Biosynthesis Of Nanoparticles Research Articles

Microbial biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles using probiotic strain and its characterization

Microbial biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles using probiotic strain and its characterization

Biosynthesis and Characterization of Gold Nanoparticles Using Microwave-Assisted Technology from Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Leaf Extract Produced by the Method of Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)

Biosynthesis and Characterization of Gold Nanoparticles Using Microwave-Assisted Technology from Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Leaf Extract Produced by the Method of Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)

Sustainable Utilization of Food Biowaste (Papaya Peel) Extract for Gold Nanoparticle Biosynthesis and Investigation of Its Multi-Functional Potentials.

Papaya contains high amounts of vitamins A, C, riboflavin, thiamine, niacin, ascorbic acid, potassium, and carotenoids. It is confirmed by several studies that all food waste parts such as the fruit peels, seeds, and leaves of papaya are potential sources of phenolic compounds, particularly in the peel. Considering the presence of numerous bioactive compounds in papaya fruit peels, the current study reports a rapid, cheap, and environmentally friendly method for the production of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) employing food biowaste (vegetable papaya peel extract (VPPE)) and investigated its antioxidant, antidiabetic, tyrosinase inhibition, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and photocatalytic degradation potentials. The phytochemical analysis gave positive results for tannins, saponins, steroids, cardiac steroidal glycoside, protein, and carbohydrates. The manufactured VPPE-AuNPs were studied by UV-Vis scan (with surface plasmon resonance of 552 nm), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) (with average crystallite size of 44.41 nm as per the Scherrer equation), scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), particle size, zeta potential, etc. The mean dimension of the manufactured VPPE-AuNPs is 112.2 d.nm (PDI-0.149) with a -26.1 mV zeta potential. The VPPE-AuNPs displayed a significant antioxidant effect (93.24% DPPH scavenging and 74.23% SOD inhibition at 100 µg/mL); moderate tyrosinase effect (with 30.76%); and substantial α-glucosidase (95.63%) and α-amylase effect (50.66%) at 100 µg/mL. Additionally, it was found to be very proficient in the removal of harmful methyl orange and methylene blue dyes with degradation of 34.70% at 3 h and 24.39% at 5 h, respectively. Taken altogether, the VPPE-AuNPs have been proven to possess multiple biopotential activities, which can be explored by the food, cosmetics, and biomedical industries.

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Burkholderia contaminans ZCC and mechanistic analysis at the proteome level

The biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by microorganisms has been a subject of increasing attention. Despite extensive studies on this biosynthetic pathway, the mechanisms underlying the involvement of proteins and enzymes in AgNPs production have not been fully explored. Herein, we reported that Burkholderia contaminans ZCC was able to reduce Ag+ to AgNPs with a diameter of (10±5) nm inside the cell. Exposure of B. contaminans ZCC to Ag+ ions led to significant changes in the functional groups of cellular proteins, with approximately 5.72% of the (C-OH) bonds being converted to (C-C/C-H) (3.61%) and CO (2.11%) bonds, and 4.52% of the CO (carbonyl) bonds being converted to (C-OH) bonds. Furthermore, the presence of Ag+ and AgNPs induced the ability of extracellular electron transfer for ZCC cells via specific membrane proteins, but this did not occur in the absence of Ag+ ions. Proteomic analysis of the proteins and enzymes involved in heavy metal efflux systems, protein secretion system, oxidative phosphorylation, intracellular electron transfer chain, and glutathione metabolism suggests that glutathione S-transferase and ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase iron-sulfur subunit play importance roles in the biosynthesis of AgNPs. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the functions exerted by glutathione S-transferase and ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase iron-sulfur subunits in the biogenesis of AgNPs, thereby hold immense potential for optimizing biotechnological techniques aimed at enhancing the yield and purity of biosynthetic AgNPs.

Endophytic fungi-assisted biomass synthesis of eco-friendly formulated silver nanoparticles for enhanced antibacterial, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities

Fungi-mediated biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles is one of the promising nanomanufacturing processes. Using endophytic fungi isolated from potential medicinal plants has emerged as a novel approach for producing several metal oxide nanoparticles in a green and cost-effective manner. The present study validates the biomimetic synthesis of silver nanoparticles of endophytic fungus (Phyllosticta capitalensis Henn.) (Phyllo-AgNPs) isolated from the leaves of Annona muricata and the effect of process variables, i.e., reductant concentration, ratio of AgNO3 to reductant concentration, reaction time and reaction pH to achieve maximum efficiency using the factorial design approach. The nanoparticle formation was confirmed by absorption peaks between 400 nm and 500 nm, followed by their characterization by UV–visible spectroscopy, TEM, SEM-EDX, XRD, particle size, and zeta potential analysis. The in-vitro antioxidant, antidiabetic and antimicrobial potential (agar well dfiffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration) of Phyllo-AgNPs at various concentrations were assessed. The Phyllo-AgNPs scavenged the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical and inhibited the activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes at an IC50 of 31.75 ± 0.70, 39.32 ± 1.12 and 28.56 ± 1.08 μg/mL, respectively. The antimicrobial potential was determined against Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and, Salmonella typhimurium. The study revealed the therapeutic potential of Phyllo-AgNPs against pathogenic microorganisms. Additionally, the in-vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities showed improved results compared to the standard (ascorbic acid and acarbose). By taking note of this, Phyllo-AgNPs can be further studied for pre-clinical trials, which would be beneficial in developing novel medicines with no adverse effects for the benefit of mankind.

Argyreia nervosa-driven biosynthesis of Cu-Ag bimetallic nanoparticles from plant leaves extract unveils enhanced antibacterial properties.

Our study specifically explores the biosynthesis of copper-silver bimetallic nanoparticles (Cu-Ag BMNPs) using Argyreia nervosa (AN) plant leaf green extract as a versatile agent for capping, reducing, and stabilizing. This biosynthesis method is characterized by its simplicity and cost-effectiveness, utilizing silver nitrate (AgNO3) and cupric oxide (CuO) as precursor materials. Our comprehensive characterization of the Cu-Ag BMNPs, employing techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Zetasizer, and Fourier transformed infrared spectrometry (FTIR). FTIR analysis reveals biofunctional groups and chemical bands, while SEM and XRD analyses provide morphological and structural details. To evaluate the antimicrobial properties of the Cu-Ag BMNPs, we conducted disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays against Escherichia coli (E. coli), with results compared to the standard gentamicin antibiotic. It is observed that the 2% and 5% CuO concentrations of AN Cu-Ag BMNPs exhibit substantial antibacterial activity in comparison to AN extract when tested on EPEC. Among these, the Cu-Ag BMNPs at a 2% concentration demonstrate higher antibacterial activity, potentially attributed to the enhanced dispersion of BMNPs facilitated by the lower CuO doping concentration. These two assays showcased the improved antimicrobial activity of Cu-Ag BMNPs, highlighting their synergistic effect, characterized by high MIC values and a broad zone of inhibition in the disc diffusion tests against E. coli. These results emphasize the significant antibacterial potential of the synthesized BMNPs, with a medicinal plant AN leaf extract playing a pivotal role in enhancing antibacterial activity.

Silver nanoparticles biosynthesis using mixture of Lactobacillus sp. and Bacillus sp. growth and their antibacterial activity

The biosynthesis of nanoparticles offers numerous advantages, including ease of production, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness. In our research, we focused on the bioformation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using a combination of Lactobacillus sp. and Bacillus sp. growth. These AgNPs were then evaluated for their biological activities against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Our study involved the isolation of Bacillus sp. from soil samples and Lactobacillus sp. from raw milk in Dhamar Governorate, Yemen. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using various techniques such as UV–visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The antibacterial properties of the AgNPs were assessed using the modified Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method against multidrug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Our results demonstrated that the use of a bacterial mixture for biosynthesis led to faster and more effective production of AgNPs compared to using a single bacterium. The UV–visible spectra showed characteristic peaks indicative of silver nanoparticles, while XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline nature of the synthesized particles. FTIR results suggested the presence of capping proteins that contribute to the synthesis and stability of AgNPs. Furthermore, TEM images revealed the size and morphology of the AgNPs, which exhibited spherical shapes with sizes ranging from 4.65 to 22.8 nm. Notably, the antibacterial activity of the AgNPs was found to be more pronounced against Staphylococcus aureus than Pseudomonas aeruginosa, indicating the potential of these nanoparticles as effective antimicrobial agents. Overall, our study highlights the promising antibacterial properties of AgNPs synthesized by a mixture of Lactobacillus sp. and Bacillus sp. growth. Further research is warranted to explore the potential of utilizing different bacterial combinations for enhanced nanoparticle synthesis.

Synthesized Gold Nanoparticles with Moringa Oleifera leaf Extract Induce Mitotic Arrest (G2/M phase) and Apoptosis in Dalton's Lymphoma Cells.

