Beginning Of XIX Century Research Articles

ПОНЯТТЯ «МАЄТОК» В УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ КУЛЬТУРІ НАПРИКІНЦІ XVIII – НА ПОЧАТКУ XX ст.

The aim of the article is to analyze the terms and definitions that using in scientific research of the manor estate culture of Ukraine at the end of XVIII – the beginning of XIX centuries. Also in the article determined the concept of «the manor estate». A scientific novelty of the article is consisted in the fact that for the first time, a historical and terminological analysis of the concept of «the manor estate» was conducted and the system of concepts of the manor estate culture of Ukraine at the end of XVIII – the beginning of XIX centuries was determined. The term «manor estate» is multifaceted in the Ukrainian culture at the end of XVIII – the beginning of XX centuries. It has come a long historical way and has been filled with new content at every stage. Thus there is no clear definition of «manor estate» in the literature. Sometimes there is noticeable confusion in research. The formation of concepts is influenced by economic, social, political, cultural spheres. It is lead to the formation of relationships between existing and newly formed terms. The manor estate was the center of economic life and economic development of the surrounding areas on the economic sphere. It became the basis for the development of the private sector, an element of economic freedom, an economic unit. The manor estate was a one of various settlements’ type on the social sphere. This is associated with a number of different terms, in particular, the most common of them – «homestead». It still causes a lot of confusion in modern scientific researches. «The manor estate» is seen as the property of various social stratums in the socio-political sphere. It gives a creation of different lifestyles and socio-political thought not only of the nobility but also of the bourgeoisie and the intelligentsia. Moreover, modern researchers consider estates as centers of accumulation and spread of culture and various arts in the socio-cultural sphere. They see in them a small homeland, a ancestral and cultural nest, a spiritual territory. After the historical and terminological analysis of the concept of «the manor estate» in Ukrainian culture it should be determinate by following meaning. The manor estate appeared as a complex multifaceted system of economic, socio-political and cultural aspects, based on landownership, entrepreneurship and private property. At the same time it was a unique type of settlement with the representative homestead and park grounds were the center of it. Also it was the center of formation and dissemination of culture, with special processes of organization of life and creativity. And all this could belong to representatives of different classes.

Comparing Lexicons Diachronically in Italian Literary Corpora

The goal of the article is to provide a comparison between several words from Florentine vernacular language and modern Italian language, using software written by the author. This paper focuses on two corpora: the first one includes a selection of Florentine vernacular literature and the second one a group of literary books written in a modern Italian language from the end of XIX Century up until the present. The article demonstrates the use of some features of the software to compare the two corpora, ranking the lexicographic entries using different strategies. It is possible to analyse the lexicon taking into consideration different types of sorting, using only three parameters: the word frequency, the percentage of frequency according to the number of words in the corpus, and the percentage of texts where the word is found in the corpus. From these parameters a fourth parameter also arises the level of persistence of words in each corpus. The software allows observing the differences in the use of lexicon in various periods of history, comparing the Florentine vernacular language, which was used in the Italian peninsula till the beginning of XIX Century, to the modern Italian language.

Wedding feast in the Moldavian principality in the XVII century – the beginning of XIX century

Feasts were part of the daily life of the inhabitants of the Moldavian principality. The meals organized on the occasion of certain events, accompanied the most important stages of the life cycle, including marriage. The purpose of this article is to present a wedding feast in Moldova in the XVII century – the beginning of the XIX century, based on available sources, which are not rich in the description of the wedding feast ceremonial. We will notice, that the Romanian national traditions and customs were respected, regardless of the social category; the difference consisting in the amounts allocated for the organization of the festive meal, for entertainment, gifts etc. The wedding feasts organized at the Principality Court or at the boyar courts, unlike those held in the families of other categories of inhabitants, were distinguished by luxury and abundance of products, by the quantity and diversity of food and drinks. The variety of dishes, their number and the splendor of the whole feast depended on the economic and financial situation of the families involved. In elite families, the feast lasted several days in a row, in ordinary families – one day. In the families of the elites, in order to entertain the present audience, various amusing activities were organized, while in ordinary families the activities were simpler – fiddle music was played, traditional hora was danced, etc

