Bio-organic Fertilizer Research Articles

Shifts in microbial communities and networks are correlated with the soil ionome in a kiwifruit orchard under different fertilization regimes

This study investigated the shifts in the community composition and co-occurrence networks of soil microbiota in relation to the soil ionome in a kiwifruit orchard under different fertilization regimes. A 9-year split-plot field experiment (2009–2018) was conducted in Meixian county, Shaanxi province, China. Two main plots were assigned to bio-organic fertilization (0 vs. 8000 kg ha−1 y−1), each containing two subplots assigned to chemical fertilization (0 vs. 300 kg N ha−1 y−1, 225 kg P ha−1 y−1, and 150 kg K ha−1 y−1). High-throughput sequencing and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry were used to analyze soil microbial community composition and ion concentrations, respectively. Results showed that bio-organic fertilization increased soil Ni, Se, total C, total N, and pH levels, whereas soil Mg, Cu, Zn, and Sr concentrations were decreased. Mantel testing indicated that bacterial community composition was influenced more easily by the availability of soil ions (e.g., Zn, Ni, Co, Cu) than fungal community composition. Bio-organic fertilization also increased bacterial α-diversity indices that were strongly correlated with the availability of soil ions (e.g., Fe, Mn, and Ca). Network analysis revealed that bio-organic fertilization generated more links (especially positive links) between microbial taxa in the community. Fewer but highly interconnected modules were found in the network formed under bio-organic fertilization, for which fewer nodes and negative links occurred concurrently. After selecting putative keystone species, the network with bio-organic fertilization was characterized by more generalists than the network without bio-organic fertilization. In contrast to the network without bio-organic fertilization, none of the generalists in the network with bio-organic fertilization were correlated with soil total C and N contents; however, high correlations were found with soil ions (e.g., Fe, Mn, Co, and Al). These results demonstrate that a better-organized and more stable network of soil microbial communities can assemble in a kiwifruit orchard under bio-organic fertilization, as mediated by alterations to the soil ionome. This study highlights that the less-commonly researched soil ions (e.g., Ni, Mo, Se, Sr) may play a crucial role in the response of soil microbial communities to bio-organic fertilization in agricultural ecosystems.

Biocontrol of Fusarium wilt disease in strawberries using bioorganic fertilizer fortified with Bacillus licheniformis X-1 and Bacillus methylotrophicus Z-1.

Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae is one of the most serious indigenous soil-borne fungal disease of strawberry. In this study, we have identified and investigated two sets of bacterial samples: Bacillus licheniformis (X-1) and Bacillus methylotrophicus (Z-1). Both of them were isolated from the rhizosphere soil of healthy strawberries which showed a strong inhibitory effect on Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae. Bioorganic fertilizer developed by our team exhibiting a strong inhibition ability against the pathogen in comparison with the chemical and organic fertilizers. It allowed 80% disease free strawberry production together with improved physical and biochemical indexes in the pot experiments. The enzyme activity analysis of SOD, PPO, POD, and CAT in the bioorganic fertilizer (BOF) group showed significant increase with values; 48.8%, 68.7%, 85.9%, and 41.1% than that of the control group, respectively. The results of bacterial diversity showed that Bacillus in group BOF was almost three times as large as in the healthy soil control group (CK). Besides, the results of microbial diversity showed that Fusarium and Fusicolla of BOF was nearly five times less than that in CK and chemical fertilizer groups, where the Bacillus content reached to three times as much of the CK. Moreover, the enzymes activity and the content of beneficial microorganisms in the rhizosphere increased significantly. In this study, the bioorganic fertilizer developed by the isolated strains had significant effects on the control of strawberry Fusarium wilt disease. Our results demonstrate that BOF is a promising approach to control this disease in strawberry production.

Foliar Application of Chitosan Increases Tomato Growth and Influences Mycorrhization and Expression of Endochitinase-Encoding Genes.

