Biosynthesis Of Nanoparticles Research Articles

METHODS OF BIOSYNTHESIS OF METAL NANOPARTICLES, PROSPECTS OF APPLICATION IN CROP PRODUCTION

The main objective of this review is to consider the environmentally ecological synthesis of nanoparticles with the help o f plants and the importance of this approach, application areas. It can be said that metal nanoparticles take place in all spheres of human life, such as food security, medicine, veterinary medicine, agriculture, environmental protection, energy, electronics. Currently, the development of environmentally friendly methods for the chemical and biological synthesis of metal nanoparticles is a pressing issue attracting significant attention from scientists worldwide. In the biological synthesis of metals, various living organisms, fungi, algae, and plants can be used. And the importance of using these nanoparticles in crop production is still being actively studied. In our work, we reviewed articles by scientists from a number of countries who have widely used this method in various industries. The biocompatibility and stability of metal nanoparticles produced through "green synthesis" have been demonstrated in numerous studies. A thorough literature review also examined the plants used in this synthesis process and the various applications of the synthesized metal nanoparticles based on their properties. Tһe topic of this revew is one of the relevant for Kazakhstan, therefore, the prospects of using metal nanoparticles in agricultural crop production and as growth stimulants and in plant protection are being considered in the country.

Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles by fungi and its potential in SERS.

Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) by using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) has gained relevance for the identification of biomolecules and some cancer cells. Searching for greener NPs synthesis alternatives, we evaluated the SERS properties of AuNPs produced by using different filamentous fungi. The AuNPs were synthesized utilizing the supernatant of Botrytis cinerea, Trichoderma atroviride, Trichoderma asperellum, Alternaria sp. and Ganoderma sessile. The AuNPs were characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) to identify its characteristic surface plasmon resonance, which was located at 545nm (B. cinerea), 550nm (T. atroviride), 540nm (T. asperellum), 530nm (Alternaria sp.), and 525nm (G. sessile). Morphology, size and crystal structure were characterized through transmission electron microscopy (TEM); colloidal stability was assessed by Z-potential measurements. We found that, under specific incubation conditions, it was possible to obtain AuNPs with spherical and quasi-spherical shapes, which mean size range depends on the fungal species supernatant with 92.9nm (B. cinerea), 24.7nm (T. atroviride), 16.4nm (T. asperellum), 9.5nm (Alternaria sp.), and 13.6nm (G. sessile). This, as it can be expected, has an effect on Raman amplification. A micro-Raman spectroscopy system operated at a wavelength of 532nm was used for the evaluation of the SERS features of the AuNPs. We chose methylene blue as our target molecule since it has been widely used for such a purpose in the literature. Our results show that AuNPs synthesized with the supernatant of T. atroviride, T. asperellum and Alternaria sp. produce the stronger SERS effect, with enhancement factor (EF) of 20.9, 28.8 and 35.46, respectively. These results are promising and could serve as the base line for the development of biosensors through a facile, simple, and low-cost green alternative.

Biosynthesis of cupric oxide nanoparticles: its antiviral activities against TMV by directly destroying virion and inducing plant resistance

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is widely recognized as one of the most important plant viruses, causing significant agricultural losses in terms of both quality and yield worldwide each year. This study demonstrated the biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) using orange peel extract for effective control of TMV infection both in vitro and in vivo. After treatment with CuONPs (100 mg/L) for 2 h, TMV particles exhibited evident fragmentation in vitro, reducing infectivity on tobacco plants. Similarly, the application of CuONPs on Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana) positively impeded viral replication and accumulation in vivo. Interestingly, the expression of systemic resistance-related genes (PR1, PR2, ERF1, and JAZ3) in the host plant was up-regulated by CuONPs treatment, supporting that CuONPs activated plant immunity to inhibit TMV. Importantly, the application of CuONPs (100 mg/L) did not exhibit any toxic effects on tobacco and, instead, resulted in the promotion of chlorophyll content, as well as an increase in the fresh weight and dry weight of the plant when compared to the control treatment. Overall, we proposed that the appropriate concentration of CuONPs (100 mg/L) can directly break viral particles by passivating, boost plant immunity by stimulating systemic acquired resistance (SAR), and provide nutritional supplements to promote plant growth.

Biosynthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial evaluation of silver nanoparticles based on Annona muricata extracts

Biosynthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial evaluation of silver nanoparticles based on Annona muricata extracts

Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles via neem extract and their anticancer and antibacterial activities.

