Body Composition In Individuals Research Articles

Influence of a long-term WB-EMS intervention on parameters of body composition and physical performance among individuals of different age decades between 19 and 81 years

Lifelong fitness training plays an essential role in building and maintaining health. Whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) is a time-efficient training method that could be used as an adequate training intervention for different persons due to the intensive, involuntary contraction of the musculature and the resulting increases in muscular performance. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate if WB-EMS has positive effects on body composition and physical performance parameters of individuals of different age decades. Subjects from age decades 20-80 years participated in a 24-week WB-EMS training intervention. PRE and POST diagnostics of trunk extension and flexion, knee extension and flexion, hand grip strength, skeletal muscle mass (SMM) and body fat were performed on three consecutive days and the daily maximum values were summarized as the total mean value and were used for the descriptive data interpretation. Strength parameters were summarized in an unweighted additive index, the muscular change index (MCI). Regarding the results obtained by using the MCI, remarkable increases were observed in participants from all decades (20: +12.02%; 30: +6.59%; 40: +6.85%; 50: +3.96%; 60: +10.95%; 70: +20.26%; 80: +20.86%). Therefore, WB-EMS seems to be a time-efficient and adequate form of training that can be conducted to enhance muscular performance at different ages.

Novel Multi-Ingredient Supplement Facilitates Weight Loss and Improves Body Composition in Overweight and Obese Individuals: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.

Despite the growing recognition of the obesity crisis, its rates continue to rise. The current first-line therapies, such as dietary changes, energy restriction, and physical activity, are typically met with poor adherence. Novel nutritional interventions can address the root causes of obesity, including mitochondrial dysfunction, and facilitate weight loss. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a multi-ingredient nutritional supplement designed to facilitate mitochondrial function and metabolic health outcomes over a 12 wk period. Fifty-five overweight and/or obese participants (age (mean ± SEM): 26 ± 1; body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2): 30.5 ± 0.6) completed this double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Participants were randomized to 12 wks of daily consumption of multi-ingredient supplement (MIS; n = 28; containing 50 mg forskolin, 500 mg green coffee bean extract, 500 mg green tea extract, 500 mg beet root extract, 400 mg α-lipoic acid, 200 IU vitamin E, and 200 mg CoQ10) or control placebo (PLA, n = 27; containing microcrystalline cellulose) matched in appearance. The co-primary outcomes were bodyweight and fat mass (kg) changes. The secondary outcomes included other body composition measures, plasma markers of obesity, fatty liver disease biomarkers, resting energy metabolism, blood pressure, physical performance, and quality of life. The post-intervention differences between MIS and PLA were examined via ANCOVA which was adjusted for the respective pre-intervention variables. After adjustment for pre-intervention data, there was a significant difference in weight (p < 0.001) and fat mass (p < 0.001) post-intervention between the PLA and MIS treatment arms. Post-intervention weight and fat mass were significantly lower in MIS. Significant post-intervention differences corrected for baseline were found in markers of clinical biochemistry (AST, p = 0.017; ALT, p = 0.008), molecular metabolism (GDF15, p = 0.028), and extracellular vesicle-associated miRNA species miR-122 and miR-34a in MIS (p < 0.05). Following the 12 wks of MIS supplementation, weight and body composition significantly improved, concomitant with improvements in molecular markers of liver health and metabolism.

Reduced body cell mass and functions in lower extremities are associated with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s dementia

This study examined the alterations of segmental body composition in individuals with Alzheimer’s pathology (AD), including mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. A multifrequency bioimpedance analysis (BIA) was used to provide segmental water and impedance variables from 365 cognitively normal (CN), 123 MCI due to AD, and 30 AD dementia participants. We compared the BIA variables between the three groups, examined their correlations with neuropsychological screening test scores, and illustrate their 95% confidence RXc graphs. AD dementia participants were older, more depressive, and had worse cognitive abilities than MCI due to AD and CN participants. Although the BIA variables showed weak partial correlations with the cognitive test scores, we found patterns of an increasing water content in lean mass, increasing extra to intracellular water ratio, and decreasing reactance and phase angle in the lower extremities with effect sizes ranging from 0.26 to 0.51 in the groups of MCI and dementia due to AD compared with CN individuals. The RXc graphs upheld the findings with a significant displacement downward and toward the right, dominantly in the lower extremities. Individuals with AD pathology exhibit a reduced body cell mass or cell strength, an abnormal cellular water distribution, and an overhydration status in lean mass, especially in the lower extremities.

