Basic Soil Treatment Research Articles

Influence of basic soil treatment and moisture supply on the structural elements of soybean harvest

The article presents the results of studying the influence of methods of basic tillage and moisture availability on the elements of the structure of the soybean crop: the mass of seeds per plant, the number of beans and seeds per plant, the height of the plant, the weight of 1000 seeds and the yield of soybeans of the Volma variety, after winter wheat. It was found that on average in 2020-2022. Moisture conditions developed in such a way that among the main tillage methods, high yield structure and yield were obtained in the variant with plowing by 22-24 cm - 2.2 t/ha, slightly less yield was obtained by non-moldboard loosening by 22-24 cm - 2 0 t/ha, disking with a processing depth of 16-18 cm produced the least amount of grain - 1.9 t/ha. In addition, it was noted that the method of basic processing affects the amount and dynamics of moisture in the soil during the growing season. During the germination period, the largest moisture reserves were recorded on non-moldboard loosening, and the smallest - on disking. In the flowering phase, when soybean plants urgently need moisture to form a crop, the largest amount of it was in plowing, and the smallest - in disking.

Modern adaptive systems of basic main tillage under white mustard

Aim. To study the effect of long-term use of the primary soil treatment and fertilization systems on the yield of white mustard. The results of research of the impact of basic soil treatment and fertilizer systems on yield and economic efficiency of white mustard production in the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine are presented in order to identify the most effective, adapted to natural and climatic conditions in recent years. Methods. The research was conducted during 2018–2021 in a stationary two-factor field experiment, which includes 4 alternative systems of basic soil treatment (shelf, flat, chisel, disk) and two fertilizer systems: mineral (background 1) – N60P60K60 and organo-mineral ) – predecessor straw + N10 per 1 t of straw + N30Р30К30 in short-rotation 4-field crop rotation with the following alternation of crops: soybean, spring barley, white mustard, winter wheat. Results. It was found that the highest yield of white mustard seeds 1.05 t / ha was provided by the chisel system of basic tillage against the background of organo-mineral fertilizer, which exceeded the control (shelf system) by 0.1 t/ha (11%) and similar to the highest rate against the background of mineral fertilizers by 0.13 t/ha (14%). Conclusion. Flat-cut and chisel systems on the background of organo-mineral fertilizer in terms of yield prevailed control by 11% and 17% and similar on the background of mineral fertilizer by 14%. In terms of economic efficiency and yield of chisel mustard. The system on the background of organo-mineral fertilizer with the predecessor leaving straw + N10 per ton of straw and application of mineral fertilizer at a dose of N30P30K30 can be considered promising and most adapted to production in weather and climatic conditions in recent years. Against the background of organo-mineral fertilizer, the use of any shelf-free main treatment for mustard is more profitable than the most productive against the background of mineral fertilizer. Production of white mustard with the use of mineral fertilizers at a dose of N60P60K60 is unprofitable for all systems of basic cultivation.

Influence of the methods of the basic soil treatment on the yield of spring barley under the conditions of the Rostov region

Relevance. Because of difficult economic conditions, sanctions applied to Russian Federation, the issue of resource conservation is becoming more and more urgent. Finding ways to reduce costs in the tillage system is a top priority, which determines the relevance of our research. Empirical studies are aimed at studying the influence of methods of basic tillage on the yield of spring barley.Methods. Object of research: spring barley plants of the Prairie variety. Mеthods of tillage for spring barley: 1. Plowing (control) — 20 cm (POM–4/7); 2. Combined — 14 cm (AKSO-4); 3. Combined — 8 cm (AKM-4). 4. Without tillage. The total area under the experiments is 4 hectares, the area of each variant is 1 hectare, according to the main observations, the repetition is 3 times. The link of the crop rotation is sunflower — spring barley. The soils of the experimental site are ordinary chernozem.Results. The greatest compaction of the arable layer during the growing season was with the absence of tillage — from 1,26 g/cm3 to 1,29 g/cm3. During the growing season, the porosity of the arable soil layer decreased in all variants, the greatest trend was in the variant with plowing by 15%. The effectiveness of combined mulching treatments is undoubtedly positive: the reserves of productive moisture in the spring in the meter layer were higher than after plowing. In the variant without tillage, the moisture reserves before sowing were 15 mm higher compared to the control. The method of basic tillage affected the abundance of weeds in barley crops. The smallest number of weeds in the tillering phase of spring barley was against the background of plowing — 36 pcs./m2. By harvesting, the contamination of crops increased in all variants, as well as their mass by 3,1–3,5 times. A significant increase in yield was on the variants with combined processing to a depth of 8 cm and without tillage, as well as a high profitability of 110–117%.

