking water. Known, that inhalation of silicon particles leads to the development of fibrosis in the lungs of laboratory animals, but little is known about how silicon, which enters the body with drinking water, acts on the lungs. We analyzed the lungs of two-month-old non-linear white male rats and two-month-old non-linear white mice: control group (10 rats, 6 mice) received ad libitum bottled drinking water, experimental group (10 rats, 9 mice) received the same water supplemented with sodium metasilicate (Na2SiO3x9H2O,10 mg/liter). After 2 months 3 rats from each group were sacrificed. After 3 months 3 mice from each group were sacrificed and 3 mice that received silicon with drinking water were added to a control group that received water without silicon. The remaining animals were sacrificed 9 months after the start of the experiment. The lungs were isolated immediately after decapitation, fixed in 10% formalin, embedded in paraffin, cut (5 μ), stained with hematoxylin-eosin, and examined under the microscope (Leica DM 2000, Germany). We detected no visible differences in the lung morphology between animal groups (drinking water versus silicon-supplemented water consumption) in rats and mice after two and three months, respectively. After 9 months both experimental groups developed different degrees of fibrosis severity. It was accompanied by the development of emphysema, deformation of the bronchial tree, changes in the state of the blood vessels walls. The number of alveolus in the field of view was decreased, and their diameter was increased, the alveoli fused with each other, the interalveolar septum becomes thinner. Giant Pirogov-Langhans cells become visible, similar to those that appear during the pulmonary tuberculosis. We noticed that in two out of three mice that received silicon for three months, and then received ordinary bottled water for six months, there was a pronounced infiltration of lung tissue with lymphocytes along the bronchial tree. Moreover, after 9 months the body weight was two times less (p < 0.05) in rodents receiving silicon. Such systemic effect of the water-soluble silicon compound was similar for rats and mice. Thus, the daily use of water with the addition of silicon at a concentration of 10mg/l by laboratory rodents negative influence on the morphology of the lungs. The mechanisms of such morphological alterations are most similar to those that cause pathological changes during silicosis.

Pengaruh Labelisasi Halal terhadap Keputusan Pembelian pada Masyarakat Muslim Kabupaten Tulungagung

The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of halal labeling on purchasing decisions for bottled drinking water products in the Muslim community of Tulungagung Regency. This study uses a quantitative approach. The variables used are halal labeling as the independent variable (X) and purchasing decisions as the dependent variable (Y). The population used was the Muslim community of Tulungagung Regency with the sampling technique using purposive sampling then the population was calculated using the Slovin formula to determine the number of samples. The data used are primary data with data collection techniques through online questionnaires using google form media then distributed with social media WhatsApp and Instagram. Respondents' answers were measured using a Likert scale. The goodness of the questionnaire was tested using validity and reliability tests. This research uses descriptive analysis method and inferential analysis. Inference analysis method used is simple linear regression analysis. The results of this study indicate that halal labeling has a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions for bottled water products in the Muslim community of Tulungagung Regency. The coefficient of determination (R²) is 0.605 which means that the halal labeling variable has a 60.5% effect on the variable purchasing decisions for bottled drinking water products in the Muslim community of Tulungagung Regency, the rest is influenced by other variables not examined in this study.

Three-Dimensional Surface Texture Characterization of In Situ Simulated Erosive Tooth Wear

This in situ erosive tooth wear (ETW) study tested enamel 3-dimensional (3D) surface texture outcomes for the detection and differentiation of ETW lesions simulated in clinically relevant conditions. Twenty participants enrolled in this 3-arm crossover intraoral ETW simulation and wore their own partial denture for 14 d holding 2 human enamel specimens (per arm). In each arm, participants were assigned to 1 of 3 different dental erosion protocols: severe (lemon juice/pH 2.5), moderate (grapefruit juice/pH 3.5), and no erosion (bottled drinking water, control). Enamel specimens were evaluated by white-light scanning confocal profilometry for 3D surface texture and surface loss (ETW model validation). Individual point clouds were analyzed using standard dental microwear texture characterization protocols for surface roughness and anisotropy. Fractal complexity (Asfc), texture aspect ratio (Str), and arithmetical mean height (Sa) values were generated at baseline, 7 d, and 14 d. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance models suitable for the crossover design with repeated measurements, and correlation coefficients were used to examine the relationship between outcomes. Asfc and Sa differentiated ETW severity (no erosion < moderate < severe, P < 0.001) at days 7 and 14. Asfc and Sa were lower at baseline compared to days 7 and 14 (P < 0.001) for moderate and severe challenges. Asfc increased from day 7 to 14 (P = 0.042) for the severe challenge. For Str, ETW severity did not have a significant effect overall (P = 0.15). Asfc and Sa were highly positively correlated (r = 0.89, P < 0.001), while Asfc and Sa were not correlated overall with Str (r < 0.1, P ≥ 0.25). Enamel surface loss increased with ETW severity (no erosion < moderate < severe, P < 0.001) at days 7 and 14, validating the ETW simulation model. Complexity (Asfc) and roughness (Sa) outcomes were able to detect and differentiate ETW levels, with Asfc being able to monitor the progression of severe lesions. No clear characterization of ETW lesions could be provided by the anisotropy (Str) parameter.

