Bilingual Text Research Articles

English in Bilingual Promotional Material of Chinese Maritime-related Exhibition Publicity: A discourse Analysis Study

In recent years, the numbers of bilingual advertising texts have increased in China’s international maritime exhibitions. Nevertheless, the shortcomings in wording and phrasing, usage of translation strategies and intercultural communication in these China English texts are not only contrary to the Plain English Movement which advocated a more concise and economical use of words and sentences in the late 20th century, but also adversely affect the Belt and Road Initiative as well as intercultural communication. In this paper, various promotional material collected from major maritime-related English exhibitions in China over the past three years will be taken as examples. This paper will adopt the discourse analysis theory to summarize the problems of redundancy, Chinglish, misuse of translation strategies and mismanagement of intercultural conflict in relevant bilingual advertisements. The paper then suggests a series of ways for improvement in order to improve the quality of China English texts as well as promote intercultural communication.

Fine-Tuning BERT Based Approach for Multi-Class Sentiment Analysis on Twitter Emotion Data

Tweets are difficult to classify due to their simplicity and frequent use of non-standard orthodoxy or slang words. Although several studies have identified highly accurate sentiment data classifications, most have not been tested on Twitter data. Previous research on sentiment interpretation focused on binary or ternary sentiments in monolingual texts. However, emotions emerge in bilingual and multilingual texts. The emotions expressed in today's social media, including microblogs, are different. We use a dataset that combines everyday dialogue, easy and emotional stimulation to carry out the algorithm to create a balanced dataset with five labels: joy, sad, anger, fear, and neutral. This entails the preparation of datasets and conventional machine learning models. We categorized tweets using the Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) language model but are pre-trained in plain text instead of tweets using BERT Transfer Learning (TensorFlow Keras). In this paper we use the HuggingFace’s transformers library to fine-tune pretrained BERT model for a classification task which is termed as modified (M-BERT). Our modified (M-BERT) model is an average F1-score of 97.63% in all of our taxonomy, which leaves more space for change, is our modified (M-BERT) model. We show that the dual use of an F1-score as a combination of M-BERT and Machine Learning methods increases classification accuracy by 24.92%. as related to baseline BERT model.

Persuasion in Tourism Promotion Bilingual Texts: The Importance of Syntactic Forms and Choices

This study is aimed at examining the message communicated by verbal material in bahasa Indonesia and English in the Boyolali tourism promotion bilingual booklet. The study employs descriptive qualitative approach and applies qualitative data analysis under the framework of Syntax. The research data take form of sentences in the Boyolali tourism promotion bilingual booklet in bahasa Indonesia and in English. The findings show that Boyolali tourism promotion bilingual booklet carries an inequivalent message in terms of informative content and persuasive force. This research has also proven that syntax is a substantial asset in the formation of promotional messages in the promotion of tourism destinations of Boyolali.

A Translanguaging Read‐Aloud

AbstractThis teaching tip describes a translanguaging read‐aloud protocol. In a translanguaging read‐aloud, teachers and students interact with a text (either a bilingual text or a monolingual one) in multiple languages. Teachers plan explanations, questions, and other interactions in multiple languages to amplify and clarify the text. Teachers can adapt these read‐alouds to different purposes such as blending languages in a read‐aloud to accommodate a mix of linguistic backgrounds in the same class or using a more familiar language to make a text written in a less familiar language comprehensible to students.

Godless People and Sunless Skies

This paper is a study of descriptions of foreign conquest of the Mesopotamian centre in two Sumerian–Akkadian bilingual texts concerning Tukulti-Ninurta I and Nebuchadnezzar I. Both texts present these deviant spaces resulting from these conquests in terms of a peripheralization of the centre. Having established similarities in the presentation of the topoi in the two texts, the paper then analyses the different contexts in which these topoi are placed in the two texts to explore how their significance differs. In the Tukulti-Ninurta Bilingual, the conquest of Assyria by its enemies would create a deviant space at the centre, and the god Ashur must therefore prevent it. In the Nebuchadnezzar Bilingual, Babylonia has already become a deviant space. The abandonment of the land by its gods and its destruction by foreign enemies therefore serves as a necessary transitional stage in the transformation of deviant space into correct space.

