Big Fish Research Articles

Culture of Fresh Water Fish Channa striatus Using Low-cost Feed and its Cost-benefit Analysis (Small Scale)

In India, the culture of murrels is still not common due to the lack of seed supply and knowledge of their feeding and breeding techniques. Given this, the present study is undertaken to culture this species and work out is economics as this is a prized fresh water fish Channa striatus. The seeds of C. striatus were collected from local breeders of the Kumbagonam area, Tamil Nadu, India. Seedlings were introduced into the two culture ponds separately. The stocking density was 400 numbers/tank. While in pond-1, the size of the fingerlings varied between 5-7 cm (ave. 6 cm) in pond-II, the size of the fingerlings varied between 10 and 12 cm (ave. 11 cm). The feed that was given to fish in both tanks consisted of chicken waste and fish waste which was obtained free of cost from the neighboring market and artificial feed (Make: Super enriched protein feed). The feed were given at the rate of 4% of the body weight. The results of monoculture of murrels for a period of six months was maintained. As evident from the table from an average individual weight of 400 to 510 g after a period of six months grew to an average weight of 350.3 g thus recording an average increase in weight of 60 g. The harvest details show that a total of 294.2 kg could be harvested after six months. The fishes were sold in two lots - the bigger sized fishes weighting 190.6 kg and the smaller sized fish weighting at total of 103.6 kg while the bigger fishes were sold at a rate of Rs.250 per kg, the smaller fishes were sold at a rate of Rs.200 per kg. The net income from bigger fishes was Rs.47650 and the net income from smaller fishes was Rs.20720. Thus, the total yield worked out Rs.68370. The profit during this term worked out to Rs. 52270. The results of the present study clearly show that Channa striatus culture is highly profitable for the farmers.

Don’t miss the big fish! Operational accounting of two major drivers of marine biodiversity loss in LCA of seafood products

Impact of fishing activities on marine biodiversity lacks important impact pathways in Life cycle Assessment. We develop Biomaris, a novel LCA-based way of accounting for multifunctionality of fisheries through the “fishnet approach” that includes various species in the fishnet and allocates impacts between co-products at landing. Biomaris adds two important LCIA pathways: resource depletion and seabed impact and uses the ecosystem quality endpoint of LC Impact. Impact pathways are grouped to display impacts for 4 drivers of biodiversity loss: direct exploitation, land and sea-use change, climate change, and pollution. It is applied to a business case study of a fishery of saithe (Pollachius virens) with bottom trawling. Case study at landing shows that impact on seabed is substantial (1×10−9PDF.year/kgliveweight), and that resource depletion and climate change are of similar order of magnitude (2×10−14PDF.year/kgliveweight), the pollution driver being less important. Case study also displays impact of processed product at distribution (Climate change impact: 6×10−14PDF.year/kgnetweight). As of now, despite drivers being expressed in the same unit (PDF.yr), aggregating them is not advised, as, depending on driver, unit concretely represent different level of species disappearance, either (eco)regional or global. There are still important missing impact pathways to comprehensively assess impacts on biodiversity of seafood products (e.g., ghost fishing, plastic pollution, …), but Biomaris displays practical guidance to account, to our knowledge, for the most up-to-date science in the LCA domain.

Plainfin Midshipman Fish: Songbirds of the Sea

Most of us have heard birds sing during the spring breeding season. Did you know that some fish also sing to attract mates? We study plainfin midshipman fish, a fascinating fish that makes its home along the Pacific Coast of North America. The big male fish sing during the summer months and their sound-producing muscles get bigger in the summer, probably to make them sound more attractive to females. Female midshipman fish go through seasonal changes, too. In the summer their hearing improves, which helps them pick the right male to mate with. We study hearing in female plainfin midshipman, measuring how their ears respond to sound and how the number of hearing cells in their ears changes between winter and summer. We want to know how seasonal changes in hormones affect hearing in this “songbird of the sea”.