In the present study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were synthesized using neem leaf aqueous extracts and characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Then compare its efficacy as anticancer and antibacterial agents with chemically synthesized ZnO-NPs and the neem leaf extract used for the green synthesis of ZnO-NPs. The TEM, UV-vis, and particle size confirmed that the developed ZnO-NPs are nanoscale. The chemically and greenly synthesized ZnO-NPs showed their optical absorbance at 328 nm and 380 nm, respectively, and were observed as spherical particles with a size of about 85 nm and 62.5 nm, respectively. HPLC and GC-MS were utilized to identify the bioactive components in the neem leaf aqueous extract employed for the eco-friendly production of ZnO-NPs. The HPLC analysis revealed that the aqueous extract of neem leaf contains 19 phenolic component fractions. The GC-MS analysis revealed the existence of 21 bioactive compounds. The antiproliferative effect of green ZnO-NPs was observed at different concentrations (31.25 µg/mL-1000 µg/mL) on Hct 116 and A 549 cancer cells, with an IC50 value of 111 µg/mL for A 549 and 118 µg/mL for Hct 116. On the other hand, the antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria was estimated. The antibacterial result showed that the MIC of green synthesized ZnO-NPs against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were 5, and 1 µg/mL. Hence, they could be utilized as effective antibacterial and antiproliferative agents.

Utilizing zinc oxide nanoparticles as an environmentally safe biosystem to mitigate mycotoxicity and suppress Fusarium graminearium colonization in wheat

The biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) offers great potential for plant disease management due to their potent antimicrobial properties and environmental safety. However, the precise mechanisms underlying their antifungal mode of action and role in suppressing mycotoxins remain unclear. This study aims to elucidate the mechanisms by which ZnONPs suppress the pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearium, known to cause Fusarium head blight in wheat. Additionally, it investigates how ZnONPs mitigate the production of mycotoxins, which pose risks to humans and ruminants. The study demonstrates that ZnONPs, bioproduced by Pseudomonas poae (P. poae), inhibit not only fungal growth, colony formation, and spore germination, but also significantly reduce mycotoxin production of F. graminearium by inhibiting the synthesis of deoxynivalenol (DON), downregulating the FgTRI gene, and causing morphological alterations of the toxisomes. The results also highlight that ZnONPs exert significant effects on fungi through multiple mechanisms, including cell wall damage and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, ZnONPs effectively inhibit F. graminearium in wheat leaves and coleoptiles. Fluorescence microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and optical microscopy all show that ZnONPs stop F. graminearium from getting into wheat plants and colonising them. Overall, the findings of this study provide evidence that ZnONPs are highly effective in reducing F. graminearium colonization in wheat plants and effectively decreasing mycotoxin production through multiple pathways.

Biosynthesis of Platinum Nanoparticles PlNPs by Bacterial Strain Rhodococcus erythropolis

The biosynthesis of platinum nanoparticles (PlNPs) using the bacterial strain Rhodococcus erythropolis offers a greener alternative to conventional chemical and physical synthesis methods. This study explores the potential of R. erythropolis to produce PlNPs by leveraging its biological machinery to reduce platinum ions and stabilize the resulting nanoparticles. The biosynthesis was conducted under varying conditions of pH, temperature, and sodium platinite concentrations to optimize yield and particle characteristics. The nanoparticles were characterized. The outcome reflects that PlNPs exhibit distinct size-dependent optical properties and crystallinity, with extracellular proteins from R. erythropolis playing a crucial role in nanoparticle stabilization. The optimized biosynthesis process produced PlNPs with high colloidal stability and significant potential for applications in catalysis and environmental remediation. This study advances the understanding of microbial nanoparticle production, highlighting a sustainable pathway for the synthesis of biocompatible and catalytically active platinum nanoparticles.

Enhanced biosynthesis of coated silver nanoparticles using isolated bacteria from heavy metal soils and their photothermal-based antibacterial activity: integrating Response Surface Methodology (RSM) Hybrid Artificial Neural Network (ANN)-Genetic Algorithm (GA) strategies.

