Ternary Logic Research Articles

Can Business Models Facilitate Strategic Transformation in Construction Firms? A Systematic Review and Research Agenda

A business model represents an organisation’s value logic with a value proposition as the central dimension. The construction industry has been categorised as fragmented, slow to move and destructively competitive, idealising only cost-based perceptions of performance; however, recent trends indicate a paradigm shift in the sector emphasising value-based perspectives such as early engagement, design for manufacture and assembly, and a lifecycle approach by promoting a conscious discourse on business model innovation. This paper presents a systematic review and integration of research on business models in the construction industry. The findings illuminate the potential of business models as creative tools for strategy formulation, the importance of strategic partnerships in novel business models, and the bridging role that business models play between technology integration and strategy formulation. Based on the findings, the paper proposes future research directions, including understanding how managers can steer conflicts towards cooperative competition (coopetition), exploring various pathways (leaping and drifting) for business model innovation and project-based business model innovation. The paper establishes that using a business model approach to facilitate strategic transformation can help construction firms resolve some of the most pressing challenges, such as customer dissatisfaction, fragmentation, and slow technology uptake.

Performance analysis of Cu-MWCNT bundled HCTSVs using ternary logic

This paper presents an investigation of crosstalk issues for coupled heterogeneous coaxial through silicon vias (HCTSVs) in ternary logic. Crosstalk issues are investigated for coupled HCTSVs using Cu-MWCNT as a conductive filler and polymer liners such as polyimide, polypropylene carbonate (PPC), and benzocyclobutene (BCB) as insulating materials. The electrical equivalent circuit model is utilized to investigate the crosstalk induced by the ternary inverter in coupled HCTSVs. The effects of crosstalk such as functional and dynamic crosstalk for proposed HCTSVs are compared with Multi-walled CNT (MWCNT) TSVs using Hewlett simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (HSPICE) simulations. Other performance parameters are also investigated, including power dissipation, power delay product (PDP), and energy delay product (EDP). The proposed model's crosstalk effects are also investigated for various TSV heights. The BCB-based coupled Cu-MWCNT HCTSVs provide a significant improvement in crosstalk at reduced TSV height. The proposed HCTSVs also improved overall performance by 32.12% when compared to the MWCNT based TSVs. As a result, Cu-MWCNT based HCTSVs with BCB liner are better than conventional TSVs for ternary logic integrated circuits (ICs).

Efficient realization of quantum balanced ternary reversible multiplier building blocks: A great step towards sustainable computing

Nowadays, quantum computing plays a significant role in reducing the execution time in complicated computations. There are different reversible algorithms for quantum computation and many quantum circuits theoretically designed until now. These designs are only built from reversible gates because reversibility is a necessary logic in quantum circuits. Additionally, ternary representation can allow designing a circuit with fewer inputs and outputs, leading to a considerable decline in size or number of qutrits. Although other papers in quantum ternary reversible logic are in unbalanced representation, this paper, for the first time, considers balanced ternary advantages to achieve a more efficient design for quantum multipliers as the main component in arithmetic blocks. Six criteria are introduced to show how balanced representation increases the overall performance. In this work, two general balanced ternary adder blocks (full-adder and half-adder) and two balanced ternary partial product generators (BTPPGs) are proposed, and also a 2 × 2 and a 3 × 3 balanced ternary multipliers built from these components. The quantum costs of proposed balanced ternary multipliers enhanced 17% for a 2 × 2 multiplier and 34% for a 3 × 3 multiplier.

On Laws of Thought-A Quantum-like Machine Learning Approach.

Incorporating insights from quantum theory, we propose a machine learning-based decision-making model, including a logic tree and a value tree; a genetic programming algorithm is applied to optimize both the logic tree and value tree. The logic tree and value tree together depict the entire decision-making process of a decision-maker. We applied this framework to the financial market, and a "machine economist" is developed to study a time series of the Dow Jones index. The "machine economist" will obtain a set of optimized strategies to maximize profits, and discover the efficient market hypothesis (random walk).