Marine debris in three species of bivalve from two big fish markets in Indonesia

Bivalves can accumulate various particles, including micro debris. Unfortunately, no study has been recorded the marine debris on the consumed bivalves. We aimed to investigate marine debris in Perna viridis, Andara granosa, and Marcia hiantina from major fish market at Jakarta and Makassar. Ten individual tissues for each species were taken and added with H2O2 with a concentration of 50% then the solution was placed in a thermoshaker at 60°C to accelerate the dissolution process. Concentrated NaCl was added for the flotation process then extracted using a vacuum system with 102 Ø11.0 cm Whattman filter paper. Particles were observed with a stereo microscope and then clarified using FTIR microscope to determine the type of polymer. The abundance of microdebris in specimens from Jakarta showed a higher number of particles with a range of 8.90 particles/individual to 12.60 particles/individual. Meanwhile, the specimens from Makassar had a lower number of particles range from 3.90 particles/individual to 8.90 particles/individual. Consistently, the highest number of microdebris particles was found in P. viridis. Plastopal/Epoxy resin was detected as a type of polymer from several clarified samples. We recorded that the three bivalves differently accumulated microdebris in number and types.

Transitioning from junior to senior: a case study on elite judokas in South Korea.

This study explores the experiences of Korean elite judokas during their junior to senior transition (JST), including both male and female participants, to provide empirical evidence for the development of tailored support services or programs for this target population. We recruited 12 elite judokas for our study, comprising eight males and four females, all in their first year of university. Given their preferences and availability at the time of data collection, participants were divided into three focus groups: Focus Group 1 (FG1; four male participants), Focus Group 2 (FG2; four female participants), and Focus Group 3 (FG3; four male participants). Thematic analysis was applied to analyze the data from the focus group interviews. Five main themes were identified: (a) COVID-19-Induced Frustration, (b) From Big Fish in a Small Pond to Small Fish in a Big Pond, (c) Challenges in Academic Commitment, (d) Adapting to Transitions in Living Arrangements, and (e) Recognizing Support Needs for the JST. The findings of this study provide both theoretical and practical implications that could improve judokas' experiences during the challenging physical and mental phase of JST, as well as inform the establishment of tailored support programs and schemes for successful and smooth JSTs for athletes.

Prioritising multiple objectives in marine spatial planning for Aotearoa New Zealand

Aotearoa (New Zealand) is a global hotspot of marine biodiversity and has a productive commercial fishing industry. Despite the importance of sustainably managing biodiversity to support fisheries, less than 1% of Aotearoa's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is protected in marine reserves, and Benthic Protection Areas, which cover 28% of the EEZ, are inefficiently placed, providing limited biodiversity and fisheries benefits. Here, we provide a spatial analysis of the Aotearoa EEZ, determining optimal areas that balance marine conservation with the minimal displacement of fishing. We define the minimum length of a big old fat fecund female fish (BOFFFF) for three commercially important exploited species, and use boosted regression trees to determine areas of high reproductive potential. Model results were then used to incorporate reproductive potential into systematic conservation planning. We used the decision-support software Zonation to consider the distribution of threatened species hotspots, biodiversity, and BOFFFFs against fishing catch (all commercially exploited species) and high-value fisheries (10 commercially exploited species) to determine priority areas for marine protection. Results showed that threatened species, biodiversity, and areas with high reproductive potential could be conserved with little impact on fishing catch (86% maintained) and value (87% maintained), though high-value fisheries were found to have greater overlap with biodiversity. Our research indicates that trade-offs with fisheries need not impede the designation of protected areas required to achieve conservation and fisheries sustainability goals.

A Study on the Translation Strategies of Chinese Culture-loaded Words: Taking the Subtitle Translation of the Film " Big Fish& Begonia " as an Example

Chinese animation film originated in the 20th century, and after a difficult process of exploration, it gradually developed in the 21st century. It is well known that film is one of the most widespread and influential art forms, and Chinese animated films are, as a rule, more loaded with numerous traditional Chinese cultural elements than ordinary films. Therefore, launching Chinese movies out of China is an effective way to spread China's excellent traditional culture, translation of culturally loaded words in movie subtitles determines whether the cultural export will be successful. On this premise, this paper will take the Chinese animated film Big Fish & Begonia as an example, analyze the translation strategies of culturally loaded words in the context of the characteristics of subtitle translation, summarize the desirable features of the translation strategies adopted, and at the same time point out the shortcomings and propose modifications to inspire the use of culturally loaded words translation strategies in the subtitles of Chinese animated films in the future, to promote the dissemination of excellent Chinese traditional culture.