ANALISIS KADAR LOGAM Fe DAN Mn PADA AIR MINUM DALAM KEMASAN (AMDK) DENGAN METODE SPEKTROFOTOMETRI SERAPAN ATOM

This study aims to determine the levels of iron (Fe) and Manganese (Mn) in bottled drinking water (AMDK) using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) method. The bottled water used was 2 samples. In this study, obtained levels of Fe metals in the two AMDK samples using the instrument were ˂0,0002 while the calculation was -0.0468 mg/L. And the Mn metal content in both AMDK samples using the instrument was &lt;0,0008 while the calculation was -0.0243 mg/L. The results of the analysis of Fe and Mn metals did not exceed quality standards stipulated by SNI 3553: 2015.

Market research of bottled drinking water in China

Market research of bottled drinking water in China

BISPHENOL A DETECTION IN PACKAGED DRINKING WATER AND BEVERAGES USING HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

Background: Bisphenol A is characterized as an endocrine disruptor as it interferes with the synthesis of hormones and metabolism resulting in abnormality in the homeostatis of exposed persons. It is used in the production of polycarbonate and epoxy resins which are utilized in the preparation of almost all plastic packaging materials like plastic bottles, cans, food containers, and coating on food containers. Objective: To detect leaching of Bisphenol A in 15 samples of Bottled water and Beverages using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Methods: Liquid-liquid extraction technique was used for analytical detection of BPA from bottled drinking water and beverages. Results: BPA contamination in Bottled drinking water was calculated through mean concentration for a time period of 30 days as (0.38 ng/ml - 0 day), 8.86 ng/ml (5th day), 17.85 ng/ml (10th day), 30.35 ng/ml (20th day) and 44.48 ng/ml (30th day)). The mean concentration of BPA was observed to be 0.25 to 2.25 ng/ml. Also, the mean concentration of BPA at different temperatures was observed to be 5.96 ng/ml (at 40C), 5.62 ng/ml (at 200C) and 8.80 ng/ml (at 550C). The above results revealed presence of high concentration of BPA in all the samples of bottled drinking water and beverages. Conclusion: The results obtained in the above study depicted considerable amount of BPA leaching from bottled containers into drinking water and beverages. Prolong usage of bottled water and beverages should be avoided to reduce the risk of human exposure to BPA through leaching. Also, it was found that high temperatures resulted in increased BPA leaching.

Analisis Pengendalian Persediaan Bahan Baku Jenis Gelas 240 mL dengan Metode EOQ (Economic Order Quantity) di PT. Trijaya Tirta Dharma

PT. Trijaya Tirta Dharma is an industrial company who produces products in form of the bottled drinking water. In produces several types of drinking water such as glass 150 mL and 240 mL, bottles of 600 mL and 1500 mL and the final product is gallon 19 L.&#x0D; Analysis of cup material inventory control by using method EOQ in PT. Trijaya Tirta Dharma is to reduce production cost, especially in the cost of materials infentory type 240 mL glass tipe. Raw material inventory control have a functions to avoid shortage or excess. The less quantity of inventory make it loss of the opprtunity to get the benefit when demand more than the supply make of material inventory is buildup the materials of 240 mL glass in the material warehouse.&#x0D; The material inventory control basically is to achieve the afficiency level of the cost in the inventory. The other way to control the supplay of materials is make the purchase according to the production plan with the accurate calculations in order not to deficient and excess of inventory materials.&#x0D; PT. Trijaya Tirta Dharma can save on fees amounted to Rp. 59.730.000 in 2011 with total inventory Rp. 4.956.487.000 whereas in 2012 can save the ordering fee Rp. 52.710.000 with a total inventory Rp. 3.718.612.000, in 2013 the company could save the ordering fee Rp. 152.315.000 with a total inventory Rp. 5.107.466.000 whereas in 2014, PT. Trijaya Tirta Dharma can save the ordering fee Rp. 152.100.000 with a total inventory Rp. 8.169.420.000. the survey results is known that the purchase of materials by using EOQ method is more effective and efficient than without EOQ. So, the purchase by using this method make frequency of purchase materials is more less.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: 240 mL Glass Raw Material, Control Analysis, Inventory of Raw Materials