Research on address calibration technology for ternary optical computer decoder

In order to cope with the physical bottleneck of the development of electronic computers, the development of various new computers has attracted extensive attention. Ternary Optical Computer (TOC) is unique in the development of optical computer, from principle to experiment, then to algorithm and application. At present, decoding is the main problem faced by TOC. Aiming at the problem of decoding for TOC, an address calibration technique is designed and implemented in this paper, including address calibration strategy, field parallelism detection, solving separator line algorithm. Contrast to photonic crystals, which can decode logic 0 and 1, our decoder can recognize three logic values, 0, 1 and u. Since 3 is closer to the natural constant e than 2, and e-nary has the highest coding efficiency, our 3-valued encoding and decoding is more efficient. Finally, through the experiment on the TOC prototype SD16, the effectiveness of the decoder address calibration technology is verified. The address calibration technique lays a foundation for further promoting the development of TOC.

Optical Printing of Silicon Nanoparticles as Strain-Driven Nanopixels.

Silicon nanoparticles (Si NPs) supporting Mie resonances exhibit vivid structural colors on the subwavelength scale. For future wearable devices, next generation Si-based optical units need to be dynamic and stretchable for display, sensing, or signal processing required by human-computer interaction. Here, by utilizing the distance-sensitive electromagnetic coupling of Mie resonances, we maximize the active tuning effect of Si NP-based structures including dimers, oligomers, and NPs on WS2, which we called Si nanopixels. Through the optical tweezers-assisted printing of Si nanopixels, patterns can be formed on arbitrary flexible substrates. The strain-sensitive tuning of scattering spectra indicates their promising application on strain sensing of various stretchable substrates via a simple "spray and test" process. In the case of Si nanopixels on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), local strains around 1% can be detected by a scattering measurement. Moreover, we demonstrate that the scattering intensity variation of Si nanopixels printed on wrinkled tungsten disulfide (WS2) is pixel-dependent and wavelength-dependent. This property facilitates the application of information encryption, and we demonstrate that three barcodes can be independently encoded into the R, G, and B scattering channels through ternary logic represented by the strain-tuning effects of scattering.

Trilattice-Based Access Control Models: How to Secure Current Computer Network Mikhail

Designing security, from the hardware level, is essential to ensure the integrity of the intelligent cyberphysical infrastructure that is the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). If intelligent cyber-physical infrastructure fails to do the right things because it is insecure and vulnerable, then there will be negative social consequences [1]. Security is, in a sense, the access control to IIoT systems, which increasingly relies on the ability to compose different policies. Therefore, the advantage in any framework for compiling policies is that it is intuitive, formal, expressive, application-independent, as well as expandable to create domain-specific instances. Recently, such a scheme was proposed based on Belnap logic FOUR2 [2]. Four values of the Belnap bilattice have been interpreted as grant, deny, conflict, or unspecified with respect to access-control policy. Belnap's four-valued logic has found a variety of applications in various fields, such as deductive database theory, distributed logic programming, and other areas. However, it turns out that the truth order in FOUR2 is a truth-and-falsity order at the same time [3]. The smallest lattice, where the orders of truth and falsity are independent of each other, which is especially important for security policy, is that of Shramko-Wansing’s SIXTEEN3. This generalization is well-motivated and leads from the bilattice FOUR2 with an information and a truth-and-falsity ordering to another algebraic structure, namely the trilattice SIXTEEN3 with an information ordering together with a truth ordering and a (distinct) falsity ordering. Based on SIXTEEN3 and new Boolean predicates to control access [4], we define an expressive access-control policy language, having composition statements based on the statements of Schramko-Wansing’s logic. Natural orderings on politics are obtained by independent lifting the orders of truth and falsity of trilattice, which results in a query language in which conflict freedom analysis can be developed. The reduction of formal verification of queries to that on predicates over access requests enables to carry out policy analysis. We evaluate our approach through examples of control access model policy.

Reconfigurable all-optical bistability/tristability in dual injection-locked Fabry-Perot laser diodes.