수산업을 통한 지역사회의 연대활동과 글로벌 수산식품 유통 네트워크

This paper examines the historical background and characteristics of the Guryongpo fishery industry, and analyzes the local community’s solidarity activities through the fishery industry, focusing on the big catch festival hosted by the Guryongpo Fisheries Cooperative and the Guamegi Festival hosted by the Pohang Guryongpo Guryongpo Catfish Business Cooperative. In addition, the global distribution network of Guryongpo’s representative seafood was first examined through newspaper articles, and the Gupaegi distribution network was analyzed through interviews with Gupyongpo overseas exporters to further understand the local situation.
 The Guryong Po Fisheries Industry can be traced back to the Bronze Age with the excavation of fishing nets (net weights) in the Bronze Age remains. After the opening of the port, many Japanese people migrated to the Korean Peninsula, and Guryongpo changed rapidly as the Japanese immigrants formed fishing villages and the settlement of immigrants began. In the residential complex of immigrants, which extended along the main road along the coast, important facilities were equipped, and various facilities such as common workshops, fish markets, fishery transport shops, shipyards, canneries, pioneer shops, fishing gear stores, and warehouses took their place. Guryongpo’s representative fish species were mackerel, herring, and sardines in the early days when the Japanese spoke the language. However, herring has not been caught since the 1950s, and in the middle of the year, Gwamegi was already being made with saury instead of herring. From the early 1960s to the 1980s, saury was caught so much that it was considered a representative fish species of the East Coast. However, fishermen always felt uneasy about human casualties and natural disasters caused by storms during fishing. In response, the Shipowners’ Association held the Guryongpo Big Fishing Festival in hopes of fulfilling the wishes of fishermen who wish for safe fishing and a large catch of fish and for income increase. However, as time passed, the shipowners’association ran into a difficult situation due to the cost of the festival and asked the Fisheries Cooperative, and the Guryongpo Fisheries Cooperative held the festival every four years from 2005. Even though the festival is being held under the sponsorship of the Fisheries Cooperatives, looking at the progress so far, it can be seen that there are various solidarity activities between the citizens as well as between the Fisheries Cooperatives and the citizens. Also, through the Guryongpo Gwamegi Festival, it was confirmed that solidarity activities with the Gwamegi business cooperative, merchants, and citizens were continuously conducted. Lastly, as for the analysis of the distribution network of global seafood, first, the characteristics of newspaper articles and press materials were reviewed, and interviews were conducted with Guppong overseas exporters to better understand the current situation. As a result, the current reality is that overseas exports are experiencing more difficulties than domestic sales in many aspects, such as procedures, tastings and promotion methods overseas, distribution network expansion to various countries, customer management, economic costs, and passive government support. was Therefore, Guryongpo, including Pohang City, should strive to expand the global seafood distribution network so that continuous research and improvement can be made inconsideration of the sustainability of seafood distribution to contribute to the revitalization of the local economy.

Whoʼs the biggest fish in the pond? The story of bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) in an Australian golf course lake, with deliberations on this speciesʼ longevity in low salinity habitats

This article addresses the history of a resident population of bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) in an isolated stagnant body of water in subtropical Australia. From 1996 to 2013, six bull sharks were landlocked in a golf course lake near Brisbane. The adjacent Logan and Albert rivers trapped sharks due to major floodings. When floodwaters receded, these sharks remained in the lake, which is normally isolated from the riverʼs main channel. While this event was extensively reported in the media and recieved much public attention, it has not been investigated in depth, yet it provides an opportunity for insights into the tolerance of bull sharks to low salinity habitats and euryhalinity in this species. Currently, information on the extent of the bull sharkʼs capability to endure low salinity conditions and its longevity in these environments is scarce. The case reported here provides information on the occurrence of bull sharks for 17 years, which represents the longest uninterrupted duration in a low salinity environment that ever has been recorded in this species. Bull sharks arrived first in the lake as juveniles but through time, they have reached maturity. This occurrence presents not just another ordinary bull shark record from a low salinity environment but instead a record of physiological and scientific importance. Therefore, details of the residency of C. leucas in an Australian golf course lake are reported here.