Nowadays, applying bio-organic fertilizer (e.g., chitosan, Ch) or integrating beneficial microorganisms (e.g., arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF) are among the successful strategies to promote plant growth. Here, the effect of two application modes of Ch (foliar spray or root treatment) and Ch-derived nanoparticles (NPs) on tomato plants colonized with the AMF Rhizophagus irregularis were analyzed, thereby focusing on plant biomass, flowering and mycorrhization. An increase of shoot biomass and flower number was observed in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) plants sprayed with Ch. The interaction with AMF, however, was reduced as shown by decreased mycorrhization rates and AM-specific gene expression. To get insights into Ch effect on mycorrhization, levels of sugars, jasmonates, abscisic acid, and the expression of two chitinase-encoding genes were determined in mycorrhizal roots. Ch had no effect on sugar and phytohormone levels, but the reduced mycorrhization was correlated with down- and upregulated expression of Chi3 and Chi9, respectively. In contrast, application of NPs to leaves and Ch applied to the soil did not show any effect, neither on mycorrhization rate nor on growth of mycorrhizal plants. Concluding, Ch application to leaves enhanced plant growth and flowering and reduced interaction with AMF, whereas root treatment did not affect these parameters.

Bio-organic fertilizer with reduced rates of chemical fertilization improves soil fertility and enhances tomato yield and quality

The extensive use of chemical fertilizers poses serious collateral problems such as environmental pollution, pest resistance development and food safety decline. Researches focused on applying plant-beneficial microorganisms to partially replace chemical fertilizer use is increasing due to the requirement of sustainable agriculture development. Thus to investigate the possibility of a plant-beneficial Trichoderma strain and its bio-organic fertilizer product in saving chemical fertilizer application and in improving crop quality, a field trial and continuous pot experiments were carried out with tomato. Four treatments were set up: a reduced application of chemical fertilizer (75% of the conventional application) plus Trichoderma-enriched bio-organic fertilizer (BF), organic fertilizer (OF) or Trichoderma spore suspension (SS), with using the 100% rate of the conventional chemical fertilizer as the control (CF). The results showed that the total soluble sugar, Vitamin C and nitrate accumulations were, respectively, +up to 24%, +up to 57% and –up to 62% in the tomatoes of the BF treatment compared to those of the control (CF). And both of the pot and field trials revealed that reduced rates of chemical fertilizer plus bio-organic fertilizer produced tomato yields equivalent to those obtained using the 100% of the chemical fertilizer. However, application with the inoculant alone (SS) or combined with the organic fertilizer alone (OF) would lead to a yield decreases of 6–38% and 9–35% over the control. Since the increased abundance of soil microflora and the enhanced soil fertility frequently showed positive linear correlations especially in the BF-treated soils, we conclude that the efficacy of this bio-organic fertilizer for maintaining a stable tomato yield and improving tomato quality may be due to the improved soil microbial activity. Thus, the results suggest that the Trichoderma bio-organic fertilizer could be employed in combination with the appropriate rates of chemical fertilizers to get maximum benefits regarding yield, quality and fertilizer savings.

Effects of Different Fertilizers on Rhizosphere Bacterial Communities of Winter Wheat in the North China Plain

The application of bioorganic fertilizer affects rhizosphere microbes and further improves soil fertility in farmlands. However, the effects of different fertilizers on rhizosphere bacterial community diversity and structure of winter wheat remains unclear. In this study, we explored the effects of different fertilization treatments (no fertilizer added, CK; nitrogen fertilizer, NF; bioorganic fertilizer, BOF) on the rhizosphere bacterial community of winter wheat in the North China Plain. Rhizosphere soil treated with BOF had a higher Shannon index than that of CK and NF. The relative abundance of the Proteobacteria treated with BOF was significantly higher than that of NF, while the Acidobacteria and Planctomycetes were significantly lower. The redundancy analysis (RDA) and Mantel test showed that soil bacterial communities were significantly correlated with pH, nitrate, available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK). Our findings indicated that BOF increased bacterial diversity and the relative abundance of copiotrophic bacteria in rhizosphere soil, while NF reduced bacterial diversity and increased the relative abundance of oligotrophic bacteria. The increase in copiotrophic bacteria in the rhizosphere of winter wheat could indicate an increase in soil nutrient availability, which might have positive implications for soil fertility and crop production.