Višegradski zločinački krvavi pirovi – jučer, danas, sutra

Main goal of Serbian ideology, policy, practice, starting from the late XVIII until the beginning of XIX century is creation of a clean, pure and ethnic Serbian country so called Great Serbia. In such country idealists also included the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Meanwhile that is achievable only by committing heinous crimes including the Bosnian Genocide. Because of the Visegrads Geostrategic position the city is crucial for Serbian plans, aggressors and criminals tried by any means to form ethnically clean territory, not choosing the means or tools in the attempt of achieving that goal. Highest point of those crimes happened during the second world war 1941-1945, also in the time of aggression on Republic Bosnia and Herzegovina 1992-1995. Numerous mass and individual killings, extermination, enslavement, deportations and / or forcible transfer of the Bosniak population, imprisonment and other forms of deprivation of liberty committed in violation of basic rules of international law constitute a long and sad list of criminal and genocidal acts committed against Bosniaks in the Drina Valley, and in the name of the so-called project Great Serbia. In this cycle and history of chetnik misery and inhumanity, the culmination of human malice, evil blood and moral dishonor was against the Bosniaks of Eastern Bosnia. Thanks to the hard work of the community and people of the country this evil plan and evil intentions of Serbs ideologists did not come through. Yet they do not give up, furthermore they use new means and methods. In that contest targeting wider area of Visegrad, as a starting point for commencing Great Serbian goals and ideas. That gave birth to the idea that Visegrad is continuously in focus to the leaders and actors of the ideology of Great Serbia, therefore creation of ethnically clean Serbian areas. All this, for a consequence, had a permanent acts of numerous crimes against humanity and international human rights among Bosnians in wider area of Visegrad, from the period of World war 2 and in the time of aggression on Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In this area number of heinous crimes were committed. One of the consequences of the horrific crimes committed against Bosniaks is a radical change in the ethnic structure of the population in the Visegrad area during the 1992-1995 aggression. In relation to the 1991 Census, when there were 13,471 Bosniaks, according to the 2013 census, 1,043 Bosniaks have registered residence in Visegrad. Still, the area wasn’t ethnically cleansed as in accordance to Serbian ideologists, so this shameful project that’s grounded on crime, continued by new means and methods. Analysis confirmed key marks of aggressive attempts of ideology and policy in creating ethnic clean Serbian territory within area of Visegrad. Research is focused and timely determined on three periods: First during the Second world war 1941-1945, Second, Aggression on Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, third period after signing of Dayton’s 1995. still this day. For the purpose of proving the general hypothesis of the research, the methods of analysis and synthesis, the hypothetical-deductive method and the comparative method will be used, and for the purposes of obtaining data, the method of analysis (content) of documents and the case study method. Serbian ideologist still tries to remove all Bosnians from the wider area of Visegrad and by doing so make that town the starting point for the next phases of ethical cleansing of non-Serbian population from walleyes of Drina Conclusion would be under any price secure at first economic conditions for survival of Bosnians on those areas, take a set of measures on economically strengthening Gorazde, as a center of gathering non-Serb population in the walleye of Drina.

TOWARZYSTWO NAUKOWE PŁOCKIE W DWUSETLECIE ZAŁOŻENIA

DOI: 10.19251/rtnp/2020.12(9) At the beginning of XIX century a few Polish scientific associations were established. In 2020, one of them, will celebrate its 200th anniversary of existence-Scientific Association of Plock. Herewith are presented the political context, and also other scientific associations that rose in time, which have not survived until the present time. The activity of Scientific Association beside Provincial School in Plock from 1820 to 1830 has also been outlined.