Keeping Up with “The Joneses”: Reference-Dependent Choice with Social Comparisons

Keeping up with “The Joneses” matters. This paper examines a model of reference-dependent choice where reference points are determined by social comparisons. An increase in the strength of social comparisons, even by only a few agents, increases consumption and decreases welfare for everyone. Strikingly, a higher marginal cost of consumption can increase welfare. In a labor market, social comparisons with coworkers create a big fish in a small pond effect, inducing incomplete labor market sorting. Further, it is the skilled workers with the weakest social networks who are induced to give up income to become the big fish. (JEL D85, J22, J24, J61)

Species Composition, Length-Weight Relationship (LWR) and Catch Rate (CPUE) of Dominant Fishes Caught by Ring Net in Romblon Pass, Philippines

Romblon Passage is part of Sulu-Sulawesi eco-region which is considered the global center of marine biodiversity. This area between the major basins provides an important route for migratory species including commercially important marine species. Because of the rich marine resource of this area, it serves as an important fishing ground for the fishermen of Romblon. Despite this, no study had been conducted on the species composition, abundance, size structure, and Length-Weight Relationship of common caught by ring net in Romblon Passage, Philippines. Thus, this study was realized. From July 2017 to January 2018. Six species were identified and Selar crumenophthalmus was the dominant species in the area. The majority of this species were in the immature stage. An increasing trend of growth of S. crumenophthalmus was observed during the survey. The growth of this species is said to be isometric. Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) varied in every month. Sample sizes were ranging from 3 to 155 grams with an average weight of 59.24 grams. Based on the findings of this study, a whole year duration of sampling should be conducted. The reproductive biology of S. crumenophthalmus such as the gonadosomatic index, hepatosomatic index, and fecundity of this species should be done. In addition, a comprehensive whole-year study of the catch rate of ring net fishing in Romblon Pass should be conducted in order determines the population status of the small and big pelagic fishes in the area.

There’s Always a Bigger Fish: A Clarifying Analysis of a Machine-Learning-Assisted Side-Channel Attack

<italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Machine learning has made it possible to mount powerful attacks through side channels that are otherwise challenging to exploit. However, due to the black-box nature of machine learning models, these attacks can be difficult to interpret correctly. Models that simply find correlations cannot be used to analyze the various sources of information leakage behind an attack. This article highlights the limitations of relying on machine learning for side-channel attacks without completing a comprehensive security analysis. We show that a state-of-the-art website-fingerprinting attack powered by machine learning was only partially analyzed. Its authors were misled into believing their attack exploited a cache-based side channel, when it actually exploited an interrupt-based side channel. We demonstrate this through a comprehensive analysis, in which we run controlled experiments to rule out alternative hypotheses about the attack’s primary source of leakage, and ultimately instrument the attack’s code to prove our hypothesis.</i>

It Is Not Bad to Be the Big Fish in a Small Pond: Revisiting the Double-Edged Sword Model of College Students' Perceived Overqualification.

School psychologists are concerned about underperforming students; however, a recent study calls attention to a group of college students who believe themselves to outperform other students: students who perceive themselves as overqualified. In this study, we revisited the double-edged sword model of college students' perceived overqualification (POQ) by untangling the mediating mechanism between POQ, learning engagement, and life satisfaction. We also tested the interactions between the growth mindset and POQ. Two questionnaire surveys were conducted and attained some different results from previous studies: (1) POQ positively predicted learning engagement via the mediation of career aspiration and performance-approach goals but not performance-avoidance goals; (2) The positive effects of POQ on career aspirations, performance-approach goals, and learning engagement were weakened by the growth mindset; (3) The relationship between POQ and life satisfaction was nonsignificant. Relative deprivation negatively mediated this relationship, while generalized self-efficacy positively mediated this relationship. These findings enriched our understanding of how POQ may affect college students' learning and well-being; in addition, we also provided initial evidence that a growth mindset is less beneficial for members of advantaged groups in academic settings. Based on our findings, we offered practical suggestions regarding POQ students in colleges.

Gastrointestinal parasite prevalence of cultured Clarias gariepinus in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

Fish parasites are a key constraint to the production, sustainability and economic viability of aquaculture practices in Nigeria. Still, little has been documented on fish parasites and their associated risk factors. This study determined the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of Clarias gariepinus. One hundred and twenty (120) fish of different age groups in lengths, weights and sexes were randomly sampled from 3 fish farms (Station 1, Station 2 and Station 3) and examined for parasites. Of the 120 fishes examined, 83 (69.10%) were infected. Station 2 (33, 27.50%) recorded the highest overall prevalence percentage of parasitic fauna, followed by Station 1 (26, 21.60%) and Station 3 (24, 20%) the least. Sex-related prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites recorded a higher value (62, 51.59%) in males compared to female fishes (21, 16.0%). Age of fish based on lengths and weights indicated that smaller fishes harboured more parasites than bigger fishes. Observed parasites were nematodes, protozoan, trematodes and cestodes. Nematodes (33, 27.50%) recorded the highest abundance. In conclusion, smaller fishes were more infected than bigger ones in this study, suggesting best management practices to mitigate parasitic infection, especially in the smaller fishes.