Men Somatic Types and Body Mass Composition Living in the Alpine Environment (22-35 Years)

For the first time, using bioimpedancemetry and Heath-Carter physique schemes, somatic types and body mass composition were established in healthy men of the 1st period of adulthood living in high mountains (h 2469-3325 m above sea level). Somatotypological features of body composition were revealed. An intertype analysis of body composition in individuals of different body types was carried out. Research objectives: to study the somatic types and composition of body mass in healthy men of the first period of adulthood permanently residing in highlands. The object of the study were healthy men aged 22-35 years old permanently residing at an altitude of 2469-3325 m above sea level. Alpine research was carried out on the basis of the medical and preventive institution Chon-Alai and Alai regions in compliance with the principles of ethics. A total of 208 mountaineers were examined. Among the subgroups of somatotypes, mesectomorphy, endectomorphy and meso-endomorphy prevail. Somatotypological features of the body composition of highlanders of different somatotypes were revealed.

Relationship of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels with Sarcopenia and Body Composition in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: APaired Case-Control Study.

Sarcopenia is a leading health problem among older adults. However, few studies have explored the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels, sarcopenia, and body composition in older Chinese individuals. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of serum 25(OH)D levels with sarcopenia, sarcopenia indices, and body composition in community-dwelling older Chinese adults. Paired case-control study. This case-control study enrolled 66 older adults newly diagnosed with sarcopenia (sarcopenia group) and 66 older adults without sarcopenia (non-sarcopenia group) after screening in the community. The definition of sarcopenia was based on the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 criteria. Serum levels of 25(OH)D were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Conditional logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs. Spearman's correlation was used to examine the correlations among sarcopenia indices, body composition, and serum 25(OH)D. Serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly lower in the sarcopenia group (29.08 ± 15.11ng/mL) than in the non-sarcopenia group (36.28 ± 14.68ng/mL) (P < .05). Vitamin D deficiency was associated with an increased risk of sarcopenia (OR, 7.75; 95% CI, 1.96-30.71). Serum 25(OH)D levels in men were positively correlated with skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) (r= 0.286; P = .029) and negatively correlated with gait speed (r=-0.282; P= .032). Serum 25(OH)D levels in women were positively correlated with SMI (r= 0.450; P < .001), skeletal muscle mass (r= 0.395; P < .001), and fat-free mass (r= 0.412; P < .001). Serum 25(OH)D levels were lower in older adults with sarcopenia than those in adults without sarcopenia. Vitamin D deficiency was associated with increased risk of sarcopenia, and serum 25(OH)D levels were positively correlated with SMI.

Exercise Programming Modelling a Standard of Care Approach Improves Physical Health and Patient-Reported Outcomes in Individuals Living with Breast Cancer: A Pilot Study.

Controlled study designs widely report that exercise improves the health of individuals living with breast cancer. Still, many individuals living with breast cancer are not active enough to experience the benefits of exercise. The Activating Cancer Communities through an Exercise Strategy for Survivors study was developed to reach more individuals living with cancer. This report describes the effects of a 12-week individualized exercise program that models a standard-of-care approach on body composition, physical fitness, and patient-reported outcomes in individuals living with breast cancer. Individuals living with breast cancer were recruited for the study and completed an exercise program twice weekly overseen by a Clinical Exercise Physiologist. A total of 43 participants completed the exercise intervention, and 36 withdrew from the study. All participants had significantly improved aerobic fitness, waist circumference, hip circumference, lower body endurance, physical activity behaviour, health-related quality of life, emotional status, and fatigue levels after completing the program. Flexibility, balance, and sleep scores did not change. The results from the 12-week individualized exercise program largely align with the results from more controlled study designs. These results support future initiatives integrating exercise therapy into the standard of care for individuals living with breast cancer.

The effect of chronic high-intensity interval training programs on glycaemic control, aerobic resistance, and body composition in type 2 diabetic patients: a meta-analysis.