Effects of bio-organic fertiliser fortified by Bacillus cereus QJ-1 on tobacco bacterial wilt control and soil quality improvement

ABSTRACTIn this study, bio-organic fertiliser (BOF) fortified by Bacillus cereus was used as a biocontrol method to reduce tobacco bacterial wilt disease and improve soil quality. The effects of BOF application on the control of tobacco bacterial wilt disease were compared against conventional fertiliser (CF) and improved fertiliser (IF). Further, comparisons of soil physiochemical and microbiological differences were conducted. BOF was the most effective treatment in controlling tobacco bacterial wilt disease, with a control percentage of 31.43% after 95 d of tobacco transplantation. After BOF treatment, the contents of available nitrogen, available phosphorus and organic matter in rhizosphere soils were all significantly higher than in those of the CF and IF treatments, while available potassium content and soil pH were lower. The BOF treatment significantly promoted the growth of cultivable bacterial populations in the soil compared to the other two treatments, with increases in cells of 178.19% compared against the CF treatment soils. The BOF and IF treatments also significantly promoted the diversity of soil bacteria during the rapid-growth stage compared against the CF treatment. Thus these results suggest that BOF treatment can improve the ecological stability of soils and help mitigate tobacco bacterial wilt disease.

A Comparative study on the impact of bio fertilizer and chemical fertilizer in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)

Vegetables are the integral part of the balanced diet of human since time immemorial. Globally, the role of vegetables has been recognized in solving the problem of food and nutritional security. Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) is an important vegetable crop of Malvaceae family, which supplies higher nutrition. The present study was intended at determining the importance of using organic bio fertilizers instead of harmful chemical fertilizers in Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus). The requirements of fertilizers in Okra are important for the early growth and total production. Integrated use of organic bio fertilizers can improve crop productivity. The modern system of farming, it is increasingly felt, is becoming unsustainable as evidenced by declining crop productivities, damage to environment, chemical contaminations, etc. The necessity of having an alternative agriculture method which can function in a friendly eco-system while sustaining and increasing the crop productivity is realized now. The objective of the study was to assess the comparative effect of organic bio fertilizers and chemical fertilizers in terms of growth, nutrition value and secondary metabolite production. The result of this study clearly indicates the nutritional benefits of consuming vegetables grown by using bio fertilizers and also states how enhanced accumulation of natural antioxidants such as polyphenols are additionally adding to our health benefits.

Effects of reduced chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer application on soil microbial biomass, enzyme activity and cotton yield

The effects of 20%-40% fertilizer reduction and different organic fertilizers on soil microbial biomass, enzyme activity and cotton yield were examined for three consecutive years in Hexi area of Gansu, Northwest China. The results showed that compared with single chemical fertilizer application, the abundance of soil bacteria and actinomycetes were significantly increased while that of fungi were decreased with chemical fertilizer reduction combined with organic fertilizer. The abundance of soil bacteria was maximum under the treatment of chemical fertilizer reduction combined with common organic fertilizer and bio-organic fertilizer (COBF2), which was 84.6%, 57.1% and 43.5% higher than that under single application of chemical fertilizer (CF) in the bud stage, boll stage and boll open stage, while the abundance of actinomycetes was maximum under the chemical fertilizer reduction combined with common bio-organic fertilizer (CBF2), which was 28.2%, 32.7% and 32.2% higher than CF. The abundance of fungi was the lowest in the CBF2 treatment, which was 35.8%, 29.3%and 13.4% lower than CF treatment in three periods. The ratios of bacteria to fungi, actinomycetes to fungi and the activity of soil urease, catalase, sucrase and alkaline phosphatase were increased by the chemical fertilizer reduction combined with organic fertilizer. COBF2 was the most effective way to improve enzyme activity. Fertilizer reduction combined with the application of organic fertilizer increased boll number per individual of cotton plant, promoted cotton growth and dry matter accumulation in the ground to a certain extent. The cotton yield under COBF2 treatment was the highest, which showed an significant increase of 14.2% and 10.9% respectively in seed and lint cotton yield than CF. Our results showed that COBF2, with 60% reduction of chemical fertilizer combined with 1800 kg·hm-2 ordinary organic fertilizer and 600 kg·hm-2 biological organic fertilizer, had the best fertilization effect.