The therapeutic potential of chemically synthesized AuNPs has been demonstrated in various types of cancer. However, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) synthesized using typical chemical methods have concerns regarding their environmental safety and adverse impact on human well-being. To overcome this issue, we used an environmentally friendly approach in which gold nanoparticles were synthesized using Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MLE). The present research was mainly focused on the biosynthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MLE-AuNPs) and explore its anticancer potential against Dalton's Lymphoma (DL) cells. Characterization of the MLE-AuNPs was conducted using UV-Vis Spectroscopy to confirm the reduction process, FTIR analysis to ascertain the presence of functional groups, and XRD analysis to confirm the crystallinity. SEM and TEM images were used to examine size and morphology. After characterization, MLE-AuNPs were evaluated for their cytotoxic effects on Dalton's lymphoma cells, and the results showed an IC50 value of 75 ± 2.31 µg/mL; however, there was no discernible cytotoxicity towards normal murine thymocytes. Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis revealed G2/M phase cell cycle arrest mediated by the downregulation of cyclin B1 and Cdc2 and upregulation of p21. Additionally, apoptosis induction was evidenced by Annexin V Staining, accompanied by modulation of apoptosis-related genes including decreased Bcl-2 expression and increased expression of Bax, Cyt-c, and Caspase-3 at both the mRNA and protein levels. Collectively, our findings underscore the promising anti-cancer properties of MLE-AuNPs, advocating their potential as a novel therapeutic avenue for Dalton's lymphoma.

Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles with Green Tea for Inhibition of β-Amyloid Fibrillation Coupled with Ligands Analysis.

Inhibition of amyloid β protein fragment (Aβ) aggregation is considered to be one of the most effective strategies for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) has been found to be effective in this regard; however, owing to its low bioavailability, nanodelivery is recommended for practical applications. Compared to chemical reduction methods, biosynthesis avoids possible biotoxicity and cumbersome preparation processes. The interaction between EGCG and Aβ42 was simulated by molecular docking, and green tea-conjugated gold nanoparticles (GT-Au NPs) and EGCG-Au NPs were synthesized using EGCG-enriched green tea and EGCG solutions, respectively. Surface active molecules of the particles were identified and analyzed using various liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry methods. ThT fluorescence assay, circular dichroism, and TEM were used to investigate the effect of synthesized particles on the inhibition of Aβ42 aggregation. EGCG as well as apigenin, quercetin, baicalin, and glutathione were identified as capping ligands stabilized on the surface of GT-Au NPs. They more or less inhibited Aβ42 aggregation or promoted fibril disaggregation, with EGCG being the most effective, which bound to Aβ42 through hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, etc. resulting in 39.86% and 88.50% inhibition of aggregation and disaggregation effects, respectively. EGCG-Au NPs were not as effective as free EGCG, whereas multiple thiols and polyphenols in green tea accelerated and optimized heavy metal detoxification. The synthesized GT-Au NPs conferred the efficacy of diverse ligands to the particles, with inhibition of aggregation and disaggregation effects of 54.69% and 88.75%, respectively, while increasing the yield, enhancing water solubility, and decreasing cost. Biosynthesis of nanoparticles using green tea is a promising simple and economical drug-carrying approach to confer multiple pharmacophore molecules to Au NPs. This could be used to design new drug candidates to treat Alzheimer's disease.

Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using Aspergillus Niger Isolated from Soil and Studying its Antimicrobial Effect Against Some Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Species and Candida Albican

Objectives: Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using the fungus Aspergillus niger, isolated from the soil for the purpose of studying its ability to produce nanoparticles. Methods: Grown in a liquid fermentation medium in glass flasks for ten days. The biosynthesis process was detected by observing the color changes of the filtrate. The properties of silver nanoparticles were determined by UV-measurement. Use SEM to discover the size, shape and distribution of nanoparticles. The chemical groups responsible for the biosynthesis and encapsulation of nanoparticles were detected using FTIR for both the fungal biomass filtrate and the resulting particles, after turning them into powder. Silver nanoparticles produced from mushrooms using the Well-Diffusion-Method showed antibacterial activity against MDR-bacteria for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative Bacteria, which are: (E. coli, K. Pneumonia, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa), at two concentrations (50, 100). mg/ml) for AgNPs. Results: The biosynthesis was detected by observing the color changes of the filtrate from transparent to light yellow to dark brown. The properties of silver nanoparticles were determined by measurement (UV). Which showed absorbance values at wavelengths (450 nm). The results showed SEM The shape was spherical with dimensions ranging from (17.84-64.03) nanometers. Conclusions: The fungus Aspergillus niger showed the ability to biosynthesise silver nanoparticles after 24 hours of incubation of the fungal filtrate treated with AgNO3.