This study explores the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the Streptomyces tuirus S16 strain, presenting an eco-friendly alternative to mitigate the environmental and health risks of chemical synthesis methods. It focuses on optimizing medium culture conditions, understanding their physicochemical properties, and investigating their potential photothermal-based antibacterial application. The S16 strain was selected from soils contaminated with heavy metals to exploit its ability to produce diverse bioactive compounds. By employing the combination of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN)-Genetic Algorithm (GA) strategies, we optimized AgNPs synthesis, achieving an improvement of nearly 2.45 times the initial yield under specific conditions (Bennet's medium supplemented with glycerol [5g/L] and casamino-acid [3g/L] at 30°C for 72h). A detailed physicochemical characterization was conducted. Notably, the AgNPs were well dispersed, and a carbonaceous coating layer on their surface was confirmed using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Furthermore, functional groups were identified using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, which helped enhance the AgNPs' stability and biocompatibility. AgNPs also demonstrated efficient photothermal conversion under light irradiation (0.2 W/cm2), with temperatures increasing to 41.7°C, after 30min. In addition, treatment with light irradiation of E. coli K-12 model effectively reduced the concentration of AgNPs from 105 to 52.5µg/mL, thereby enhancing the efficacy of silver nanoparticles in contact with the E. coli K-12.

Biosynthesis and characterisations of silver nanoparticles with filamentous cyanobacterium Lyngbya sp. with in vitro antibacterial properties against MDR pathogenic bacteria.

This study describes phycocompounds of the non-N2-fixing filamentous cyanobacterium Lyngbya sp., which has potential bio-reducing and stabilizing heavy metal-accumulating properties for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), whose formation was confirmed by the colour change of the Lyngbya sp.-AgNP solution from pale green to deep brown. The reduction of 'Lyngbya sp.-AgNPs', called Lsp-AgNPs, was proved by UV-visible photo-spectrometry analysis with an obtained peak value at 426 nm. Lsp-AgNPs were characterised by analytical techniques, XRD, FESEM, DLS and FTIR. The XRD analysis with 5-70 theta was obtained at 2ϴ angles ranging from 38.79º with intensity, indicating the crystal structure of Lsp-AgNPs. The FESEM analysis indicated the area size at 20-50 µm; in the DLS analysis, the peak at 400 d nm indicated the size and distribution of Lsp-AgNPs. In FTIR analysis, the peaks were obtained at wavenumbers 3338, 1639, and 542 cm-1, which indicated the presence of N-H, -OH and C=O functional groups in Lsp-AgNPs. Those had in vitro antibacterial activities against Gram-negative Escherichia coli (MTCC 443) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 1688) and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 7443) bacterial strains with zone of inhibitions (ZOI) of 16, 12 and 14 mm, respectively, with comparing the antibiotic gentamycin as a positive control, as was monitored with agar-well diffusion method. Furthermore, the MIC value was 50 mg/ml, and MBC values of 65 mg/ml of Lsp-AgNPs were effective against those bacteria. Thus, Lsp-AgNPs had potential antibacterial activities against MDR pathogenic S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa. In conclusion, MDR pathogenic bacteria could be controlled as prodrugs in the future.

Food Additive Mediated Biosynthesis of AgNPs with Antimicrobial Activity Against Hypermucoviscous Enterotoxigenic Foodborne Klebsiella pneumoniae

This study was aimed to adopt an ecofriendly method to synthesize nanoparticles with an effective antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity. A food origin hypermucoviscous Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated from food samples and identified using biochemical tests and the Vitek system. A string test was depended on to identify hypermucoviscous isolates. Enterotoxicity of foodborne hypermucoviscous K. pneumoniae isolates was detected phenotypically using suckling mouse bioassay. Biofilm forming ability was tested for all the isolated bacteria using the Microtiter plate method and Congo Red Agar. A natural food additive Syzygium aromaticum (clove) aqueous extract was used for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles in optimized conditions. The biosynthesized clove-silver nanoparticles (Clove-AgNps) were characterized by several techniques, and their antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity was determined. The results of this study revealed that the isolation of 28 K. pneumoniae isolates were isolated from 200 food samples. String test results showed that 16/28 (57.14%) K. pneumoniae isolates were hypermucoviscous. Eleven of these isolates (68.75%) were enterotoxigenic. Using clove aqueous extract as a biological agent was successful in the biosynthesis of AgNPs with an average diameter of 14.12 nm as measured by AFM. The optimum biosynthesis conditions were: 1mM of AgNO3 concentration, pH 7, at 37 °C, and 24 hours. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the clove-AgNPs was detected as 62.5 µg.mL-1. Sub-inhibitory concentration of 31.25 µg.mL-1 of Clove-AgNPs resulted in: 91% decrease in the formed biofilm. It can be concluded that using Syzygium aromaticum is an effective ecofriendly method for AgNPs biosynthesis with excellent antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity against enterotoxigenic hypermucoviscous K. pneumoniae.