Ефективність застосування біодобрив на основі осадів стічних вод очісних споруд м. Одеса

Efficiency of application of biofertilizers on the basis of sewage sludge of treatment facilities of Odessa The article presents the results of the application of new biofertilizers in the technology of growing corn for grain. Biofertilizers – on the basis of sewage sludge of biological treatment plants «Southern» and «Northern» of Odesa with the addition of winter wheat straw and sunflower seed husk. The effectiveness of the application of biofertilizers based on sewage sludges was studied in a field experiment on black soil ordinary medium humus. According to the results of field research it is established that the use of new biofertilizers based on sewage sludge of biological treatment plants «Southern» and «Northern» of Odesa in corn cultivation technologies increases the quantitative characteristics of microorganisms of different ecological and trophic groups, which, in turn, helps to increase soil fertility and corn yield for grain. Keywords: biological treatment plants, bioorganic fertilizers, efficiency, ecological and trophic groups of microorganisms, rhizosphere, soil fertility.

Sự bạc màu đất đồng Bằng sông Cửu Long - Biện pháp quản lý

Soil degradation is of great concern in the world due to its adverse impact on food security. In the Mekong Delta (MD), degraded agricultural soils were evaluated through soil quality indicators related to physical chemical and biological soil properties. Degraded soils have been clearly exposed in the triple-rice cropping system, top soil lost of rice fields, old constructed raised beds of fruit orchards. One of the effect factors can be due to farmers' inappropriate farming technique and nutrient management such as high dose of inorganic N, P fertilization, unbalanced nutrients, little or no use of organic fertilizers resulted in a reduction of soil supplying nutrient capacity, increasing soil-borne diseases, reducing crop yields. Our studies in MD indicated that using compost, bio-organic fertilizers which were composted in the right way, combining balanced inorganic fertilizers, were very effective ways to improve and to prevent soil degradation. This way of management needs to be recommended and developed. It’s very important and needs the involvement and action of soil scientists, fertilizer producers, agricultural managers and farmers for the successful of sustainable agricultural development and friendly environment in MD.

Study on Carbon Source Screening Technology for Prevention and Control of Banana Fusarium Wilt

With the spread of banana Fusarium wilt and the aggravation of the damage, it has become the biggest threat to the banana industry. Many studies have shown that bio-organic fertilizer plays an important role in the prevention and control of banana wilt, but most studies focused on biocontrol bacterium screening, not screening carbon sources that could prevent banana wilt, which lead to organic fertilizer fertilization without better effect. So that, a pot culture experiment (I) with inoculating Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cubense (FOC) on bananas was carried out to screen the carbon sources, and d-malic acid (CS2) to prevent and control banana wilt had been screened out by Biolog technology and Principal Component Analysis of microbial community level physiological profiling. To verify application effects of CS2, another banana pot experiment (II) with FOC inoculation had been done. The results showed that: (1) CS2 can effectively improve the activity of soil microorganisms. (2) CS2 can significantly reduce FOC population in soil, and the FOC population treated with CS2 was respectively lower than that treated with control carbon source (CS1) and without carbon source (CK1) 48% and 59%. (3) The banana wilt infection rate and disease index of CS2 treatment were significantly smaller than those of CS1 and CK1. (4) CS2 can promote the growth and biomass accumulation of bananas in pathogenic soil. In conclusion, the screening technology studied here can be applied to screen out the carbon sources for prevention of banana Fusarium wilt, which has great significance to the improvement of prevention effect of biological organic fertilizers to banana wilt.