Basic soil treatment methods influence on its agrophysical properties and sunflower productivity

Basic soil treatment methods influence on its agrophysical properties and sunflower productivity

Influence of the basic soil treatment after sugar beet precursor on its agrophysical indicators under winter wheat crops

Influence of the basic soil treatment after sugar beet precursor on its agrophysical indicators under winter wheat crops

Role and significance of treatment in modern farming systems

The article deals with the influence of various methods of basic soil treatment on indicators of soil fertility and productivity of grain crop rotation crops at the experimental field of the Centre for precision farming. This center is based on the field experiment with the total area of about 6 hectares in the comparative study of precision and traditional farming technologies, as well as basic soil treatment techniques in a four-course crop rotation with alternating of crops: vetch and oat mixture for feed-winter wheat with stubble sowing of mustard for green manure-potatoes-barley. Two factors are studied in the experiment, namely technologies of field crops cultivation and methods of basic soil treatment. It is found that for most years, dump treatment was in the lead, primarily on a vetch and oat mixture and potatoes. The overall conclusion is that there are various degrees of manifestation interdependence between crops productivity and individual indicators of soil fertility, depending on treatment. The use of various agricultural methods that improve the rates of agrophysical, biological and agrochemical indicators will prevent the beginning of soil degradation in the field experiment of the center for precision farming and will stabilize soil characteristics at a sufficiently high level.

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ МАТЕРИАЛЬНЫХ И ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИХ ЗАТРАТ В ЗЕРНОПРОПАШНОМ ЗВЕНЕ СЕВООБОРОТА ПРИ ВСПАШКЕ, ПОВЕРХНОСТНОЙ И НУЛЕВОЙ (ХИМИЧЕСКОЙ ) ОБРАБОТКЕ ЧЕРНОЗЕМА ОБЫКНОВЕННОГО

The purpose of the research was to determine the material, energy and other indicators for the cul-tivation of crops of the crop rotation link using fertilizers, pesticides and effective growth stimu-lators for different-depth basic soil treatment. It was found that the crops of the grain-tillage rota-tion link, which were cultivated by plowing to a depth of 22-24 cm (control), surface treatment to a depth of 6-8 cm and zero (chemical) treatment significantly changed their productivity, and also formed various production, and therefore energy costs. The yield of oilseed flax was 1.70 t / ha, winter wheat-6.23 t / ha, mogar grain of crop sowing-0.49 t / ha, mogar hay-1.74 t / ha, peas-3.86 t/ha. The yield of these crops obtained using the no-till technology was, respectively, at 12- 3- 0 – 4 the percentage is lower than in the control. The largest net income (64090 rubles / ha), the amount of additional energy (220998 Mj) and the energy efficiency coefficient (3.5) were formed during surface tillage for crops of the crop rotation link, including due to the mogar of crop sow-ing, respectively 3370 rubles/ha and 243208 Mj. Cultivation of 4 field crops in 3 agricultural years significantly increases the economic and bioenergetic efficiency of production and can be applied in other regions.

Agrochemical objectivation of corn root residues accumulation using different methods of soil treatment and fertilizer doses

Soil treatment and fertilization influenced the amount of root residues in the soil. The greatest amount of root residues mass was obtained by plowing and ranged from 4.45 t/ha in the control to 5.06 t/ha in the variant with the introduction of mineral fertilizers. For all treatments, the application of organic and mineral fertilizers had a positive effect on root residues accumulation, their maximum accumulation was obtained in the variant N130P130K130 + N100 and amounted to 4.67 - 5.06 t/ha. For all processing methods, the highest load of corn root residues is in the 0-10 cm layer. On average over the years of research maize for silage left in a grain-row crop rotation in a soil layer of 0-30 cm on the control for plowing 22.3 kg/ha of nitrogen, 2.8 kg/ha of phosphorus and 7.0 kg/ha of potassium. The use of mineral fertilizers at the rates (NPK) 70 and (NPK) 140 increased these indicators respectively to 28.0-30.2; 3.8-3.9 and 10.9-11.6 kg/ha. Organic fertilizers in the third year of aftereffect practically did not change the amount of nutrients accumulation in comparison with the unfertilized option. Using organo-mineral fertilization system nitrogen remained in the soil with a root mass of 28.0-28.9 kg/ha, phosphorus 4.1-4.2 and 10.9-11.3 kg/ha of potassium. A similar pattern was observed in the variants with soil cultivation without seam turnover and in the variant with the aftereffect of manure after shallow cultivation significantly less nutrients were accumulated compared to plowing. So, on plowed plots there was more nitrogen by 1.8 kg/ha, by 0.4 kg/ha phosphorus and by 0.7 kg/ha potassium. The methods of basic soil treatment in this crop rotation did not have a significant effect on the nutrients’ accumulation.