Prunus persica leaves aqueous extract mediated biosynthesis of Ag nanoparticles and assessment of its anti-quorum sensing potential against Hafnia species.

Hafnia sp. was one of the specific spoilage bacteria in aquatic products, and the aim of the study was to investigate the inhibition ability of the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) biosynthesis by an aqueous extract of Prunus persica leaves toward the spoilage-related virulence factors of Hafnia sp. The synthesized P-AgNPs were spherical, with a mean particle size of 36.3nm and zeta potential of 21.8±1.33mV. In addition, the inhibition effects of P-AgNPs on the growth of two Hafnia sp. strains and their quorum sensing regulated virulence factors, such as the formation of biofilm, secretion of N-acetyl-homoserine lactone (AHLs), proteases, and exopolysaccharides, as well as their swarming and swimming motilities were evaluated. P-AgNPs had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 64 μg ml-1 against the two Hafnia sp. strains. When the concentration of P-AgNPs was below MIC, it could inhibit the formation of biofilms by Hafnia sp at 8-32 μg ml-1, but it promoted the formation of biofilms by Hafnia sp at 0.5-4 μg ml-1. P-AgNPs exhibited diverse inhibiting effects on AHLs and protease production, swimming, and swarming motilities at various concentrations.

Guide for Optimization of Olive Leaf Extraction and Silver Nanoparticles Biosynthesis as an Initial Step for Pilot Plant Design.

This account presents the results of two successful optimization processes. First, a polyphenol-rich aqueous olive extract was obtained and then silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized with high efficiency. Selected parameters for both processes were optimized based on the procedure of the Box-Behnken multifactorial design. The independent variables in the extraction process were the biomass/water ratio, temperature, and time. For AgNPs synthesis, the independent variables were the volume of olive extract, temperature, and process duration. The relationship between the process parameters was visualized graphically by using the response surface methodology. A high fit of the experimental data with the predicted models was shown. The regression coefficients were high, 0.9936 for extraction and 0.9757 for AgNPs biosynthesis. The extraction efficiency under its optimal conditions was as follows: biomass/solvent ratio 0.016, temperature 80 °C for 80 min, and yield 160.67 [μg GAE (gallic acid equivalent)/mL]. The highest yield of AgNPs synthesis, equal to 1.955, was obtained when it was carried out for 50 min at 75 °C with the application of 11 mL of extract. Studies on the AgNPs suspension's stability depending on the extract amount were demonstrated. A physicochemical analysis using dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy images, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for AgNPs obtained under optimal conditions was shown. Finally, a pilot-scale biosynthesis of AgNPs was designed.

Biosynthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using the young fruit of Borassus flabellifer: Characterization and photocatalytic removal of biohazardous safranin-O dye using solar irradiation

Here, ZnO nanostructures were synthesized for the first time from the young fruit of the Borassus flabellifer. X-ray diffraction study revealed that the unit cell of ZnO was hexagonal with particle size 39.83 nm. The field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) images showed that spherical nanoparticles were formed. A sharp absorption peak was seen at 375 nm in the UV-vis absorption study, and the calculated excitonic band gap was 3.37 eV. The biosynthesized ZnO was used as a photocatalyst to remove the biohazardous safranin-O (SO) dye using solar irradiation. Freundlich isotherm model was used to study the adsorption behavior of SO onto ZnO. At optimum conditions, nearly 96.89% of the dye was degraded in just 80 minutes. Furthermore, the impact of catalyst dose, initial dye concentration, solution pH, and temperature on photodegradation was also investigated.

Cytotoxic Effect of Biosynthesized Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles on Human Skin Squamous Carcinoma Cell Line (HSSCC) in vitro

The current study intended to biosynthesis of manganese oxide nanoparticles (MnO -NPs) depending on prodigiosin pigment as stabilizing and reducing agent. which produced from environmental isolate of Serratia marcescens . The study of the biosynthesis of MnO NPs was characterized by different techniques, such as ( UV-VIS, XRD, AFM, FE-SEM and FTIR). The results refer, the wavelength of biosynthesis of MnO NPs by using UV-VIS was (284 nm), the average volume was (45) nm). and image FE-SEM shows that the MnO- NPs mainly consists of nanosheets assembled in flower-like shape with different diameters. The cytotoxic effects of (MnO -NPs) on Human Skin Squamous Carcinoma Cell Line (HSSCC) was significant (p≤0.05) comparative with control viability 100%. Maximum effective concentration were 4000 μg/ml for 72hr exposure time which gave the highest inhibition rate 95% comparative with viability control 100%, but the minimum concentration was 3.9 μg/ml which induced proliferation of (HSSCC)cells. So when the exposure time and the concentration was increased, the inhibition rate was increased. Keywords:Serratia marcescens, Human skin squamous carcinoma cell line, cytotoxic effect, prodigiosin, MnO –NP.