Biopesticides And Biofertigation Practice to Overcome Land Fertility and Plants Cultivation Problems in Magetan District

Magetan Regency is one of the leading fruit production centers (Pamelo Oranges) and vegetables in East Java. Production of Pamelo orange as a superior product of Magetan regency, during the last 10 years tends to decrease both in terms of quantity and quality. This is as a result of fruit fly pest attack is quite massive and viral; as well as vegetable crops that still depends on pesticide and chemical fertilizers. Quantity and quality of fruit and vegetable products are still not optimal because: 1). There are still pests and diseases that can not be controlled in an environmentally friendly manner, 2) The cultivation of pamelo and vegetable plants in Magetan regency has not been fully applied organic fertilizer intake, 3). Gardening irrigation technology still relies on rain water and semi-technical irrigation. The objective of the action research through Community Partnership Program (CPP) is to provide a touch of science and technology that is expected to accelerate the creative economic activities of the community by providing skills training based on organic materials including: 1. The utilization of yard land by planting vegetables; 2. The production soil enhancer; 3. Production of urine-based biopesticide ; 4. Simple book keeping practice in small-medium scale agriculture, and 5. Production of Pamelo orange-based food. The methods used in facilitating the improvement of skills of farmers and dairy farmers joined in micro small and medium enterprises including lecture, field practice and mentoring. The result of activities is expected to be able to: a). improve farmers skills in good plant care through integrated pest and disease control and organic based fertilization through fertigation. b). Make environmentally friendly fertilizers and pesticides independently. c). Increasing the production and quality of agricultural products. d). Innovative organic biofertilizers products.

RSI “Ile-Alatau state national natural park” technology of application of bioorganic fertilizers in forest kennels of Aksai branch

Our research work is aimed at developing effective technologies for the use of Bioorganicfertilizers in forest nurseries of the Aksaу branch of RSI “Ile-Alatau state national natural Park”. The scientific novelty of this article, for the first time stabilized the technology of bioorganic fertilizers in thecultivation of seedlings of tree plants and seedlings of forest nurseries of the Aksai branch of the RSI “IleAlatau State National Natural Park”. The quantitative composition of the main ecological-trophic groupsof soil microorganisms of the upper and lower forest nurseries of the Aksai branch of RSU” Ile-Alataustate national natural Park “ has stabilized.Purpose of research – study of the technology of using bioorganic fertilizers for forest nurseries of theAksay branch of the RSI “Ile-Alatau State National Natural Park”.As a result of the study, it turned out that the length of apricot growth (Prunus armeniaca) in theundergrowth phase increased by 25% in the form of treatment with the PGPR «BioEcoGum» preparation compared to the control form, and increased by 37% in the phase of mass opening of leaves. The growthlength of Sivers apples (Malus sieversii) in the phase of sprout formation compared with the control formshowed an increase in the form of treatment with «BioEcoGum» PGPR by 32.0%, with a leaf openingphase of 29%.Key words: bioorganic preparation, PGPR bacterium, Microbiology, soil, humus.

Pengaruh Pupuk Hayati Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bibit Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) pada Pembibitan Awal

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of N2-fixing microbes contained in organic organic fertilizers at four levels of nitrogen fertilizer application in increasing the performance of oil palm seedlings. The experiment was carried out in the form of an experiment using a Randomized Block Design with 2 factors: organic organic fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer. The first factor with three levels of treatment, namely without organic biological fertilizer, Organic fertilizer from cow dung (Agro Flower) 1 g / kg of Soil and Organic organic fertilizer (Biost) 1 g / kg of Soil. While the second factor consists of four levels, namely without N fertilizer, N fertilizer 50% of the standard dose, N fertilizer 100% of the standard dose, and N fertilizer of 150% of the standard dose. Each treatment was tested on 4 oil palm seedlings and repeated 3 times, so that 144 experimental plants were obtained. The observations made were the variable plant performance includes plant height, number of leaves, and stem diameter. Variants of plant nutrient levels included total N nutrient levels, P nutrient levels, and K nutrient levels. The results showed that N-inhibiting microbes contained in organic organic fertilizer increased plant height and stem diameter significantly in oil palm nurseries. The use of a 100% dose of N fertilizer together with organic biofertilizers shows the best crop performance results.