Environmental Impact Assessment Of Aquatic Quality Index For Some Private Filtration Stations In Diwaniyah Governorate

In this research, an assessment was made of the quality Index of drinking water packed in plastic containers produced by private laboratories and their conformity with the standard specifications of bottled drinking water, where tests were conducted (18) samples from different community stations, where the research included conducting chemical, physical and bacteriological examinations of these samples at a rate of 18 A station which is (North Spring, Al-Gomhouri, Filter Device, Al-Haidari Water, Raindrops, Diwaniyah, Al-Rawafid, The Springs, Taiba, Al-Jumhori District, Al-Asri District, Filter Device, Al-Rahma, Al-Daghara, Zayouna, The Pearl, Al-Wafr ). With regard to the bacteriological tests, it appeared in the stations (AL-Dagarha and Hay Al-Asri) due to the inefficiency of sterilizing plastic containers and the lack of added chlorine, which led to the growth of Staph .sp. bacteria. ,reach to 200 *105 ; 150*105 cell /ml Respectively. As for the physiochemical tests, which included electrical conduction (EC), pH, total base, Total Alkaline, Total Hardens, Chlorides, Temperature (Tem), TDS, turbidity, calcium and calcium hardness. We find that some stations were not in compliance with the standard specifications of bottled water, which leads to damage to health and the emergence of some diseases, including intestinal inflammation in children, bladder cancer and other diseases.

Occurrence and removal characteristics of phthalate esters from bottled drinking water using silver modified roasted date pits

BackgroundThis paper aims to investigate the occurrence and removal characteristics of phthalate esters from bottled drinking water using silver modified roasted date pits. Three adsorbents, namely roasted date pits (RODP), silver-modified roasted date pits (S-RODP), and activated carbon (AC) were used to investigate their adsorption characterizations in removing dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), and di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP) from the collected bottle water samples.MethodsThe occurrences of the phthalate esters in the collected bottled water samples were carried out at different temperatures (30, 50, and 60 °C), and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis - selected ion monitoring. Batch adsorption isotherms were used to study and establish the efficiency of such adsorbents in removing phthalate esters, in which they describe the adsorbent-adsorbate interaction systems. Adsorption efficiency of the various adsorbents was investigated by using different adsorbent masses (0.05 g, 0.10 g, and 0.15 g) and temperature (30 °C, 50 °C, and 60 °C). Different physical and chemical characterizations were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, pore radius, and pore volume.ResultsThe results indicated that the most abundant phthalate esters were DMP followed by DEP under 30 °C; however, DNOP was not detected in any of the tested water samples, except for one sample under 30 °C with a concentration of 0.031 μg/mL. The obtained results showed that phthalate esters leaching to the bottled drinking water were affected by storage temperature. The phthalate esters levels were increased with increasing the temperature to 60 °C. It was concluded that the ability of S-RODP for the adsorption of phthalate esters was better than the removal percentage obtained by AC and RODP. The removal percentage was increased from 90 to 99% by increasing the temperature from 30 to 50 °C and then decreased to 92.3% at 60 °C.ConclusionRODP was successfully used as an effective adsorbent for phthalate esters removal from drinking water. However, S-RODP has the highest removal abilities than other adsorbents due to the newly formed functional groups on its surface.

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF AMDK AND AMIU AROUND UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH KUDUS