«Культурні цінності»: поняття та застосування відповідного терміна в законодавстві

The article examines the concept of «cultural values» and the use of the corresponding term in international legislation. The term «cultural values» is increasingly used in the research discourse, and at the same time is one of the categories of philosophy, culture, ethics, cultural studies, and, of course, law. At the same time, the term «cultural values» denotes a multifaceted concept, which covers a wide range of phenomena and objects of a spiritual and material nature. It was noted that in international legal documents the term «cultural values» occurs in two meanings. First, to denote tangible and intangible objects - objects, movable and immovable monuments, that is, elements of cultural heritage. The second value is a qualitative indicator of the importance, significance, value of the element of cultural heritage. The analysis of the texts of international documents shows that the terminology of legislation in the field of protection of cultural values has been developing for many years, gradually changing and clarifying. The author noticed that in the authentic texts of international acts, regulatory documents of foreign states and works of foreign researchers, in addition to the terms «cultural values», «cultural heritage», «cultural property», the following terms are also used: «cultural goods», «cultural resources», «cultural artifacts», «cultural items», «cultural products». This state of affairs is obviously related to the diversity of legal systems, different national approaches to the designation of the same legal phenomena and objects. It is obvious that the concepts of "cultural heritage" («cultural values») and «cultural property» reflect not so much different terminology, but different legal and social concepts. In general, today the terminology regarding the concepts of cultural values and cultural heritage is not unified. International documents are mostly based on the concept of «cultural values» given in the Convention of 1954. This is the broadest definition of the concept of "cultural values" as material objects. In some cases, the concepts of «cultural values» and «cultural heritage» are used interchangeably and are used as the same terms. It is concluded that when translating international documents, there are significant difficulties with the interpretation of terms. Obviously, the translation of such terms should be carried out in the context of the legal norms and legal systems of a particular state. Therefore, already at the stage of negotiations regarding the drafting of a bilingual international text, it is important for the authorized subjects to make sure that the different language versions not only convey the same content, but also take into account and express the relevant legal traditions.

Metaphrase and Paraphrase. Self-Translation as Exile Art

The article regards the matter of translation and self-translation in view of 1) thetypology of translations: conservative, dialogical and radical and 2) the classicalmethodology of modern translation according to John Dryden: metaphrase,paraphrase and imitation. Translation, on the one hand, is conventionallypresented as a form of comparative majority literature, when one's ownexperience is a criterion and means of the complex comparison (explicitly,comparing textually and meta-textually, or implicitly, juxtaposing the textualaspects to the sum of knowledge about language in general), which works mosteffectively. from an abstract representation to a verbal description, when thetranslation is transformed into meta-text, correlating the original source and thetarget (translation) texts. Self-translation, on the other hand, is seen as a minoritysegment on the border of different systems – cultures, or social values, and whichhas their contradictory influence on authors, for whom practice prevails overtheory by analogy with the limitation of a personality in relation to a socialcommunity, when an alternative of correspondence is suggested, namely, themolding of the primary freedom of creation by the architectonics andrhythmic-syntactic organization of the source text, which intuitively stimulatesthe imagination and encourage figurative modulations in the target text, theso-called "obligatory freedom". Self-translation is exemplified by the linguisticstatus of Samuel Beckett and his bilingual texts, the central element of which isthe formality of action and communication, reinterpreted by the author'sinteraction with the text itself on the level of communication between texts, fillingthe vacuum of absurdity with inter-textual dialogue.

“The Analysis of Imperative inThe Bilingual Text Called Aluminum Cylinder AMSCUD with K-valve ProYoke/Din (Output connection)”

There are lots definitions of linguistics, such as according to Webster (1981), linguistics is the study of human speech including the units, nature, structure, and modification of language. Wardhaugh (1973) stated that linguistics is the scientific study of language. The two definitions of these linguists clearly explain us that linguistics is basically related to language. In conducting this research the writer collect some sources, which are related to the topic she has chosen. There are two kinds on sources used, primary and secondary sources. The primary source is taken from the bilingual text; the source text and target language. The secondary source consists of facts, and opinion outside the word itself, such as dictionary, internet, encyclopedia, books, etc.

Die Größe ‚Gewicht‘ im deutsch-italienischen Sprachvergleich

The topic of this article is ‘weight’ in the German-Italian language comparison. Which linguistic means are used to refer to weight in German (Gewicht) and what are the Italian equivalents? The material which has been collected is based on monolingual German and Italian dictionaries, reference works and text corpora as well as on bilingual German-Italian dictionaries and text excerpts.
 The classification of the so-called weight designations including derivatives, composites and word combinations is carried out from an etymological and lexical perspective. In addition to the dictionary entries, German-Italian translation examples show further equivalents of terms and expressions with regards to ‘weight’ in this language pair.