Biosynthesis and characterizations of silver nanoparticles by using green banana peel extract: Evaluation of their antibacterial and electrical performances

Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) hold tremendous promise in nano-bioscience, with applications spanning engineering, science, and industry. This study delves into their fabrication process, crystallographic characteristics, and nanostructures. Employing green banana peel extract (GBPE), Ag NPs were synthesized. Various analytical techniques, such as UV–Vis absorption spectrophotometry (UV), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) elucidate their attributes. UV–visible analysis reveals a 413 nm absorption band due to surface plasmon resonance. The Ag NPs exhibit a face-centered cubic structure with an average crystallite size of 45.87 nm. Lattice parameters and dislocation density are also determined. When tested against harmful bacteria, such as E. coli and S. epidermidis, advanced microscopy reveals a median size of particles of 55.12 nm and demonstrates their antibacterial characteristics. These environmentally benign Ag NPs also improve the efficiency of bio-electrochemical cells (BECs), opening the door to large-scale manufacturing at a reasonable cost and broadening the range of possible uses.

Green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles using Ligustrum lucidum extract, and the antioxidant and antifungal evaluation

Biosynthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles using plant extract is an inexpensive, simple, rapid, and environmentally friendly approach to obtaining nanoparticles for biological applications. Herein, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) were successfully synthesized using an aqueous extract from Ligustrum lucidum leaves. The structural, optical, and morphological characteristics of the nanoparticles were assessed using x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV-visible spectrophotometer, transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM and SEM), and energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX). Nanocrystalline CuO with an average crystalline size of 22.0 nm and a band gap energy of 1.4 eV were confirmed from the XRD and UV-vis spectrophotometer, respectively. Morphological studies showed spherical nanoparticles, whose particle size estimation (30 ± 5 nm) agrees with the crystalline size deduced from the XRD pattern. A free radical scavenging activity of the CuO nanoparticles, evaluated using the 1, 1-diphenhyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, showed that it exhibited high antioxidant activity (IC50: 63.35 μg ml−1) that is concentration dependent. Antifungal evaluation using four different fungal strains (Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum, and Trichoderma harzianum) indicated a direct relationship between the potency of the particles and their concentration, with 1 ppm solution exhibiting the highest potency. The green synthesized CuO-NPs using Ligustrum lucidum may be potentially used as an antioxidant and antifungal agent for therapeutic applications.

A Novel Study on Antioxidant Activity and Catalytic Reduction of Methylene Blue using ZnO Nanoparticles Synthesized via the Middle Part of Walnut Shell (Juglans regia) Extract

Abstract: The synthesized ZnO nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM, XRD, FTIR, and TEM analysis. The catalytic activity of the prepared green catalyst ZnO nanoparticles was also investigated in the dye methylene blue (MB) decomposition. The catalytic decomposition reaction completed within 20 minutes, demonstrating the excellent catalytic properties of ZnO nanoparticles in reducing MB. This research describes the green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using an extract of the middle part of a walnut shell (Juglans regia). The antioxidant activities (radical capture capacity) of the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles were evaluated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) assay at different ZnO nanoparticle concentrations, and the radical capture activity was achieved at IC50 = 146.32 μg / mL. The radical capture activity was achieved at IC50 = 146.32 μg / mL. The biosynthesis of ZnO nanoparticles was caused by hydroxide precipitation at room temperature after calcination at 450°C.