Type 2 diabetes is an increasing health problem worldwide. HIIT has been proposed as an exercise alternative to be part of integral type 2 diabetes treatment. The aim of this meta-analysis was to determine the effect of different types of chronic HIIT on glycaemic control, aerobic resistance, and body composition in individuals above 18years with T2D. This meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement and was registered with PROSPERO on November 21st, 2021. A systematic literature search of the following databases: EbscoHost (Academic Search Ultimate, Fuente Académica Plus, MEDline and SportDiscus), Web of Science, PubMed, and EMBASE between April of 2021 and April of 2023 was conducted. Eligibility criteria included (1) participants aged ≥ 18years with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, (2) an HIIT protocol with detailed description, (3) control group and/or continuous aerobic training comparison group, (4) report of pre-test and post-test values for at least one of the studied variables (from glycaemic control, aerobic resistance, and/or body composition), and (5) experimental or quasi-experimental intervention design. Meta-analysis was made by a pre-post-test between-group analysis following the inverse variance heterogeneity model for each variable, and then, a subgroup analysis by type of HIIT was conducted. Of the 2817 records obtained, 180 records were included for meta-analysis. Significant improvements were found in the most part of the variables when HIIT was compared to control group, while fat-free mass kept without changes. HIIT vs. continuous aerobic training results showed and advantage in favor of HIIT for fasting blood glycemia. Subgroup analysis refers a possible advantage of SI-HIIT and SIT-HIIT in the improvement of fasting glycemia and SIT-HIIT advantage in HOMA 1-IR decrease. HIIT improves glycaemic control, aerobic resistance, and % fat and waist circumference, and kept fat-free mass unchanged in individuals with T2D. SI-HIIT and SIT-HIIT could be better than the other types of HIIT. HIIT benefit is similar to continuous aerobic training except for fasting blood glycemia.

Changes in body satisfaction during and after a 5-month handcycle training period and associations with physical capacity and body composition in individuals with a physical impairment

Purpose To investigate: (1) changes in body satisfaction during five months of handcycle training and one year after the training period; (2) whether longitudinal changes are dependent on sex, waist circumference and severity of the physical impairment; (3) associations between changes in physical capacity or body composition, and body satisfaction. Materials and methods Individuals (N = 143) with health conditions such as spinal cord injury filled out the Adult Body Satisfaction Questionnaire: at the start of the training (T1), directly after the training period (T2); and four months (T3) and one year after the training period (T4). At T1 and T2, physical capacity was determined with an upper-body graded exercise test, and waist circumference was measured. Handcycling classification was used as a proxy for the severity of impairment. Results Multilevel regression analyses showed that body satisfaction significantly increased during the training period and significantly decreased back to pre-training levels at follow-up. Individuals with more severe impairments showed a larger decrease at T4. Improvements in physical capacity and waist circumference were significantly associated with improvements in body satisfaction. Conclusions Body satisfaction significantly increased during the training period, but significantly decreased during follow-up. Additional efforts might be necessary to keep individuals engaged in long-term exercise.

Effect of cadmium exposure on body composition deterioration: A propensity score-matched cohort study.

This propensity score-matched cohort study investigated the effects of blood cadmium (Cd) levels on body composition. Body composition was assessed by multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis and categorized into three groups: metabolically healthy obesity (MHO), adiposity obesity (AO), and sarcopenic obesity (SO). At baseline, 85 and 101 participants had MHO and AO, respectively (mean age, 51 ± 7years; male-to-female ratio, 1.0:1.3). During the 14-year follow-up, the body composition of 40 MHO and 6 AO participants deteriorated to AO and SO, respectively. The incidence of AO and SO differed according to age, sex, and blood Cd level. High blood Cd level increased the risk of body composition deterioration, particularly among those aged 60-69years (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.14), women (HR = 1.46), and those with AO at baseline (HR = 1.63; all p < 0.05). Cd exposure deteriorates body composition in older and female individuals, particularly from AO to SO.

The Influence of Sleep Quality on the Body Composition, Selective Attention, and Autonomic Nervous System Activity in Healthy Individuals

Objective: This study aimed to investigate whether the sleep quality is associated with body composition, selective attention, and autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity in healthy young individuals.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted using the Korean version of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI-K). Sixteen healthy volunteers aged 20–26 years participated in this study. The PSQI-K was used to evaluate sleep quality, and they were divided into good and poor sleeper groups by PSQI-K. Body composition, and both reaction time and error number for discriminative reaction task indicating the selective attention, and ANS activity were measured and it compared according to sleep quality. Additionally, the correlation between sleep quality and ANS activity was analyzed.Results: There were no significant differences in the body composition, reaction time and error number between good and poor sleeper groups. In the ANS activity, the poor sleeper group only showed the lower HF value than the good sleeper group in resting state (p=0.023). Whereas, the amount of change (reaction task state – resting state) in mean HR (p=0.005), HF (p=0.039), and LF/HF ratio (p=0.023) were significantly different between the groups. Additionally, a negative correlation was observed between PSQI-K and HF (p=0.005), while a positive correlation was confirmed between PSQIK and LF/HF ratio (p=0.012).Conclusion: These findings indicate that even healthy individuals may have physiological problems such as ANS imbalance if the sleep quality is poor.