FROM THE HISTORY OF FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE HISTORIOGRAPHICAL TRADITION OF THE CAUCASUS IN THE XVIII-XIX CENTURIES

The article discusses the main directions in the study of the Caucasus: "the governmental", "the scientific" and "the public". The article highlights the activities of academic expeditions of the XVIII-XIX centuries, which initiated the scientific study of the peoples of the Caucasus, as well as the contribution of the military historians, scientific institutions and the societies to the study of the region. The author comes to conclusion that the XVIII - beginning of XIX centuries is the time of formation of the intelligent Caucasian studies, as well as the beginning of the formation of scientific understanding the region. It is noted that the study of travelers and military historians works is one of the main tasks of the national Caucasian studies and is necessary for the further development of historical science as a whole.

Iconography and Artificial Features of Unknown Memory of the Decorative Art of the End of the XVIII – the Beginning of XIX Centuries

The article deals with the iconographic and artistic features of an unknown monument of decorative art of the late XVIII – early XIX centuries. The central elements of the Analogion's design and carving are researched. The publication highlights the main features of the individual handwriting of an unknown master of the painter who was the author of images of the figures of the saints placed on the Analogion. On the basis of the comparative analysis, an attempt to outline the chronological and probable geographic boundaries of the creation of a monument was made, the definition of which is complicated by the mobility of the memorial.

Disconnect between the Research on Lead's Effects, and Efforts to Generate a Lead Awareness and Prevention Program at a National-Level in Mexico

The documentation of lead poisoning in Mexico started at the beginning of XIX century, clearly identifying the use of traditional ceramics to prepare, store and serve food as a source of exposure. ...

The Collection of Ottoman Tobacco Pipes from Azov Museum-Reserve in Russia

مجموعة من مجامر الشبک العثمانية المحفوظة فى متحف آزوف للآثار بروسيا الشبک: في الترکية جبوق و جوبوق بالجيم المشربة وفيها: الأنبوبة، والعصا، والماسورة، والقصبة، وشبک الدخان عبارة عن أنبوبة في أحد طرفيھا مبسم، وفي الطرف الآخر مجمرة أو حجر يوضع بھا التبغ والفحم، أى أن شبک الدخان يتکون من ثلاثة أجزاء، ھي: الفم ويطلق عليھا الترکيبة أو المبسم، والقصبة ويطلق عليھا العود أو الأنبوبة، والحجر، الذي يعرف أيضا بالمجمرة، کما عرف الشبک أيضا باسم الغليون، والجمع: غلايين، وغلاويين. ويذخر متحف مدينة آزوف للآثار بروسيا الاتحادية بالعديد من مجامر الشبک المصنوعة من الفخار مابين قطع مکتملة وأخرى مهشمة تتعدى فى عددها الألف قطعة، جميعها مستخرجة من الحفريات التى أجريت فى قلعة آزاک العثمانية والمنطقة المحيطة بها (منطقة آزوف القديمة)، والتى لم يتطرق لها أحد من الباحثين بالدراسة العلمية السليمة سواء بتأريخها أو بدراستها دراسة وصفية وتحليلية متأنية. وأکثر من 80 % من مجامر الشبک المکتشفة فى هذه المنطقة يمکن نسبتها للمسلمين الأتراک، تلک التى تم تصنيعها على يد الصناع والحرفيين الأتراک على أراضى الإمبراطورية العثمانية المترامية الأطراف فى ذلک الوقت (الأناضول، القرم، الببلقان)، والتى کانت تستخدم على نطاق واسع فى الحياة اليومية الخاصة من قبل الحامية العسکرية للقلعة الترکية آزاک. وبصفة عامة فإن مجامر الشبک المکتشفة فى منطقة آزوف على يد علماء الآثار الروس والتى تم استخراجها تؤرخ فى الفترة من القرن 11هـ-17م حتى بداية القرن 13هـ-19م، أما المجموعة موضوع الدراسة والتى عثر عليها فى أربعة مواقع مختلفة (ثلاثة حفر ومقبرة) خلال الفترة من 1998 وحتى 2004م، ويمکن تأريخها وفقا للعملات المعدنية التى عثر عليها بجوارها بنهاية القرن 11هـ-17م، ونهاية القرن 12هـ-18م. وتعد هذه المجموعة من أهم النماذج التى تعبر عن روعة الفن الإسلامى فى هذه المناطق بما تحمله من کتابات عربية عبارة عن توقيعات لبعض الصناع أو عبارات ذات صلة بالشبک، وکذلک والنقوش والزخارف الإسلامية ورسوم الوريدات والزهور التى تنوعت بين زهرة التيوليب والنرجس والزنبق والأقحوان، کما اختلفت أحجامها وأبعادها فمنها الصغير الحجم بأبعاد (3.8 × 2.3 سم) ومنها الأکبر نسبيا بأبعاد (6.0 × 4.2 سم).Аbstract:The Azov museum-reserve (Azov city, the Russian Federation) hold more than 1000 examples (intact ones and fragments) of clay tobacco pipes. All of them are from the excavations carried out on the territory of the former Ottoman fortress Azak (Azov old district) and its surroundings. Until recently, this archeological material has been left unstudied and has not been put into scientific use. The great bulk of finds (over 80%) are Muslim (Turkish) tobacco pipes. These are pipes made by the ceramics craftsmen on the territory of the former Ottoman Empire (Asia Monor, the Crimea, Balkans). They were widely used by the military garrison of the Turkish fortress Azak in private daily life. All in all, Muslim tobacco pipes were discovered by the archeologists in Azov in the cultural layers of XVII – the beginning of XIX centuries. The pipes from four “closed” complexes (three pits and a burial) discovered in 1998-2004 are dated by the end of XVII – the beginning of XVIII centuries according to the coin material. The majority of the tobacco pipes are abundantly ornamented splendid examples of the Muslim ceramics art. Some of them have stamps of their makers and Ottoman inscriptions made in Arabic calligraphy. The variety of pipe “fashions” is highly considerable. A number of the pipes are flower-shaped: as a tulip, a lily, a narcissus, a chrysanthemum. The pipes’ dimensions vary from the smallest (3.8х2.3 cm) to fairly big (6.0х4.2 cm) ones.