In this Letter, we present a detailed theoretical and experimental investigation of optical bistability and tristability in dual injection-locked Fabry-Perot laser diodes. The proposed device can be reconfigured between the bistable and tristable regimes, simply by adjusting the power level of the injected control optical signal. The tristability presented in the experiment is achieved for relatively low optical input powers between 1.03 and 1.25 mW, with the output signal ratio of up to 7 dB between stable states. Such a device is a potential candidate for designing trits, a bit analogy in ternary computational logic.

CEBoosting: Online sparse identification of dynamical systems with regime switching by causation entropy boosting.

Regime switching is ubiquitous in many complex dynamical systems with multiscale features, chaotic behavior, and extreme events. In this paper, a causation entropy boosting (CEBoosting) strategy is developed to facilitate the detection of regime switching and the discovery of the dynamics associated with the new regime via online model identification. The causation entropy, which can be efficiently calculated, provides a logic value of each candidate function in a pre-determined library. The reversal of one or a few such causation entropy indicators associated with the model calibrated for the current regime implies the detection of regime switching. Despite the short length of each batch formed by the sequential data, the accumulated value of causation entropy corresponding to a sequence of data batches leads to a robust indicator. With the detected rectification of the model structure, the subsequent parameter estimation becomes a quadratic optimization problem, which is solved using closed analytic formulas. Using the Lorenz 96 model, it is shown that the causation entropy indicator can be efficiently calculated, and the method applies to moderately large dimensional systems. The CEBoosting algorithm is also adaptive to the situation with partial observations. It is shown via a stochastic parameterized model that the CEBoosting strategy can be combined with data assimilation to identify regime switching triggered by the unobserved latent processes. In addition, the CEBoosting method is applied to a nonlinear paradigm model for topographic mean flow interaction, demonstrating the online detection of regime switching in the presence of strong intermittency and extreme events.

괴델과 우카시에비치의 다치논리

Gödel and Łukasiewicz proposed the three-valued logic by adding the third logical situation, which includes uncertainty and ambiguity, to the classical two logical values, true or false. These logical systems were generalized to the many types of many valued logics, and especially, Gödel’s many valued logic was developed to Heyting algebra and Łukasiewicz’s one to lattice implication algebra. In this paper, we introduce the many valued logics of Gödel and Łukasiewicz, and Heyting’s algebra and lattice implication algebra that are generalizations of Gödel’s and Łukasiewicz’s logic, respectively. Also, we research the properties and relationship of Heyting algebras and lattice implication algebras, especially by defining another implication on a finite lattice implication algebra, we prove finite implication algebra is a special case of Heying algebras.

The Architectural Path of Collaborative Management in Performing Arts Organizations

Under the background of the new era, performing arts organizations have become a cornerstone force in promoting the high-quality development of China’s culture. “How to explore the development models and general rules that promote internal and external collaborative management within organizations?” and “How to achieve dynamic balance within organizations with diverse collaborative models?” These are all crucial questions that managers of performing arts organizations should consider in this era. Based on positioning theory and the logical perspective of organizational structuring functional types, this article proposes a “three-step” development strategy for the internal and external collaborative management of performing arts organizations from the value logic of arts management and the research perspective of history. The article also establishes an evaluation system for the internal and external collaborative management of performing arts organizations using the DEA method and explores the full-process management architecture of integrated collaboration within and outside performing arts organizations. The aim is to provide theoretical support for the collaborative innovation and high-quality development of performing arts organization management.

A look-up table-based processing-in-SRAM architecture for energy-efficient search applications

This paper presents an efficient in-memory computing architecture for search and logic function applications. The proposed design benefits from an SRAM cell, using two single-ended read bit-lines to enable binary and ternary content addressable memories (BCAM and TCAM) and logic functions. As our proposed cell benefits from Schmitt trigger inverters based on independent gate FinFETs. No data distraction occurs due to the half-selection issue. The results indicate no failure in the proposed method in the half-selected cells in the BCAM and TCAM functions. Moreover, the proposed cell shows 58% and 89% lower power in the write and read operations than the conventional SRAM-based IMC design. Also, by providing basic logic operations in the proposed design, applications with high-accuracy requirements can be implemented. Moreover, a neural network is also implemented to assess the proposed design in a practical application. The results show that our design consumes 41% and 50% lower energy than its counterparts.