Influence of basic soil treatment for winter wheat on its productivity elements formation

Influence of basic soil treatment for winter wheat on its productivity elements formation

Effects of Basic Soil Treatment Techniques on the Nitrate Nitrogen Accumulation Dynamics in Soil

This paper addresses the effects that basic soil treatment techniques that place crop residues on the field surface in different ways have on the nitrate nitrogen content in the soil. The study was carried out in 2018–2019 in Saratov oblast in the framework of a stationary experiment conducted by the Agricultural Research Institute for the Southeastern Region in a sloping–hollow agrolandscape represented by a landscape strip on a south-facing slope with an inclination of 1°–3°. The nitrate nitrogen dynamics was monitored in the course of cultivation of soft spring wheat, variety Saratovskaya 70. The purpose of this study was to identify the accumulation dynamics patterns of nitrate nitrogen in soils treated by sweep cultivation that leaves crop residues on the soil surface and by a cultivation technique that places crop residues locally in coulisses divided by mineralized soil strips. It is established that surface placement of crop residues as a result of sweep loosening and their local placement in coulisses reduce the nitrate nitrogen content iRUBRICSn the arable layer. By contrast, the mineralized strips formed between the coulisses provide optimal conditions for nitrification processes.

Agrophysical properties of typical chernozem depending on its treatment and break crop

The purpose of the work is to study the variability of soil density and structure under the break crop influence and the method of basic soil treatment and to identify the most optimal combination thereof to improve the agrophysical properties of typical chernozem. The study was conducted in 2011–2014 in the south-western part of the Central Chernozem Reserve (CCR), Russia. It was found that the density of the 40 cm soil layer before green manure cropping only depends on the main soil treatment method, and before their embedding – both on the soil treatment and on the type of the break crop. The highest soil density was in the black fallow variant – 1.14 g/cm3. The break crop sequence was established, according to which the soil density decreases: annual melilot – mustard – peas – vetch and oats – buckwheat and phacelia. The correlation coefficient r = 0.52 (mean bond) confirms the dependence of soil density during the cover crop embedding on their root weight. A significant decrease in the structural factor during the transition from ploughing (5.2) to energy-saving treatment was found: surface tillage up to 4.6 and subsoil tillage up to 3.9. The improvement of soil structure takes place in the following sequence: annual melilot, vetch and oats, peas, buckwheat, phacelia, mustard. In the south-western part of the CCR, mustard, vetch and oats, buckwheat and phacelia are recommended as a fallow crop with the preferential use of ploughing as the main soil treatment.

Assessment of agricultural practices of winter wheat cultivation in the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region

The article considers the results of observation of the growth, development and formation of winter wheat grain yield depending on the methods of basic soil treatment, applied fertilizers and biofungicide Phytotrix. It was found out that the options with shallow and surface treatment were not inferior to the control in terms of yield (plowing by 20-22cm). Mineral fertilizers in a dose of N30P30K30 provided an increase in the productivity of winter wheat relative to the non-fertilized background by an average of 0.54 t / ha. Treatment of plants with phytotrix increased grain production on a non-fertilized background by 0.33 t / ha, on the background of N30P30K30 by 0.76 t / ha. The maximum yield of winter wheat-5.03 t / ha was achieved with the use of combing on the background of N30P30K30 + Phytotrix. The greatest responsiveness in collecting grain from fertilizers was observed in the variants of comb-back processing and surface disking, where the increase was 0.68-0.89 t / ha against the background of N30P30K30 application, and 1.05 t/ha against the background of N30P30K30 + Phytotrix relative to the natural background of the corresponding treatments.Apply mineral fertilizers in a dose of N30P30K30, with the application of biofungicide treatment on the vegetation of the crop, which will increase the yield by 0.76 t / ha, compared to the non-fertilized background.