José Cecilio del Valle y Jeremy Bentham: coincidencias de pensamiento

El artículo establece una relación de ideas entre José Cecilio del Valle y Jeremy Bentham, específicamente, sobre las categorías mecanicismo y hombre económico, en el período de la independencia del Reino de Guatemala de España -finales del XVIII y principios del XIX-. Para tal efecto se hace una breve caracterización del contexto histórico e intelectual de cada uno de los personajes, en función de su procedencia social, formación y aportación intelectual.

LITERARY SOURCES OF ORNAMENTAL SUBJECT COMPOSITIONS OF FRENCH PRINTED TEXTILES OF THE END OF THE XVIII - THE BEGINNING OF THE XIX CENTURY

Printed textiles are one of the most ancient and significant branches of the design of textiles, the development of which, within the framework of the European cultural tradition, includes consideration of such questions as canonical schemes of ornamental constructions and style trends of fine art. The end of XVIII - beginning of XIX century was a period of flourishing of French applied art, its dominance in Europe as a generally recognized standard. It was also a period of rising public interest in French literature, the images of which were embodied in one of the most widely replicated types of applied art - ornamental printed textiles. The article describes the main sources of ornamental plot compositions of French printed textiles of the late XVIII early XIX century. The emergence reasons in drawings of a heel-tap of these or those characters and scenes from literary works are defined, the semantic analysis is carried out them. The technique of the translation of art and graphic language of a book illustration in language of subject textile ornamentation is revealed.