Body composition and physical fitness in adults born small for gestational age at term: a prospective cohort study

There is lack of research on body composition and physical fitness in individuals born small for gestational age (SGA) at term entering mid-adulthood. We aimed to investigate these outcomes in adults born SGA at term. This population-based cohort study included 46 adults born SGA with birth weight < 10th percentile at term (gestational age ≥ 37 weeks) (22 women, 24 men) and 61 adults born at term with birth weight ≥ 10th percentile (35 women, 26 men) at 32 years. Body composition was examined anthropometrically and by 8-polar bioelectrical impedance analysis (Seca® mBCA 515). Fitness was measured by maximal isometric grip strength by a Jamar hand dynamometer, 40-s modified push-up test and 4-min submaximal step test. Participants born SGA were shorter than controls, but other anthropometric measures did not differ between the groups. Men born SGA had 4.8 kg lower grip strength in both dominant (95% CI 0.6 to 9.0) and non-dominant (95% CI 0.4 to 9.2) hand compared with controls. Grip strength differences were partly mediated by height. In conclusion, body composition and physical fitness were similar in adults born SGA and non-SGA at term. Our finding of reduced grip strength in men born SGA may warrant further investigation.

Effects of 12-week combined training versus high intensity interval training on cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition and fat metabolism in obese male adults

Background/ObjectivesA weekly combination of a high volume of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) with a low volume of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) provides important improvements in body composition and physical capacities in individuals with obesity. However, previous studies did not determine the weekly proportions of HIIT and MICT a priori. This study aimed to investigate changes in body composition, physical capacities and the fat oxidation rate in obese male adults by comparing a combination of MICT and HIIT, called combined training (COMB), with HIIT for a 12-week period. MethodsThirty-four obese male adults (mean age: 39.4 ± 7.0 y; mean body mass index [BMI] 34.0 ± 4.2 kg·m−2) participated in this study (n = 18 for COMB, n = 16 HIIT), attending ∼ 36 training sessions. The COMB group performed 3 repetitions of 2 min at 95% of peak oxygen uptake (V’O2 peak) (e.g., HIIT ≤20%), followed by 30 min at 60% of VO2 peak (e.g., MICT ≥80%). The HIIT group performed 5–7 repetitions of 2 min at 95% of VO2 peak. At baseline (PRE) and at the end of the training period (POST), body composition, VO2 peak, and the fat oxidation rate were measured. The two training programs were equivalent in caloric expenditure. ResultsAt POST, body mass (BM) and fat mass (FM) decreased by a mean of 3.09 ± 3.21 kg and 3.90 ± 2.40 kg, respectively (P < 0.05), in both groups and V’O2 peak increased in both groups by a mean of 0.47 ± 0.34 L·min−1 (P < 0.05). The maximal fat oxidation rate increased similarly in both groups from 0.32 ± 0.05 to 0.36 ± 0.06 g·min−1 (P < 0.05). ConclusionCOMB training represents a viable alternative to HIIT to improve anthropometric characteristics, physical capacities and fat oxidation in obese male adults.

EFFECTS OF INTERMITTENT FASTING IN BODY COMPOSITION ON OBESE PEOPLE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

This article has been developed to address the impact of intermittent fasting on the body composition of obese individuals. Presently there are about 650 million obesity-affected individuals worldwide. Intermittent fasting is primarily implemented and practised to contribute to better health conditions and weight loss. The prevalence is measured by a BMI above 25, identified as overweight and BMI above 30, identified as obese. This paper has a systematic literature review of relevant studies to develop understanding and idea development. Data extraction for this article has followed the PRISMA model extracting 25 relevant journals from 55 initial considerations. The findings have been represented following a thematic approach addressing the effects, strategies and challenges of intermittent fasting. The Twice-a-week Method, Alternate Day Fasting, Time Restricted Eating and the 24 Hour Fast respective intermittent fasting techniques have been evaluated. Calorie intake restrictions and fasting are fundamental contributing factors to developing hypoglycemia or “type 2 diabetes”, which is identified as an impact of intermittent fasting. Recommendations have been farmed addressing better practice and inclusion of intermittent fasting by Controlled Practice of Intermittent Fasting and Compliance with Medical Conditions. KEYWORDS: Intermittent Fasting, Underwater Weighing, obesity, overweight, weight loss, body, composition