Biosynthesis of copper nanoparticles using Bacillus flexus and estimation of their potential for decolorization of azo dyes and textile wastewater treatment

In many underdeveloped countries, textile industries discharge their effluents without any treatment. The untreated textile wastewater consists of both azo dyes and heavy metals which not only change the physicochemical and biological properties of soil and water but also affect human health. In recent years, copper-based nanomaterials have attained worldwide attention because of their unique properties and potential for decolorization of azo dyes and wastewater treatment. The present study demonstrates the bacterial synthesis of copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) using Bacillus flexus strain isolated from a textile wastewater followed by their application for photocatalytic degradation of various azo dyes and treatment of actual wastewater. The FT-IR analysis confirmed the presence of various functional groups including proteins on Cu-NPs which improved their stability. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed the spherical shape of Cu-NPs with a size of range between 17–34 nm. Similarly, the XRD analysis of biosynthesized Cu-NPs showed various diffraction peaks at 44.5°, 51.5°, 74.75 which confirmed the crystalline nature of nanoparticles. While studying the photocatalytic decolorization of azo dyes by Cu-NPs, it was observed that 88.164 ± 0.19 %, 88.452 ± 1.89 %, 90.433 ± 1.81 %, 64.770 ± 1.02 %, 46.774 ± 1.61 %, and 67.274 ± 2.89 % of reactive black-5, congo red, malachite green, methylene blue, reactive red-2 and blue direct, respectively, were decolorized after 4 h of solar irradiation at 50 ppm concentration. Additionally, the biosynthesized nanoparticles also resulted in reduction of various parameters like EC, pH, TDS, COD, color intensity, sulphates, and phosphates in the textiles wastewater. The reduction of COD, sulfates, and phosphates was about 39.659 %, 43.157 %, and 49.493 %. The results of current work suggest that biosynthesized copper nanoparticles might serve as a potential green solution for the decolorization of various dyes including wastewater treatment.

Biogenic silver nanoparticles from fungal sources: Synthesis, characterization, and antifungal potential

Nano-biotechnology is quickly developing as an important field of modern research, generating the most promising applications in medicine and agriculture. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using biogenic or green approach provide ecofriendly, clean and effective way out for the synthesis of nanoparticles. The main aim of the study was to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Pencillium chrysogenum using a green approach and to test the antifungal activity of these synthesized AgNPs against a variety of pathogenic fungi. The characterization of samples was done by using UV–visible spectroscopy, SEM (scanning electron microscopy), FTIR (Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy), and XRD (X-ray diffractometry). The investigation confirmed the creation of AgNPs by the fungi Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Pencillium chrysogenum, as evidenced by prominent plasmon absorbance bands at 420 and 450 nm.The biosynthesized AgNPs were 80–100 nm in size, asymmetrical in shape and became spherical to sub-spherical when aggregated. Agar well diffusion method was performed to evaluate the antifungal activity of AgNPs against various plant pathogenic fungi. An efficient and strong antifungal activity was shown by these biosynthesized nanoparticles against serious plant pathogenic fungi, viz. Aspergillus terreus, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium citrinum, Rhizopus stolonifer and Mucor mucedo. The biosynthesized AgNPs at various concentrations caused significant zone of inhibition in the test fungal pathogens. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) biosynthesized from Aspergillus niger at highest concentrations showed maximum zone of inhibition against Penicillium citrinum (19.33 ± 0.57 mm) followed by Rhizopus stolonifer (17.66 ± 0.57), Aspergillus terreus (16.33 ± 1.54 mm), Fusarium oxysporum (14.00 ± 1.00 mm) and Mucor mucedo (13.33 ± 1.15 mm) respectively. Therefore, the findings clearly indicate that silver nanoparticles could play a significant role in managing diverse plant diseases caused by fungi.