Modification of Rhizosphere Bacterial Community Structure and Functional Potentials to Control Pseudostellaria heterophylla Replant Disease.

Replant disease caused by negative plant-soil feedback commonly occurs in a Pseudostellaria heterophylla monoculture regime. Here, barcoded pyrosequencing of 16S ribosomal DNA amplicons combined with phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) analysis was applied to study the shifts in soil bacterial community structure and functional potentials in the rhizosphere of P. heterophylla under consecutive monoculture and different soil amendments (i.e., bio-organic fertilizer application [MF] and paddy-upland rotation [PR]). The results showed that the yield of tuberous roots decreased under P. heterophylla consecutive monoculture and then increased after MF and PR treatments, which was consistent with the changes in soil bacterial diversity. Both principal coordinate analysis and the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means cluster analysis showed the distinct difference in bacterial community structure between the consecutively monocultured soil (relatively unhealthy soil) and other relatively healthy soils (i.e., newly planted soil, MF, and PR). Furthermore, taxonomic analysis showed that consecutive monoculture of P. heterophylla significantly decreased the relative abundances of the families Burkholderiaceae and Acidobacteriaceae (subgroup 1), whereas it increased the population density of families Xanthomonadaceae, Phyllobacteriaceae, Sphingobacteriaceae, and Alcaligenaceae, and Fusarium oxysporum. In contrast, the MF and PR treatments recovered the soil microbiome and decreased F. oxysporum abundance through the different ways; for example, the introduction of beneficial microorganisms (in MF) or the switching between anaerobic and aerobic conditions (in PR). In addition, PICRUSt analysis revealed the higher abundances of membrane transport, cell motility, and DNA repair in the consecutively monocultured soil, which might contribute to the root colonization and survival for certain bacterial pathogens under monoculture. These findings highlight the close association between replant disease of P. heterophylla and the variations in structure and potential functions of rhizosphere bacterial community.

THE IMPACT OF AGROCHEMICALS AS THE ELEMENTS OF CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGIES OF PRODUCTIVE PEAS IN THE SOUTH OF THE ROSTOV REGION

For the Russian Federation, pea is a traditional cultivated agricultural crop, demanded both in the food industry for its excellent taste and in livestock for a high content of forage units and balanced protein (up to 90% of the protein are of easily soluble albumin and globulins), which contribute to lower costs for animal feeding. The current paper has presented the working results of the laboratory of row crop cultivation technology (FSBSI “Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”) for 2015–2016, which studied the impact of growth stimulants (“Etikhol”, “Gumistim”), bioorganic fertilizers “Intermag Profi”, and biological product “Rizotorfin” on the productivity of the middle-ripening pea variety “Aksaysky usaty 7”. The soil of the experimental plot is favorable for peas growing, as the humus content in the arable layer is 3.36%, pH is 7.0, P2 O5 is 24.4; K2 O is 360 mg per one kg of soil. The studied preparations had an impact on the elements of the yield structure and grain productivity. Productivity has significantly improved due to application of most fertilizers. The largest productivity increase on 0.57 t/ha or 26.4% to the control was observed with the use of “Intermag Profi”. This experiment had also better energetic and economic indicators compared to other variants. The increase of net energy income compared to control was 9.48 GJ/ha, the decrease in energy intensity was on 1.14 GJ/t, the increase of energetic efficiency was on 0.59 units. The increase of net income was on 6507 rubles/ha, the cost of production reduced on 1232 rubles/ton and profitability increased on 27%.