It Pays to Be Bumpy: Drag Reducing Armor in The Pacific Spiny Lumpsucker, Eumicrotremus Orbis.

Armor is a multipurpose set of structures that has evolved independently at least 30 times in fishes. In addition to providing protection, armor can manipulate flow, increase camouflage, and be sexually dimorphic. There are potential tradeoffs in armor function: increased impact resistance may come at the cost of maneuvering ability; and ornate armor may offer visual or protective advantages, but could incur excess drag. Pacific spiny lumpsuckers (Eumicrotremus orbis) are covered in rows of odontic, cone-shaped armor whorls, protecting the fish from wave driven impacts and the threat of predation. We are interested in measuring the effects of lumpsucker armor on the hydrodynamic forces on the fish. Bigger lumpsuckers have larger and more complex armor which may incur a greater hydrodynamic cost. In addition to their protective armor, lumpsuckers have evolved a ventral adhesive disc, allowing them to remain stationary in their environment. We hypothesize a tradeoff between the armor and adhesion: little fish prioritize suction while big fish prioritize protection. Using micro-CT we compared armor volume to disc area over lumpsucker development and built 3D models to measure changes in drag over ontogeny. We found that drag and drag coefficients decrease with greater armor coverage and vary consistently with orientation. Adhesive disc area is isometric but safety factor increases with size, allowing larger fish to remain attached in higher flows than smaller fish.

In the right place, at the right time: Opportunity structures and candidates’ chances of getting elected for the first time

The foundational principle of representative democracy is that legislative elites can be replaced in elections. Yet, first-time parliamentary entries have received little attention. We present the first systematic attempt to examine the conditions of first-time parliamentary entry in multimember district PR systems. We introduce an overlooked explanatory factor, candidates' short-term opportunity structure. While controlling for personal vote-earning attributes (PVEAs), we examine how competitive context shapes newcomers' chances in a pure OLPR system where party elites cannot skew competition between candidates. Our register-based analysis of candidacies in seven Finnish parliamentary elections (1995–2019, n = 7548) shows that while personal qualities enhance candidates’ chances, first-time entry is restricted by the competitive context, especially the decisions of incumbent MPs. The strong impact of exceptional PVEAs suggests that other “big fish” candidates may also shape competitive contexts. Overall, the study indicates that electoral competition can be rather restricted even in the most competitive electoral systems.

The Bigger Fish: A Comparison of Meta-Learning QSAR Models on Low-Resourced Aquatic Toxicity Regression Tasks.

Toxicological information as needed for risk assessments of chemical compounds is often sparse. Unfortunately, gathering new toxicological information experimentally often involves animal testing. Simulated alternatives, e.g., quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models, are preferred to infer the toxicity of new compounds. Aquatic toxicity data collections consist of many related tasks─each predicting the toxicity of new compounds on a given species. Since many of these tasks are inherently low-resource, i.e., involve few associated compounds, this is challenging. Meta-learning is a subfield of artificial intelligence that can lead to more accurate models by enabling the utilization of information across tasks. In our work, we benchmark various state-of-the-art meta-learning techniques for building QSAR models, focusing on knowledge sharing between species. Specifically, we employ and compare transformational machine learning, model-agnostic meta-learning, fine-tuning, and multi-task models. Our experiments show that established knowledge-sharing techniques outperform single-task approaches. We recommend the use of multi-task random forest models for aquatic toxicity modeling, which matched or exceeded the performance of other approaches and robustly produced good results in the low-resource settings we studied. This model functions on a species level, predicting toxicity for multiple species across various phyla, with flexible exposure duration and on a large chemical applicability domain.