Green Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Utilizing Monstera deliciosa Leaf Extract and Estimation of its Antimicrobial Characteristics

AbstractHerein, single step biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is reported by using AgNO3 and Monstera deliciosa (MD) leaf extract. Spherical AgNPs are obtained with difference in particle sizes and antibacterial activities using two sets of MD leaf extract having different heating periods 5 and 10 min. They are characterized by UV–vis spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Zeta potential, Attenuated Total Reflectance Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR‐IR), and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE‐SEM). Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) studies propose two types of AgNPs have hydrodynamic diameters of 104 and 80 nm. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Gas Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry (GC‐MS), and High Resolution−Mass Spectrometry (HR‐MS) studies, which reveal the presence of various phytochemicals found in MD leaf extract. These biomolecules play a vital role as stabilizing and reducing agents to fabricate stable AgNPs. These AgNPs exhibit strong antibacterial activities having effective zone of inhibition for both Gram‐positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) and Gram‐negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) microorganisms, nonetheless AgNPs against different fungi (Penicillium sp., Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani) show non‐antifungal characteristics because of their inert nature. This study suggests that AgNPs can be used in treating bacterial infections and drug delivery also for several therapeutic and diagnostic applications.

Biosynthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and effect on seed germination of wheat (Triticum aestivum) in vitro

Zinc Oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are considered an effective factor in plant growth due to their high absorption because of their small size and effect on the plant's physiological system. This study included the biosynthesis of zinc nanoparticles by plant extract from the leaves of the Myrtus communis L. and used the following analyses ultraviolet- X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared (FITR), and visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy (XRD). Using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), it was possible to analyze the ZnO NPs and determine how their concentration affected the germination rate and several other aspects of the growth of wheat Triticum aestivum seeds in vitro. The study results showed that a distinctive absorption peak at 366 nm caused by surface plasma resonance visible in the UV-Vis spectroscopy. A FESEM revealed that ZnO NPs were semi-spherical and had an average diameter of 30 nm.. The results also revealed the effectiveness of the concentration of 100 ppm in the germination percentage of wheat seeds which reached the mean of 59.17% compared with 24.17 % in the control treatment, While the length of plumule and radicle recorded 5.767 cm and 3.400 cm respectively at the same concentration. The study suggests found the effectiveness of biosynthetic zinc nanoparticles in the germination characteristics of wheat seeds.

Biosynthesis and characterization of selenium and silver nanoparticles using Trichoderma viride filtrate and their impact on Culex pipiens

Abstract Some of the significant globally prevalent vector-borne illnesses are caused by Culex pipiens. Synthetic pesticides have been widely utilized to eradicate C. pipiens, which has led to a number of health risks for people, insect resistance, and environmental contamination. Alternative strategies are therefore vitally needed. In the current investigation, the Trichoderma viride fungal culture filtrate was used to create selenium and silver nanoparticles (SeNPs and AgNPs, respectively) and test them on C. pipiens larvae in their fourth instar stage. The death rate increased significantly when SeNP and AgNP concentrations increased, according to the results. SeNPs and AgNPs significantly affected the developmental and detoxification enzymes in fourth instar larvae of C. pipiens at 24 h after being treated with the sublethal concentration of the tested NPs. As a result of their insecticidal effect on C. pipiens larvae, SeNPs and AgNPs are considered effective and promising larvicidal agents.

Bioactive nanoparticles derived from marine brown seaweeds and their biological applications: a review.

The biosynthesis of novel nanoparticles with varied morphologies, which has good implications for their biological capabilities, has attracted increasing attention in the field of nanotechnology. Bioactive compounds present in the extract of fungi, bacteria, plants and algae are responsible for nanoparticle synthesis. In comparison to other biological resources, brown seaweeds can also be useful to convert metal ions to metal nanoparticles because of the presence of richer bioactive chemicals. Carbohydrates, proteins, polysaccharides, vitamins, enzymes, pigments, and secondary metabolites in brown seaweeds act as natural reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents in the nanoparticle's synthesis. There are around 2000 species of seaweed that dominate marine resources, but only a few have been reported for nanoparticle synthesis. The presence of bioactive chemicals in the biosynthesized metal nanoparticles confers biological activity. The biosynthesized metal and non-metal nanoparticles from brown seaweeds possess different biological activities because of their different physiochemical properties. Compared with terrestrial resources, marine resources are not much explored for nanoparticle synthesis. To confirm their morphology, characterization methods are used, such as absorption spectrophotometer, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscopy. This review attempts to include the vital role of brown seaweed in the synthesis of metal and non-metal nanoparticles, as well as the method of synthesis and biological applications such as anticancer, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and other functions.