التخليق الحيوي لجسيمات الفضة النانوية باستخدام مستخلصات الشاي الأخضر

اصبح تركيب جسيمات الفضة النانوية بالطرق الخضراء بواسطة النباتات شائعًا بشكل متزايد بسبب ملاءمته للبيئة ، وتوفره ، وفعاليته وكلفته القليلة ، ويمكن التعامل معه بأمان ويمتلك تنوعًا واسعًا من المركبات الفعالة ، مثل مضادات الأكسدة و ومركبات مضادة للميكروبات. في الدراسة الحالية ، تم تصنيع جسيمات الفضة النانوية AgNPs باستخدام المستخلصات المائية والميثانولية لأوراق الشاي الاخضر التي اختزلت نترات الفضة, والتي تم توصيفها باستخدام العديد من التقنيات التحليلية مثل القياس الطيفي المرئي فوق البنفسجي (UV-Vis) ، والتحويل الطيفي بالأشعة تحت الحمراء (FTIR) ، والفحص المجهري الذري (AFM) ، وتشتت الأشعة السينية (XRD) وفحص جهد زيتا. أشارت الملاحظة البصرية إلى أن لون نترات الفضة المائية قد تحول بعد المعاملة بمستخلصات الأوراق وتأكد ذلك بواسطة أطياف UV-Vis. فضلا عن ذلك ، أظهر تحليل AFM أن الجسيمات كانت كروية الشكل ، مفردة أو في مجاميع بمتوسط ​​أحجام 108.3 و 84.76 نانومتر للمستخلصات المائية والميثانولية على التوالي. كذلك, أكدت تقنية XRD الطبيعة البلورية للجسيمات النانوية, وتم تقدير متوسط ​​الحجم وفقًا لمعادلة شيرير اذ بلغت 61.24 و 99.66 نانومتر للمستخلصات المائية والميثانولية (CANPs) على التوالي. بالإضافة إلى قيم زيتا المحتملة كانت-30.31 و -32.33 مللي فولت للمستخلصات المائية والميثانولية CANPs على التوالي.

Improvement of COD removal and biogas production from landfill leachate using bio-synthesized iron nanoparticles, sludge and FeCl3

Leftover sludge from landfill treatment is typically rich in ferrous chemical compounds, whose recovery can often be used to enhance the performance of anaerobic bioreactors. This investigation examines the biosynthesis of iron nanoparticles (Fe-NPs) from the sludge residue derived from landfill leachate treatment, and then assesses their performance as micronutrient supplements for fermentation, alone and in combination with other additives, specifically FeCl3 with sludge. The preparation of Fe-containing sludge through landfill leachate treatment involved reaching optimal recovery of Fe and its biosynthesis via black tea waste extract. The bio-synthesized Fe-NPs were then fully characterized using a vast range of analytical techniques such as ultraviolet-visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The bio-synthesized NPs presented a chain and spherical structure with a diameter of 13–150 nm, and the alignment and adjustment of the biosynthesis process were close to those resulting from our predictive model. The anaerobic digestion trials led to COD removal of 73.64 % and increased biogas production by 69.85 % compared to the control bioreactor, under the optimal conditions of Fe-NPs, sludge, and fresh FeCl3 at the concentrations of 17.06, 0.28 and 1.46 mg/L, respectively. In conclusion, the addition of trace elements not only reduced the anaerobic digestion’s lag phase, but it also minimized the time to reach the peak of biogas production. Using a combined physicochemical-biological process is a cost-effective and eco-friendly technique for sludge disposal and energy production from treated leachate.

Biofabrication of Silver Nanoparticles Using Green Seaweed: Characterisation and Antibacterial Evaluation

This study investigates the Chaetomorpha antennina (CA) seaweed-mediated biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The synthesis process of silver nanoparticles was monitored over time with the help of an Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer and further characterisation studies were also performed. Differential Light Scattering (DLS) measurements revealed a mean particle size of approximately 103.5nm and a mean zeta potential value of -57.5mV for AgNPs. The spherical shape and size of the AgNPs were confirmed through High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM) imaging, while Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDAX) analysis provided insights into the elemental composition. The concentration of AgNPs was estimated using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). The antibacterial potential of AgNPs was evaluated against both gram-positive (Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and gram-negative bacterial strains (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Shigella dysentriae, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis) using the agar well diffusion method. From the results, AgNPs exhibited significant antibacterial activity against B. subtilis and S. typhi among all the tested concentration levels (25, 50, 75 and 100μl).

Moringa oleifera Seed Cake: A Review on the Current Status of Green Nanoparticle Synthesis

Growing demands for sustainable and ecological nanoparticle synthesis methods have incentivized the scientific community to develop new approaches to counteract these challenges. Green synthesis resorts to biocomponents obtained from plants, bacteria, fungi, and other organisms to synthesize nanostructures, with beneficial gains in the economic and ecological cost associated with the process, simplicity of the process, and resource efficiency. Moringa oleifera, a native plant originally from India with immense nutritive value, has long been used by researchers in the biosynthesis of nanoparticles. Leaves, flowers, bark, and seeds are among the “miracle tree” parts that can be used in nanoparticle green synthesis. Moringa oleifera seed cake, a by-product obtained from defatted seeds, is often overlooked due to its apparent low commercial value. The main objective of this review is to highlight the recent findings reported in the literature on nanoparticles/nanocomposites synthesized with seed cake biocompounds acting as reducing/capping agents. Furthermore, we analyzed the methods currently employed for the extraction of bioactive compounds. Moringa oleifera seed for industrial applications was also addressed.