Effect of dietary supplementation with multinutrient soy flour on body composition and cognitive function in elderly individuals at the risk of low protein: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

Insufficient protein intake and cognitive decline are common in older adults; however, there have been few studies on low protein risk screening and complex nutrient interventions for elderly individuals in rural communities. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary multinutrient soy flour (MNSF) on body composition and cognitive function in elderly individuals who are at risk of protein deficiency in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Nutritional interventions were given to those found to have low protein levels using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Among 733 older adults screened, 62 participants were included and randomly assigned into two groups, one taking soy flour and the other taking MNSF for 12 weeks. A previous cross-sectional survey found that 35.1% of the elderly people with an average age of 71.61 ± 5.94 years had an inadequate body protein mass proportion. After the intervention, the MNSF group demonstrated a significant improvement in protein mass, muscle mass, mineral levels, skeletal muscle mass, and fat-free mass compared with baseline (all P < 0.05), as well as a better upward trend compared with the soy flour group (P = 0.08; P = 0.07; P = 0.05; P = 0.08; P = 0.07). Regarding the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) scores, the MNSF group showed a significant decrease after 12 weeks (P < 0.05), which were significantly different compared with the soy flour group (P < 0.05). In the future, the application of MNSF as a food-based supplement to improve nutrition and delay cognitive decline in older adults at the risk of protein deficiency may be considered.

Effect of plant-based dietary intervention on Visceral Fat, Anthropometry and body Composition in individuals with metabolic syndrome

Effect of plant-based dietary intervention on Visceral Fat, Anthropometry and body Composition in individuals with metabolic syndrome

Utjecaj kružnog treninga cijelog tijela na sastav tijela i kardio-respiratornu kondiciju kod odraslih osoba s prekomjernom tjelesnom težinom i sjedilačkog načina života

Obesity and low cardiorespiratory fitness are major risk factors for numerous non-communicable diseases and mortality, and efficient treatment protocols to counteract these conditions are highly warranted. We evaluated the effect of high-intensity circuit training (CIT) on body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness of sedentary overweight individuals. Cardiorespiratory and body composition were assessed before and after a 8-week circuit training (CIT; four sessions of full-body CIT per week; age, 38 ± 9 years old; height, 174 ± 10 cm; body mass, 93.1 ± 22.2 kg; n = 32), and 8-week inactiv-ity (CON; neither training nor lifestyle changes from week; 0–8 age, 39 ± 7 years old, height, 168 ± 8 cm, body mass, 89.5 ± 17.5 kg; n = 33). The two-way repeated-measures ANOVA revealed moderate to large reductions were observed in body mass, BMI, and fat percentage after CIT (d=0.43–0.81; P&amp;lt;0.05). In contrast, all body composition parameters remained stable after 8-week inactivity (P&amp;lt;0.05). A small to moderate group x moment interaction was found for body mass, BMI and % fat (d=0.10–0.60; P&amp;lt;0.05). Small improvements in VO2max were observed after CIT (d=0.48 [0.11–0.85]; P=0.010), while small to moderate reductions were observed in VO2max and PV were observed after inactivity (d=0.47 [0.11–0.83] and 0.64 [0.26–1.01], respectively; P&amp;lt;0.05). A small moment x group interaction was observed for VO2max (d= 0.19 [0.13–0.26]; P&amp;lt;0.001). Our findings suggest that 8-week of full-body circuit training may improve cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition in sedentary overweight individuals.