Bilingual Text Classification in English and Indonesian via Transfer Learning using XLM-RoBERTa

With the large amount of text information circulating on the internet, there is a need of a solution that can help processing data in the form of text for various purposes. In Indonesia, text information circulating on the internet generally uses 2 languages, English and Indonesian. This research focuses in building a model that is able to classify text in more than one language, or also commonly known as multilingual text classification. The multilingual text classification will use the XLM-RoBERTa model in its implementation. This study applied the transfer learning concept used by XLM-RoBERTa to build a classification model for texts in Indonesian using only the English News Dataset as a training dataset with Matthew Correlation Coefficient value of 42.2%. The results of this study also have the highest accuracy value when tested on a large English News Dataset (37,886) with Matthew Correlation Coefficient value of 90.8%, accuracy of 93.3%, precision of 93.4%, recall of 93.3%, and F1 of 93.3% and the accuracy value when tested on a large Indonesian News Dataset (70,304) with Matthew Correlation Coefficient value of 86.4%, accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 values of 90.2% using the large size Mixed News Dataset (108,190) in the model training process. Keywords: Multilingual Text Classification, Natural Language Processing, News Dataset, Transfer Learning, XLM-RoBERTa

High-Performance English–Chinese Machine Translation Based on GPU-Enabled Deep Neural Networks with Domain Corpus

The ability to automate machine translation has various applications in international commerce, medicine, travel, education, and text digitization. Due to the different grammar and lack of clear word boundaries in Chinese, it is challenging to conduct translation from word-based languages (e.g., English) to Chinese. This article has implemented a GPU-enabled deep learning machine translation system based on a domain-specific corpus. Our system takes English text as input and uses an encoder-decoder model with an attention mechanism based on Google’s Transformer to translate the text to Chinese output. The model was trained using a simple self-designed entropy loss function and an Adam optimizer on English–Chinese bilingual text sentences from the News area of the UM-Corpus. The parallel training process of our model can be performed on common laptops, desktops, and servers with one or more GPUs. At training time, we not only track loss over training epochs but also measure the quality of our model’s translations with the BLEU score. We also provide an easy-to-use web interface for users so as to manage corpus, training projects, and trained models. The experimental results show that we can achieve a maximum BLEU score of 29.2. We can further improve this score by tuning other hyperparameters. The GPU-enabled model training runs over 15x faster than on a multi-core CPU, which facilitates us having a shorter turn-around time. As a case study, we compare the performance of our model to that of Baidu’s, which shows that our model can compete with the industry-level translation system. We argue that our deep-learning-based translation system is particularly suitable for teaching purposes and small/medium-sized enterprises.

“La justicia ambiental es para ti y para mí”: Translating Collective Struggles for Environmental and Energy Justice in Puerto Rico’s Jobos Bay Communities

Rural, coastal communities in the Jobos Bay region of southeastern Puerto Rico confront disproportionate harms as an energy sacrifice zone. This space is constituted by imported fossil fuel dependency, economic and climate injustices, environmental racism, ecocide, US colonialism and imperialism, neoliberalism, and racial capitalism. In response, many grassroots actors mobilize against the toxic assault on their communities to push for alternatives beyond the suffocating status quo via apoyo mutuo [mutual support]. This survival work and movement building occur literally in “the outdoors” and in other intertwined multispecies environments, challenging narrow, oppressive colonial, and consumerist constructs that reduce “the outdoors” to recreation and thus erase the numerous ways that people labor in, honor, and defend places and spaces to lead good lives. Thus, critical examinations of communication and race/racism/racialization in and about this colonial US territory must grapple with the brutalities and pain caused by systemic and structural cruelties and translate how, where, and with whom self-determined and potentially liberatory environmental and energy justice advocacy takes shape to refuse a trauma-only narrative. Studying these embodied and emplaced efforts positions energy and power broadly construed, including in the form of collective action. This article centers on the collaborative energies of local grassroots actors and scholars who ideologically and politically align and who value working together toward anti-colonial praxis. To provide one example of how these collaborations can yield public-facing projects that contribute to struggles tied to the survival and well-being of the most impacted communities, this essay focuses on the creation of an environmental justice children’s book. This bilingual text documents and translates the pollution caused by a US-owned, coal-fired power plant and mobilizations to topple this corporate invader. The article concludes by reflecting on some of the difficulties and possibilities that emerged during multi-year coalitional relationships that inform and exceed the children’s book. To reject racist and colonial dominant assumptions and discourses about outdoor spaces as only privileged recreational areas or as a “blank slate” devoid of people and culture, this project narrates how grassroots organizers and scholars persist in continued study and struggle for power(ful) transformations in Jobos Bay and beyond.