Gold Nanoparticles Biosynthesis Through Green Synthesis Mediated by Leaf Extract from Diospyros Kaki L. (Persimmon) Using the Microwave Extraction Method

Gold Nanoparticles Biosynthesis Through Green Synthesis Mediated by Leaf Extract from Diospyros Kaki L. (Persimmon) Using the Microwave Extraction Method

Phytosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous sandalwood (Santalum album L.) leaf extract: Divergent effects of SW-AgNPs on proliferating plant and cancer cells.

The biogenic approach for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles provides an efficient eco-friendly alternative to chemical synthesis. This study presents a novel route for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous sandalwood (SW) leaf extract as a source of reducing and capping agents under mild, room temperature synthesis conditions. The bioreduction of Ag+ to Ago nanoparticles (SW-AgNPs) was accompanied by the appearance of brown color, with surface plasmon resonance peak at 340-360 nm. SEM, TEM and AFM imaging confirm SW-AgNP's spherical shape with size range of 10-32 nm. DLS indicates a hydrodynamic size of 49.53 nm with predominant negative Zeta potential, which can contribute to the stability of the nanoparticles. FTIR analysis indicates involvement of sandalwood leaf derived polyphenols, proteins and lipids in the reduction and capping of SW-AgNPs. XRD determines the face-centered-cubic crystalline structure of SW-AgNPs, which is a key factor affecting biological functions of nanoparticles. This study is novel in using cell culture methodologies to evaluate effects of SW-AgNPs on proliferating cells originating from plants and human cancer. Exposure of groundnut calli cells to SW-AgNPs, resulted in enhanced proliferation leading to over 70% higher calli biomass over control, enhanced defense enzyme activities, and secretion of metabolites implicated in biotic stress resistance (Crotonyl isothiocyanate, Butyrolactone, 2-Hydroxy-gamma-butyrolactone, Maltol) and plant cell proliferation (dl-Threitol). MTT and NRU were performed to determine the cytotoxicity of nanoparticles on human cervical cancer cells. SW-AgNPs specifically inhibited cervical cell lines SiHa (IC50-2.65 ppm) and CaSki (IC50-9.49 ppm), indicating potential use in cancer treatment. The opposing effect of SW-AgNPs on cell proliferation of plant calli (enhanced cell proliferation) and human cancer cell lines (inhibition) are both beneficial and point to potential safe application of SW-AgNPs in plant cell culture, agriculture and in cancer treatment.

Eco-friendly synthesis of amino and carboxyl-functionalized silica nanoparticles for enhanced adsorption of water pollutants

Green synthesised nanoparticles (NPs) have garnered significant attention as a rapidly expanding category of materials with diverse applications. In this context, plants are widely acknowledged as a highly favourable option for green synthesis due to their adherence to the eco-friendly pathway of NPs biosynthesis. The objective of green synthesis is to reduce the utilisation of hazardous chemicals. The utilisation of silica (SiO2) NPs, synthesised from biomass as adsorbents, has shown great potential particularly in removing toxic materials from environment. When it comes to adsorbing water pollutants, functionalized SiO2 NPs are seen as potential option. However, certain functional group onto the surface of SiO2 NPs have higher affinity towards a particular pollutant. In this work, a simple and eco-friendly synthesis method (using waste bamboo leaves) have been utilised for production of SiO2 NPs. Further, a silylating procedure was used to functionalize SiO2 NPs with amine (A-SiO2) and carboxyl groups (C–SiO2) for determining adsorption capabilities towards anionic and cationic dyes i.e., Naphthol green-B (NGB) and brilliant green (BG). The adsorption mechanism has been discussed in view of different adsorption isotherm models. According to batch investigations, the functionalized SiO2 NPs showed different behaviour for dyes depending upon nature of dyes and the functional groups. The results of the study revealed that A-SiO2 NPs were having adsorption capacity of 122.10 mg/g for anionic dye (NGB) while C–SiO2 NPs showed adsorption capacity of 114.41 mg/g for cationic dye (BG). Additionally, these NPs exhibit good recyclability up to 5 cycles of reuse. Novelty of this study is the reduced energy needs for the green synthesis of the SiO2 NPs using bamboo leaves and the effect of different functional groups on the adsorption capacity of the NPs. Overall, this study provides a sustainable, and reusable approach for effective dye removal from wastewater, addressing both environmental and economic problems.