English

English

Aplikasi Jenis Pupuk organik terhadap Kadar Hara NPK dan Produksi Kedelai (Glycine max (L.) Merril) pada Jarak Tanam yang Berbeda di Lahan Pasang Surut

Marlina N, Aminah IS, Amir N, Rosmiah R. 2019. Application of organic fertilizer types to NPK nutrients levels and soybeans production (Glycine max (L.) Merril) at different planting spaces in tidal land. Jurnal Lahan Suboptimal: Journal of Suboptimal Lands. 8(2):148-158. Tidal lowlands flood type C is suboptimal land and very potential in cultivating soybean, but it has problems in soil fertility, macro and micro nutrient poor, therefore to increase soil fertility can be given various types of organic fertilizers, including cow manure organic fertilizer, chicken manure organic fertilizer and biofertilizer. All types of organic fertilizers are composted, and specifically biofertilizers are made with their own formula. It is expected that the organic fertilizer provided can increase soil fertility and nutrient availability for soybean plants. This study aimed to get the best type of organic fertilizer on the availability of nutrient levels of NPK and soybean production at different spacing in tidal land. This research was conducted in Jaya Agung Village, Lalan District, Musi Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatra Province, and was carried out in March 2018 - June 2018. The method used was the experimental method. The design used is a split-plot design. with 9 treatment combinations and repeated 3 times. As the main plot treatment is plant spacing (20 cm x 20 cm, 20 cm x 30 cm and 20 cm x 40 cm), and treatment of subplots are: types of cow manure organic fertilizers 10 ton/ha, chicken manure organic fertilizer 10 ton/ha, and biofertilizer 400 kg/ha. The results showed that the combination treatment of plant spacing of 20 cm x 30 cm with the type of biofertilizer 400 kg/ha could increase soybean production by 9.11 g/plot or equivalent to 2.43 ton/ha.

Distribución estomática en maíz a diferentes dosis de humus

Corn is the most important crop in Mexico, is the center of origin and diversity, as well as being an important part of its diet and culture, representing a deep relationship with its economy.Climatic and soil erosion projections force the study of the behavior of the crop in the face of possible changes, nowadays the modification of agroecological practices is important, one of them is the use of organic biofertilizers. Recent studies that determine the regulation of stomata development in grasses could be determined to improve plant efficiency and agricultural yield. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effect of the use of organic fertilizers at different doses of humus in the stomatic distribution in corn plants. In this work the number of stomata in both the abaxial and the adaxial of the leaves was evaluated, as well as the length of stomata of corn plants grown with doses of 10, 20 and 30 ton/ha of humus.

PENGARUH KONSENTRASI PUPUK BIO ORGANIK PLUS DAN UREA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TANAMAN TIMUN SURI (Cucumis sativus L.)

The purpose of this study was to look at the effect of organic plus and urea biofertilizers on the growth and yield of (Cucumis sativus L.) interactively or primarily. The experimental design used was factorial Completely Randomized Design (RAL) consisting of 2 factors. The first factor is the provision of Bio-Organic Plus (P) fertilizer which consists of 4 levels, namely: 0, 2,5, 5, 7.5 cc / l water and the second factor is the administration of Urea (U) fertilizer which consists of 4 levels, namely: 0, 1,87, 3,75 and 5,62 g / plant. The parameters observed were an age of flowering, age of harvest, number of fruit crops, fruit weight and fruit weight. The results showed that the interaction of bio-organic plus and urea fertilizers significantly affected the number of fruits per plant, fruit weight per fruit and fruit weight per Suri cucumber plant. The best treatment is a combination of bio-organic fertilizer plus 7,5 cc / l water and urea fertilizer 3,75 g / plant (P3U2). In particular, the provision of bio-organic fertilizer plus significantly affected flowering age, harvest age, number of fruit crops, fruit weight and fruit weight. The best treatment is the administration of bio-organic fertilizer plus 7,5 cc / l water (P3). In particular, the administration of urea significantly affected flowering age, harvest age, number of fruit crops, fruit weight and fruit weight. The best treatment is giving urea fertilizer 3,75 g / plant (U2).