Identifying constitutive articles of cumulative dissertation theses by bilingual text similarity. Evaluation of similarity methods on a new short text task

Abstract Cumulative dissertations are doctoral theses comprised of multiple published articles. For studies of publication activity and citation impact of early career researchers, it is important to identify these articles and link them to their associated theses. Using a new benchmark data set, this paper reports on experiments of measuring the bilingual textual similarity between, on the one hand, titles and keywords of doctoral theses, and, on the other hand, articles’ titles and abstracts. The tested methods are cosine similarity and L1 distance in the Vector Space Model (VSM) as baselines, the language-indifferent methods Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) and trigram similarity, and the language-aware methods fastText and Random Indexing (RI). LSA and RI, two supervised methods, were trained on a purposively collected bilingual scientific parallel text corpus. The results show that the VSM baselines and the RI method perform best but that the VSM method is unsuitable for cross-language similarity due to its inherent monolingual bias.

Scene Text Detection Based on Expanding the Text Center Region for Bilingual Tibetan-Chinese

Scene text detection is an important research branch of artificial intelligence technology whose goal is to locate text in scene images. In the Tibetan areas of China, scene images containing both Tibetan and Chinese texts are ubiquitous. Thus, detecting bilingual Tibetan-Chinese scene texts is important in promoting intelligent applications for minority languages. In this study, a scene text detection database for bilingual Tibetan-Chinese is constructed using a manually labeled method and an automatic synthesis method, and a text detection method is proposed. First, we predict a text rectangular region and the text center region for each text instance and simultaneously learned the expansion distance of the text center region. Second, based on the classification score of the text center region and the text rectangular region, we obtain the final confidence of each text instance and then filter out the text center region with lower confidence. Third, through the learned expansion distance, the full-text instance from the remaining text center region is recovered. The results show that our method obtains good detection performance; it achieves an accuracy of up to 75.47% during the text detection phase, laying the foundation for scene text recognition in the subsequent step.

La búsqueda del lector híbrido como motivo implícito de la traducción pragmática. Caso de la novela Puppet de Margarita Cota-Cárdenas y su traducción al inglés

The article deals with a particular case of intra- and intertextual translation of a highly pragmatic nature, which can be seen in Puppet. A Chicano novella by Margarita Cota-Cárdenas. Composed mainly of fragments of conversations, monologues and personal letters, the novel reflects Spanish-English codeswitching, as a characteristic feature of the speech of the Mexican American community in the USA. By (re)producing a range of heteroglossal forms of this community communication, Cota-Cárdenas uses translation procedures to reach the hybrid reader who is, at the same time, the hallmark of Chicanos. The multilingual strategies (Hansen Esplin, 2012) of the author and the translators, Barbara D. Riess and Tino Sandoval, become the main pragmatic objective of the novel, both in its source and target versions. Given the multitude of translation procedures observed in both versions of this hybrid novel, the relativity of traditional translation terms, such as original and translation, is also discussed, as both turn out to be bilingual texts and pragmatic translations.

Maqāṣid al-Sharī‘ah on Islamic banking performance in Indonesia: a knowledge discovery via text mining

PurposeIn Indonesia, subjective issues towards the fundamental of Islamic banks (IBs) have been arising. For example, they are claimed to be not in line with the Shari‘ah (Islamic law). Furthermore, the existing scholarly works have not much gained knowledge from the local IBs explaining their efforts in promoting maqasid al-Shariah (objectives of Islamic law). Hence, because religiosity drives the fundamental establishment of IBs, this paper aims to explore the knowledge of how IBs in Indonesia promote maqasid al-Shariah via their published reports.Design/methodology/approachThis paper performs text mining from 24 official reports of 5 IBs in Indonesia published from 2015 to 2017. The sample contains 7,162 digital pages and approximately 3,021,618 words. Traditional text mining via human intelligence is first performed to analyse for the numerical data required in the maqasid al-Shariah index (MSI) analysis. Furthermore, a computer-driven text mining using the ‘Text Search’ feature of NVivo 12 Plus is conducted to perform qualitative analysis. These approaches are made to gain relevant knowledge of how the sampled IBs promote maqasid al-Shariah from their published reports.FindingsThe analysis using the MSI explains a quantified maqasid al-Shariah on the sample’s performance, which indictes the lowest and the highest performing banks. Furthermore, a qualitative analysis supports the evidence from the quantitative analysis. It explains the authors’ coding process that results in 2 parent nodes and 20 child nodes, which contain 435 references coded from the sampled unstructured and bilingual texts. These nodes explain the information that associates with maqasid al-Shariah from the IBs’ reports. These findings explain how maqasid al-Shariah is measured mathematically and represent relevant knowledge of how maqasid al-Shariah is informed practically via digital texts.Research limitations/implicationsA positivist generalisation is neither intended nor established in this study.Practical implicationsThis paper gains relevant knowledge of how the sampled IBs in Indonesia control and maintain the implementation of maqasid al-Shariah from large textual data. Such knowledge is practically important for IBs stakeholders in Indonesia; moreover to help navigate the Shari‘ah identity of Bank Syariah Indonesia (BSI), the new IB established from the merger of 3 state-owned IBs, which are among the sample of this study.Social implicationsThis paper provides evidence that might best challenge the subjective issue of IBs claiming that they are not in line with the Shari‘ah, particularly in Indonesia.Originality/valueThis paper is among the pioneers that discover knowledge of how IBs promote maqasid al-Shariah in Indonesia’s banking sector via a text mining approach.