Accounting for the Logic and Spatiotemporal Evolution of the Comprehensive Value of Cultivated Land around Big Cities: Empirical Evidence Based on 35 Counties in the Hefei Metropolitan Area

Exploring the value of cultivated land resources around big cities is an important prerequisite for when realizing the “trinity” of cultivated land protection in terms of quantity, quality, and ecology. At present, the value of cultivated land resources faces the problem of having a low comparative efficiency of economic output, inadequate visualisation of asset value, and serious undervaluation. The manifestation of social, ecological, and cultural values in cultivated land plays an important role in accurately calculating the value of cultivated land. Therefore, this study attempted to clarify the composition and account for the logic of the comprehensive value of cultivated land around big cities. Taking the Hefei metropolitan area as an example, we used mathematical modeling and geostatistical analysis to measure the integrated value of cultivated land around big cities from 2010 to 2020 and analyse the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics and influencing factors. The results revealed a 2:7:1 ratio of economic, social, ecological, and cultural values for cultivated land in the metropolitan area. The comprehensive value of cultivated land was higher in 2020 than in 2010, was approximately 7.7 times the current compensation standard, and was significantly affected by the natural geography, economic development, cultivated land conditions, and protection policies. Furthermore, the comprehensive value showed spatial differentiation characteristics of ‘high in the east and south and low in the west and north’, and a spatial agglomeration effect was evident in some areas. A significant increase was observed in the social value of cultivated land, followed by an increase in the ecological and cultural values, whereas a slow downward trend was observed for the economic value. The economic value of cultivated land around big cities showed a downward trend, whereas the social, ecological, and cultural values showed upward trends. In the future, differentiated policy tools should be adopted based on the spatial heterogeneity of the comprehensive value of cultivated land in the Hefei metropolitan area to enhance their comprehensive value. In addition, scientific and reasonable compensation standards should be established, and high-quality agricultural development with the high-level protection of cultivated land should be promoted in metropolitan areas.

Design of Ternary Logic Circuits Using GNRFET and RRAM

Design of Ternary Logic Circuits Using GNRFET and RRAM

Power efficient designs of CNTFET-based ternary SRAM

This paper presents three new power-efficient designs of ternary SRAM using carbon-nanotube-field-effect-transistors (CNTFETs). Two of the proposed ternary SRAM designs are cycle-operator based and the third design is buffer-based. The cycle operators and buffer used in the design of the proposed ternary SRAM consume low power as they use two power supplies for operation. Ternary logic implementation using CNTFETs is largely being used lately due to the advantages it provides in terms of reduced interconnect complexity and chip area. The proposed ternary SRAM designs are compared with the existing designs using HSPICE simulations that use a standard Stanford CNTFET model. All the three proposed designs show considerable improvement in power consumption for read and write operations than their existing counterparts in literature. The read, and write delays and noise margins of the proposed designs are also analysed and are found to be comparable to the existing designs.

Compact all-optical decoder design for optical integrated circuits.

This paper constructs and discusses a 1×2 decoder based on two-dimensional photonic crystals. The designed decoder is a priority decoder with one main input and one enabled input. This logic circuit's structure is very simple and compact, and it employs a photonic crystal structure with dimensions of 11×11 rods built of GaAs. The calculation results reveal that the output power values for logical mode 1 are extremely close to the power of the light source, whereas the power is very low and close to zero in logical mode 0. As a result, the difference between logical values 0 and 1 in the output will be adequate, and the circuit's accuracy will be good. The finite difference-time domain (FDTD) approach is used for time computations and light propagation in waveguides.