This study is intended to find the quality of bottled drinking water (AMDK) and drinking water (AMIU) sold around University of Muhammadiyah Kudus, in terms of organoleptic and microbiological parameters in drinking water according to SNI 01-3554-2006 and PMK No. 492 of 2010. The test is carried out using 10 sample of drinking water. They are 7 sample of AMDK (Ades, Airmu, Aqua, Cleo, Crystalin, Le mineral and Vit) and 3 sample of AMIU (Pasuruhan, Prambatan and Purwosari depots). The research consists of chemical physics which includes testing of TDS, pH, and three heavy metal elements which includes testing for the content of the elements Fe, Mn and Cl2 (chlorine), organoleptic and mikrobiologis (TPC, presence of E. coli and total coliform).The results of research shows that of physical and chemical measurements, the total dissolved solid (TDS) results 0 for Airmu and Cleo (demineral) and below 500 ppm for 8 samples of mineral water, this is according with the TDS requirements of SNI, &gt; 10 ppm for demineralized and &gt; 500 ppm for mineral water. The results of the pH test or the degree of acidity are in normal pH, which are around 7 out of 9 samples and only one with an alkaline condition is 8.37, namely the sample from the Pasuruhan depot. The test for the presence of heavy metals, Fe, Mn, is in good condition, showing the number zero with the brand brand test kit. Whereas for testing the presence of chlorine content, the results were above the threshold, namely 0.05 ppm from the Pasuruhan depot water sample, 0.02 ppm from the Prambat depot and the Purwosari depot. This is not in accordance with SNI provisions for chlorine content of 0 ppm. The organoleptik of all samples is in normal condition. Whereas, microbiologically, the TPC results before dilution were only Cleo and Ades which were suitable for consumption because they were absent from bacterial contamination. While the TPC results after dilution, testing the difference between E. Coli and Total coliform resulted in 7 samples of bottled drinking water which were safe and feasible as drinking water according to SNI 01-3553-2006 and 3 samples AMIU does not fulfil PMK No. 492/2010, as drinking water requirements.Keywords: AMDK, AMIU, Organoleptic Quality, Microbiology

Monitoring Analysis of Perfluoroalkyl Substances and F-53B in Bottled Water, Tea and Juice Samples by LC-MS/MS

Monitoring analysis of 14 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), 9-chlorohexadecafluoro-3-oxanonane-1-sulfonate (F-53B) and dodecafluoro-3H-4,8-dioxanonanoate (ADONA) in bottled drinking water, tea and juice samples was performed using LC coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and solid-phase extraction (SPE). In the electrospray negative ion mode, the limit of detection and limit of quantification (LOQ) values were 0.1 to 0.8 ng/mL and 0.2 to 1.6 ng/mL, respectively. The calibration curves were linear from LOQ to 50 ng/mL (r2 > 0.999). The SPE procedure (Presep PFC-II) was utilized for sample preparation and recovery rates for three standards (35, 70 and 140 ng/L) were 80.4-118.8% with relative standard deviation (RSD) ≤ 0.6%. Using the developed method, various samples (n = 54) from Japanese markets were investigated for PFAS and F-53B contamination, and values below the LOQ were observed. It is concluded that for monitoring products in the Japanese market, our method represents a significant improvement over complex techniques for the quantification of PFAS and related compounds from various foods.

Compressive and Flexural Strength of Concrete Containing Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)

This paper presents the feasibility study of adding recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) fiber obtained from drinking water bottle as admixture material in the concrete. A few numbers of tests were conducted to determine the physical and mechanical properties of recycled PET fiber reinforced concrete such as slump test, compressive strength test and flexural strength test. The effect of incorporating the recycled PET fiber on various volume fractions of concrete by 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% of weight of cement were experimentally investigated. The test specimens comprising of cubes and beams were prepared and tested at 3, 7, 14 and 28 days after curing process completed. Generally, it was found that the workability of concrete reinforced recycled PET has reduced as the volume fraction of PET fiber increased. The compressive strength of concrete reinforced recycled PET has reached the highest value at volume fraction of 0.5%. However, the flexural strength of concrete was significantly increased by incorporating 1.0% of recycled PET fiber. It can be concluded that the concrete which contains 0.5% of recycled PET fiber has the highest of average percentage of relative. Hence, it can be categorized as the optimum percentage of recycled PET fiber to be utilized in concrete. It is recommended to use recycled PET fiber in concrete for the construction of structures and infrastructures as a green construction material in order to achieve clean and sustainable environment in the year future.

Comparing Between the Imported and Local Bottled Drinking Water by LASSO Regression

Predict the significant variables of the quality measurement results of 10 and 5 kinds of imported and local bottled drinking water, respectively, tested in the Samawah city, Iraq, using regression analysis (LASSO). These variables were pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, sodium, fluoride, nitrates, sulphates, chlorides, iron, manganese. Ph was selected as a y dependant, and others were chosen as x independents. The results showed that nitrates, sulphates, and magnesium were insignificant (Beta > 0.05) in imported and local bottled drinking water, while sodium was insignificant (Beta > 0.05) in local bottled drinking water only. From these results, LASSO regression gave better results.