The Symbolist Conception of Illustration and Tyra Kleen’s Nevermore

The Symbolist Conception of Illustration and Tyra Kleen’s <i>Nevermore</i>

Semantic Graphical Dependence Parsing Model in Improving English Teaching Abilities

It is a very difficult problem to achieve high-order functionality for graphical dependency parsing without growing decoding difficulties. To solve this problem, this article offers a way for Semantic Graphical Dependence Parsing Model (SGDPM) with a language-dependency model and a beam search to represent high-order functions for computer applications. The first approach is to scan a large amount of unnoticed data using a baseline parser. It will build auto-parsed data to create the Language-dependence Model (LDM). The LDM is based on a set of new features during beam search decoding, where it will incorporate the LDM features into the parsing model and utilize the features in parsing models of bilingual text. Our approach has main benefits, which include rich high-order features that are described given the large size and the additional large crude corpus for increasing the difficulty of decoding. Further, SGDPM has been evaluated using the suggested method for parsing tasks of mono-parsing text and bi-parsing text to carry out experiments on the English and Chinese data in the mono-parsing text function using computer applications. Experimental results show that the most accurate Chinese data is obtained with the best known English data systems and their comparable accuracy. Furthermore, the lab-scale experiments on the Chinese/General bilingual information in the bitext parsing process outperform the best recorded existing solutions.

Text Production as Process: Negotiating Multiliterate Learning & Identities

ABSTRACT In this secondary research study, we investigate the text/identity/curriculum work enacted in a primary university-school project with third-grade children in Québec who were engaged in inquiry into children’s rights through bilingual text production. Drawing on sociocultural perspectives of language and identity as well as translanguaging, we examined both the product and the process of identity text production. Analysing classroom interactions and children’s bilingual production using discourse analysis, the findings show how teachers’ cross-curricular efforts in creating translanguaging spaces and shifts with students’ emerging bilingualism and critical understanding of children’s rights issues provided spaces for identity and knowledge re/construction, effectuating new curricular opportunities, inquiries, and language/literacy learning. This process-oriented view of identity text production points to the mutually constitutive nature of identity/text/curriculum work, inviting a dynamic, non-linear understanding of text production, and calling for reflexive attention to power relations in classroom interactions for greater possibilities for meaningful identity and knowledge making.

Self-Translation and Bilingual Creation in Wayuu Literature: Complements and Incompatibility across the ‘Linguistic Divide’ in the Short Stories of Miguel Ángel Jusayú and Estercilia Simanca Pushaina

This article examines the themes of transformation in the literature of the Wayuu peoples. Focusing on two short stories written by Miguel Ángel Jusayú, ‘Ni era vaca, ni era caballo’, and Estercilia Simanca Pushaina, ‘El encierro de una pequeña doncella’, the aim is to analyse the ways in which the writers treat these themes across the bilingual and bicultural contexts of Wayuu society. These issues are tackled through the perspective of translanguaging and self-translation. Translanguaging views bilingualism as a holistic, vibrant corpus, rather than two separate languages, while self-translation focuses on the processes of interconnectedness and conflict in bilingual and bicultural texts. Employing these two complementary theories allows an analysis of the ways in which bilingual Wayuu writers produce multiple dialogues and differences not only between Spanish and Wayunaiki but also between these logographic systems and Wayuu supra-linguistic archives of knowledge and communication.