Is Ifá Divination Girded by Logic? A Case for Ezumezu Logic

Several criteria for what constitutes African philosophy have been offered by different African and non-African scholars. For Jonathan Chimakonam (Ezumezu: A System of Logic for African Philosophy and Studies. Cham: Switzerland, 2019), a philosophy is either African, Western, or Asian because of the logic that fortifies it. Chimakonam, following this conviction, foregrounds Ezumezu logic as a prototypical African logic which mediates thought, theory, and method within the African sphere, yet is also applicable in non-African contexts. To interrogate its stance as a prototypical African logic, this study examines Ezumezu logic apart from its Igbo inspiration, via the traditional Yorùbá ritual archive. We embark on a foray into the Ifá divination procedure for this exploration. Through critical analysis and hermeneutics, this study finds that in most cases, Ifá divination, through employing ìbò in its procedures, conforms to the classical laws of thought. However, when further reflection is given to the method through which the truths and insights of O ̣̀rúnmìlà are sought during divination, one may easily discern the presence of a trivalent logic therein. This understanding is demonstrated side by side with Chimakonam’s description of the ways in which his logic functions. Hence, this article submits that the logic criterion for African philosophy is apt and that, when it is applied to an African ritual archive in Ifá divination, there is no doubt that Chimakonam’s attempt to prove the originality of the African way of thought, theory, and method is well articulated.

Piezo-gated flexible transistors: A path to energy-efficient multi-functional piezotronic devices

Developing smart sensors and advanced electronics for the need of the internet of things prevails yet under the constraint of energy efficiency. Therefore, the development of multi-functional devices toward low power is the research spotlight. Due to the low energy consumption, semiconductor-based piezo-gated devices hold great promises. Herein, a flexible multi-dimensional strain sensor by growing two ZnO thin film-based terminals on both sides of a mica substrate is developed. This Multidimensional Piezo-Gated Flexible Transistor (M-PGFT) device successfully detects the positive (upward) bending, negative (downward) bending, and compressive load. Where the gauge factor (GF) of the Top/Bottom terminals under positive and negative bending strains are −3.44/+9.78 and +5.44/−4.03, respectively, and +94.93/+74.70 for compressive load is obtained. Notably, the GF of both ZnO terminals is asymmetric under two bending types of loads, whereas symmetric under compressive load. This unique behavior made this smart multi-dimensional strain sensor to distinguish between different types of strains. Furthermore, the same device can be implemented as a piezo-gated three-valued logic device, demonstrating standard ternary inversion and standard ternary NAND operations. This study presents a unique and simple design to fabricate flexible multi-functional piezo-gated devices for multi-dimensional strain sensing and three-valued logic operation at low power.

The power of qutrits for non-adaptive measurement-based quantum computing

Non-locality is not only one of the most prominent quantum features but can also serve as a resource for various information-theoretical tasks. Analysing it from an information-theoretical perspective has linked it to applications such as non-adaptive measurement-based quantum computing (NMQC). In this type of quantum computing the goal is to output a multivariate function. The success of such a computation can be related to the violation of a generalised Bell inequality. So far, the investigation of binary NMQC with qubits has shown that quantum correlations can compute all Boolean functions using at most qubits, whereas local hidden variables (LHVs) are restricted to linear functions. Here, we extend these results to NMQC with qutrits and prove that quantum correlations enable the computation of all three-valued logic functions using the generalised qutrit Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) state as a resource and at most qutrits. This yields a corresponding generalised GHZ type paradox for any three-valued logic function that LHVs cannot compute. We give an example for an n-variate function that can be computed with only n + 1 qutrits, which leads to convenient generalised qutrit Bell inequalities whose quantum bound is maximal. Finally, we prove that not all functions can be computed efficiently with qutrit NMQC by presenting a counterexample.

Design of Three-valued Logic Based Adder and Multiplier Circuits using Pseudo N-type CNTFETs

This work presents a novel technique to develop the three-valued logic (TVL) circuit schematics for very large-scale integration (VLSI) applications. The TVL is better alternative technology over the two-valued logic because it provides decreased interconnect connections, fast computation speed and decreases the chip complexity. The TVL based complicated designs such as half-adder and multiplier circuits are designed utilizing the Pseudo N-type carbon nanotube field effect transistors (CNTFETs). The proposed TVL half adder multiplier schematics are developed in HSPICE tool. Additionally, the delay and circuit area for the half- adder and multiplier circuits are investigated and compared to the complementary circuits. The memory usage and CPU time for the proposed circuits are also analyzed. It is observed that the proposed circuit designs show the improved performance up to 43.03% on an average over the complementary designs.