Day III: Saturday, March 25, 2023; 11.15 am Plumeria 1 (Exhibition Hall): Poster Presentation Display time: Day II, March 24, 2023 2.00 pm – Day III, March 25, 2023 1.00 pm: AB No: 68 Effect of Low Frequency Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation on Body Composition in Obese Individuals: A Single Group Experimental Study

Day III: Saturday, March 25, 2023; 11.15 am Plumeria 1 (Exhibition Hall): Poster Presentation Display time: Day II, March 24, 2023 2.00 pm – Day III, March 25, 2023 1.00 pm: AB No: 68 Effect of Low Frequency Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation on Body Composition in Obese Individuals: A Single Group Experimental Study

Engelli Bireylerde Vücut Bileşiminin Değerlendirilmesi: Geleneksel Derleme

Anthropometric measurements and laboratory methods allow the determination of body sizes and composition of individuals. In this way, it is possible to evaluate the nutritional status of people and to intervene. However, sometimes the body composition can be difficult to assess, and one of them is disability. The term of disability is used to describe the individual who is affected by the attitudes and environmental conditions that restrict their full and effective participation in equal conditions with other individuals due to their loss of physical, mental, spiritual, and sensory abilities at various levels. Although the disabled can be examined under different subgroups, there are all difficulties when considering the anthropometric measurement and laboratory methods used for nutritional use in orthopedically and mentally disabled patients from these groups. For example, limb loss in amputation, postural disorders in cerebral palsy and spinal deformities, and different growth and development in cerebral palsy and Down syndrome make it difficult to evaluate the body composition of these disabled groups. For this reason, various equations have been developed for these groups, specific to the disability group. At the same time, there are group-specific growth curves in groups with different growth and development. For this reason, the characteristics of the disabled group should be well known and the right decision should be made on the methods to be used for the alternative and a path should be followed accordingly. In this review, 4 disability groups, namely amputation, cerebral palsy, spinal deformities, and Down syndrome, are discussed.

The Effects of Greek Orthodox Christian Fasting during Holy Week on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Parameters in Overweight Adults.

This study investigated whether Greek Orthodox Christian fasting during Holy Week can change body composition and cardiometabolic parameters in overweight individuals, and whether these changes are maintained one week after fasting cessation (FC). Body composition and physiological and biochemical parameters were measured before, immediately after (n = 23) and one week after FC (subgroup of n = 10). Fasting resulted in decreased body weight, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, body mass index and total body fat, as well as blood glucose, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Nutrition analysis showed a decreased protein and saturated fat intake during fasting. FC (n = 10) resulted in a decreased carbohydrate intake and increased protein and cholesterol intake compared to fasting. Fasting resulted in decreased blood glucose, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels but returned to pre-fasting levels after FC. Greek Orthodox Christian fasting during Holy Week is beneficial for body composition and some aspects of cardiometabolic health. However, these favourable changes are not maintained one week following fasting.

Abstract 111

Background: As per international Olympic guidelines, transmen are allowed to compete in the male category without restrictions. For transwomen it was decided that the testosterone levels should be less than 10 nmol/L for a least period of 12 months. Muscle strength also plays a role along with testosterone in sports. No data is available with regards to muscle strength after gender affirming hormonal therapy in India. The aim of this prospective study was to assess the change in body composition and muscle strength after GAHT. Methods: This study was conducted over a period of one year in Endocrine OPD. Body composition was assessed by BIA (Bioelectrical impedance analysis) using Omron HBF 375 Karadascan in both cisgender (assigned gender at birth) and transgender (identified gender) settingsfor each participant both at baseline and at 6 months. Muscle strength was assessed using a handheld dynamometer (active force dynamometer) both at baseline (treatment naïve) and after 6 months of starting hormonal therapy. Results: A total of 21 trans females and 6 trans males were included. Among transwomen in both cis and trans settings there was increase in the whole-body fat, visceral fat and decrease in the skeletal muscle and muscle strength with a mean difference of (cis setting whole body fat + 2.1; visceral fat + 1.01; muscle % - 2.370, trans setting – whole body fat + 2.533; visceral fat + 1.22; muscle % - 2.5380) (p=&lt; 0.001 for all). Among transmen in both cis and trans settings there was decrease in the whole-body fat, visceral fat and increase in the skeletal muscle and muscle strength with a mean difference of (cis setting – whole body fat – 0.76; visceral fat – 1.34; muscle % + 2.2 and in trans setting – whole body trans-fat – 1.06; visceral fat – 1.67; muscle % + 2.7) (p &lt; 0.005 for all). Conclusion: Transwomen on treatment for at least 6 months showed increase in whole body fat, visceral fat, decrease in total muscle and muscle strength when compared to baseline. As there is significant reduction in muscle strength among transwomen, taking testosterone value alone into consideration for allowing them into sports is not fair. Among transmen there was increase in muscle mass and muscle strength, but it was less when compared to cis-men. It is justified to consider to take muscle strength into criteria along with testosterone levels for tanswomen.