Talking about War Crimes: War Crimes Discourse and Strategy

One of the characteristics of the current war in Ukraine is the intensity of talks and practices regarding war crimes and accountability. Since Russia’s invasion in February 2022, both Ukraine and Russia have consistently claimed that the other side has been conducting inhumane war crimes while seeking accountability, domestically and internationally. Meanwhile, the International Criminal Court (ICC) has opened investigations into the situation in Ukraine. Various international and civil society actors have been actively investigating alleged war crimes, pursuing accountability mechanisms. At the same time, concerns that war crimes prosecution during conflicts may hinder the peace are persistent. And the prospect of prosecution and actual trial of Russia’s ‘big fish’ is full of uncertainty. 136Defence Strategic Communications | Volume 12 | Spring 2023DOI 10.30966/2018.RIGA.12.7Yet, the level of intensity of war crimes discourse in the current situation is worth highlighting. What do people expect from war crimes accusations? Why and in what ways does talk of war crimes matter?

Urgency and Role Attorney in Apply Restorative Justice to Settlement Case Act Criminal Corruption in Indonesia

Attorney as apparatus enforcer given law _ authority by Constitution For eradicate follow criminal corruption emit policy in circular form by prosecutor Young Great Action Criminal Special with Number : B- 1113/F/Fd.1/05/2010 about Priority And Achievement in Handling Case follow Criminal Corruption Which instruct For make an effort return loss country use approach restorative justice For follow criminal corruption with loss country scale small . Problems Which lifted in study This is How What is the urgency and role of the prosecutor's office in applying restorative justice to the settlement of corruption cases in Indonesia. Study uses method normative juridical with analysis qualitative. The restorative justice approach used by the Attorney General is by prioritize settlement case scale big fish Andmake an effort return loss country.

Murray cod waterhole woes

During bouts of prolonged drought and little to no river flow, waterholes are a haven for freshwater fishes. However, as humans divert more water for their own use and as global temperatures rise, these small bodies of water are increasingly vulnerable to climbing temperatures and low oxygen levels. Fortunately, some fishes are able to change quickly to cope with high temperatures, and occasionally these changes also help them do better with low oxygen levels. But size matters when it comes to dealing with these stressors. Big fish are thought to deal with low oxygen better than small fish, and small fish are thought to deal better with high temperatures, but all are likely to be vulnerable when both stressful circumstances occur simultaneously. To investigate how body size influences a fish's ability to tolerate both high heat and low oxygen, Darren McPhee, with researchers from the University of Queensland and the Queensland Department of Regional Development, Australia, turned to massive Murray cod – which can grow to the size of a giant panda (over 100 kg) – to find out how they deal with the combined threat.Working with fish ranging from 0.2 g to 3 kg, the team transferred the animals to water at temperatures mimicking a hot summer (28°C). After 4 weeks, all of the cod, regardless of size, increased the temperature at which they lose their balance (known as the upper thermal limit), indicating that the cod are able to deal with persistent high temperatures. But when the team tested the fish's abilities to remain upright at high temperatures as the water oxygen levels decreased, their ability to tolerate heat declined. Surprisingly, the fish's body sizes had an unusual impact on their ability to withstand high temperatures when their oxygen supply was restricted. As expected, when the fish had access to well-oxygenated water (100% and 50% oxygen saturation), the smaller animals coped better with high temperatures than the big fish. But this pattern flipped when the oxygen levels in the water were low (30% and 16% oxygen saturation), where the largest fish tolerated the high temperatures better than the smaller fish. Intriguingly, this didn't mean that the big fish were thermal tolerance champions. At the lowest oxygen level (16% oxygen saturation), the mid-sized fish coped best with the high temperatures.The scientists also tested how short-term and persistent exposure to different temperatures affected the cod's ability to survive low oxygen in several different ways. In the short term (less than 24 h), fish exposed to high temperatures breathed faster and lost their balance at an oxygen level twice as high as what they would normally handle. But when exposed to a high heat for 4 weeks, the responses to low oxygen weren't quite as drastic. Again, the largest cod were the least bothered by decreasing oxygen – not changing their breathing frequency and taking longer to lose their balance (unlike the little fish).Although Murray cod of all sizes demonstrated an amazing ability to cope with high temperatures in the lab, McPhee and colleagues also went into the wild to check the water quality of three Queensland waterholes that are much loved by the cod. The researchers found that the fish are living dangerously close to the edge – at the limit of the high temperatures and low oxygen levels that they can endure – especially during the summer. And, as the smallest cod are most vulnerable to the combined stress of high temperature and low oxygen, this slow-growing species is at genuine risk from catastrophic loss if their littlest ones succumb in the face of the deadly duo.