Przestępstwo kradzieży w przedwojennych projektach kodeksu karnego

Artykuł analizuje regulację przestępstwa kradzieży w przedwojennych projektach kodeksu karnego. Największe kontrowersje dotyczyły potrzeby wprowadzenia znamienia braku zgody właściciela (posiadacza) oraz klauzuli bezprawności. Ta ostatnia występuje w prawie niemieckim od 1871 r. Autor zwraca uwagę na brak konieczności tworzenia znamienia braku zgody właściciela (posiadacza), gdyż zawiera się ona w znamieniu zaboru. Zbędna jest także klauzula bezprawności przywłaszczenia, ponieważ stosują się ją w innych przypadkach. Wprowadzanie do typów czynów zabronionych znamienia bezprawności zachowania jest uzasadnione wyłącznie wtedy, kiedy określone zachowanie jest unormowane w przepisach szczególnych. Nie jest tak w przypadku kradzieży. Projekty unikały kazuistyki, która towarzyszyła unormowaniu kradzieży w dawnym europejskim prawodawstwie. Dyskusje toczyły się także nad wprowadzeniem typu przywilejowanego kradzieży. Kodeks karny z 1932 r. stypizował tylko dwie kradzieże kwalifikowane (kradzież rozbójniczą oraz rozbój). Okolicznością kwalifikującą nie było włamanie. W art. 257 § 2 k.k. z 1932 r. uregulowano typ uprzywilejowany kradzieży - zabór z nędzy w celu użycia małej wartości przedmiotu pierwszej potrzeby.

Дворцовые перевороты как инструмент утверждения абсолютной монархии в России в XVIII – начале XIX века

Дворцовые перевороты как инструмент утверждения абсолютной монархии в России в XVIII – начале XIX века

Wpływy Wschodniosłowiańskie w zakresie fonetyki i zapożyczenia w polskiej antroponimi mieszkańców pogranicza polsko-ukraińskiego z końca XVIII – początku XIX wieku

<p>Język ukraiński, zdaniem autorki artykułu, wywarł pewien wpływ na antroponimię polską. Uwidacznia się on m.in. w fakcie występowania licznych polskich nazwisk zawierających elementy wschodniosłowiańskie (przeważnie pochodzenia ukraińskiego), poświadczone w katolickich księgach metrykalnych z terenu Galicji. Autorka stwierdza, iż szczegółowa analiza polskich antroponimów z Drohobycza z końca XVIII – początku XIX wieku stanowi ważny, lecz słabo zbadany element szerszego zjawiska językowej interferencji polsko-ukraińskiej.</p>

A role of Russian psychiatrists in the formation of forensic psychiatry in Russia in the beginning of XIX century

The formation of forensic psychiatry knowledge as a special area of concern was due to fundamental changes in the social, economic and political life of Russia society. It reflected public awareness of the urgent need in solving the problem of support, preserve and maintain the mental health of the people. Forensic psychiatry was based on the development of psychiatry, public health and community medicine. Author describes of the role of Russian psychiatrists in the formation of forensic psychiatry, their active particitpation in internation professional meetings and in the development of the problem of responsibility.

Agulhas e pincéis: as relações entre a paleontologia e a neontologia no estudo dos ostracodes (Crustacea: Ostracoda)

O estudo dos ostracodes se desenvolveu sob diferentes influências, sendo possível identificar em sua história tendências orientadas pelas tecnologias de amostragem, a necessidade de conhecimentos aplicáveis à indústria do petróleo e pelo aprimoramento da microscopia óptica e eletrônica. O início da ostracodologia pode ser situado na segunda metade do século XVIII com o estudo de faunas continentais por zoólogos europeus. A pesquisa paleontológica iniciou-se quando as primeiras espécies fósseis foram descritas no início do século XIX. O aprimoramento do conhecimento paleontológico revelou a potencialidade paleoambiental e bioestratigráfica da ostracodologia, tornando-a um importante ramo da pesquisa micropaleontológica. A partir de então, um número crescente de pesquisadores passou a dedicar-se ao estudo destes crustáceos em diversas instituições do mundo, tanto em âmbito acadêmico quanto aplicado à indústria do petróleo. Atualmente, há uma tendência de recrudescimento da pesquisa em ostracodes recentes sob os mais diferentes enfoques. Os novos conhecimentos paleontológicos e neontológicos fornecidos por ela permitirão conhecer melhor a história evolutiva dos ostracodes e de outros artrópodes.

Role of immigration in the formation of Georgian population

Immigration played a great role in formation of population of Georgia. We are able to establish tendencies of this process from the beginning of XIX century. By that period, the country had been ruined and bled professedly by permanent invasions for centuries. Most of territories were unpopulated or under-populated that made suitable conditions for settlers from other countries. By 1800, P. Gugushvili estimated Georgian population with 675.0 thousand inhabitants. In discussed period – 1800-2015, in formation of population of Georgia immigration was acting as in direction of increasing and reducing the population. In particular: in 1800-1897 rise in migration of Georgia is positive and it was 544,0 thousand people; in 1897-1939 rise in migration of Georgia is positive and it was 314,2 thousand people; in 1939-1950 rise in migration was zero; in 1950-1990 migration reduction was 391,1 thousand; in 1990-2015- reduction was 1839,3 thousand people. Totally, migration balance of population of Georgia in 1800-2015 shows reduction of population, 1378,2 thousand people that comes to historical period after 1950-ies. Keywords: Immigration policy, Formation of population of Georgia, Demographic expansion, Immigration increase, Natural growth.

Формирование регионального литературно-художественного сборника в литературно-издательской ситуации Сибири конца XVIII - начала XIX века

Формирование регионального литературно-художественного сборника в литературно-издательской ситуации Сибири конца XVIII - начала XIX века

Rus Felsefesinin Tarihsel Gelişimi ve Genel Karakteristikleri

This article aims to reveal the historical development of Russian philosophy, its main stages and its effects it on the philosophical thought. Taking stand from this aim the present study initially discusses two basic principles in a relation to the emergence of the Russian philosophy. The fundamentals of these two principles, being the facts that the Russian philosophy started to develop with its roots going back to early ancient ages of IX and X centuries and the opinions of that Russian philosophy started quite later period in the end of XVIII century and in the beginning of XIX century, are evidenced. Moreover, this study makes attempts to summarize the information about Russian philosophical trends, such as Neo-Leibnizianizm, Neo-Kantianism, Later Hegelianism and Schellingianism. Later on, it is tried to explain the fundamental thoughts on Slavophils and Westernism movements in the Russian philosophy. Therefore, this study discusses the efforts of leader thinkers of Slavophils such as Kyreevsky, Aksakov, Samarin and especially Hamyakov’s towards refuting the current Western thought trends and composing a new national, traditional philosophy within the framework of ‘Union’ philosophical intelligence. While Westernists were concerned for which reasons Russia should be directed to the West, their concerns were explained with the ideas of Westernist Russian philosophers like V. G. Belinsky, A. I. Hertzen, N. G. Chernischevky. Finally, Westernism and Slavic movement in Russian philosophy, and at the same time the intellectual resources of cosmology and dialectical point in Russian philosophy during Soviet and post-Soviet Russia are emphasized at the end of the study. Particularly, the views and contributions of the Russian philosophers, who are M.V. Lomonosov, M. M. Sherebatova and A. N. Radischtschew especially reflecting the originality of Russian thought, to the Russian philosophy is clarified in this study.

Aspects of Navigation Development in the Region of Shkodra during XVIII Century and the Beginning of XIX Century

Navigation, as a special type of transport has played a crucial role in the economic development of Shkodra region. Its great importance in this regard was mainly determined by two factors: The very favorable geographical position of the city of Shkodra in relation to the territorial extent of the surrounding region. Proximity to the lake with the same name and the Buna River in a navigable perennial character defined it as a transit port in the circulation of goods. Ulcinj, a town very near Shkodra, inherited a very rich tradition in the field of sailing and what was more important, it possessed a powerful merchant fleet capable of sailing not only in the Adriatic Sea, which for Ulcinj inhabitants constituted the so-called courtyard of the house1, but up to the Mediterranean and Aegean seas, visiting Istanbul, Cairo, Izmir, Alexandria etc. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n1s1p156