Influence of basic soil treatment methods on productivity of various links of grain crop rotation

Crop rotation in agriculture plays an important role. It provides a certain opportunity to assess the state of agricultural production, to analyze the elements of agricultural technologies used in specific natural and climatic conditions, to identify drawbacks, if any, and reasonably direct them towards optimization. The article discusses topical issues of increasing the productivity of field crops in the links of crop rotation against the background of their placement in various ways of the main processing of merged leached chernozems. During 2016–2019 agricultural years studies were carried out to establish the optimal method of soil cultivation and determine the proportion of the influence of predecessors on the productivity of the main crop of the foothill zone of Adygea – winter wheat, in various links of the crop rotation. According to the results of the research, different efficiency of the considered links of graintilled crop rotation was established. So, higher indicators of crop rotation yield and the total yield of fodder units would be achieved against the background of plowing to a depth of 22–24 cm. If we judge the productivity of a particular link in the crop rotation by the yield of winter wheat, it should be noted that in the link «soya-winter wheat», it was maximum and amounted to 4,90–5,86 t/ha, and the average productivity of the unit was 4,80 t/ha of feed units.

Influence of main processing methods on the water-physical properties of the soil and soybean yield in Western Siberia

The results of research on the influence of basic tillage methods on agrophysical indicators in soybean cultivation are presented. Over the years of research (2017-2019), the soil density (0-30 cm) during soybean cultivation according to the studied methods of basic tillage was optimal for plant growth and development and was within the range of 1.00-1.27 g/cm3 before sowing; 1.05-1.19 g/cm3 during the branching phase; 1.10-1.36 g/cm3 before harvesting. The reserves of available moisture before sowing in the twenty-centimeter layer of soil were characterized by satisfactory and good security (30.4-43.0 mm), the meter layer-good and very good security (150.8-172.3 mm) on variants with soil treatment and satisfactory at zero treatment-125.1 mm. In the phase of soybean branching, the available moisture reserves at a depth of 0-20 cm were characterized by satisfactory water availability (31.0-35.6 mm) and good (159.6-160.6 mm) in the meter layer of soil. Before cleaning, the available moisture reserves were characterized by satisfactory security. The highest yield was obtained by a differentiated method of tillage (20-22 cm) with an excess of control (dump method, 20-22 cm) by 0.06 t/ha. A decrease in the depth of processing (12-14cm) led to a decrease in the yield of soybean grain by 0.07-0.11 t/ha for the studied methods of basic soil treatment.

Динамика влажности и влагозапасов почвы при выращивании зернового сорго в условиях Калмыкии

In the semi-desert zone of Kalmykia in 2016–2018 field experiments were conducted on growing in the unirrigated conditions of a promising grain-foraging culture – grain sorghum in three ways of basic soil treatment (drying plowing, flat-cut processing, disking). Analysis of the results of field observations of humidity and reserves of productive moisture in the soil at the depth of the root layer during vegetation allowed to justify the choice of varieties of grain sorghum and to identify the advantages of flat-cut soil treatment in saving moisture and its rational use by plants in the unirrigated conditions.

Peculiarities of forming the weed component of agrophytocenosis of corn hybrids depending on the methods of basic soil treatment in the temperate moisture area

The article presents data on the formation of the species composition of the weed component of the agrophytocenosis of corn hybrids and the effect on it of the methods of the main soil ttrreatment-plowing, which was carried out by the Lemken EuroDiamant aggregate on 25 … 27 cm and DHM disking 5 × 4 on 10 … 12 cm. It was revealed that in crops of corn hybrids, weeds from the biological group of late spring prevailed, since they are similar in biology to the biology of the development of culture, perennial weeds, which are the most harmful, occupied 34.45%, which determined the system control measures including the use of herbicides and the inter-row cultivation, contributing to the destruction of weeds to phytocenotic damage threshold and identification of their significant decrease during the plowing basic treatment. The role of the hybrid in reducing weediness has not been identified, which is reliably proved by mathematical processing. However, taking into account the yield potential, it was determined that the cultivation of foreign selection hybrids contributes to a significantly high yield - AS- 201 (7.5 t / ha) and Monsanto DKS 3939 (6.96 t / ha) compared with the hybrid Mashuk 171 (4.9 t / ha) when using plowing as the main method of treatment.

Agriculture biologization levels in cultivation of spring barley in forest steppe of middle Volga

The paper considers different levels of biologization in agriculture as provided by crop rotation with different fallow types with placement of fertilizers at a level of 40 t/ha, basic soil treatment, leaving straw in the field for all crops of five-field crop rotation and application of mineral fertilizers. High barley yields were obtained through the years of the study. Correlation analysis revealed a direct dependence between total biogenesity of soil and grain yield, which is fully actualized depending on meteorological conditions, varietydependent peculiarities of Povolzhsky 85 barley and agricultural processes applied aimed at increasing biologization of agriculture and protecting soil fertility.

Mobile Phosphorus a nd Exchange Potassium o f Typical Black Soil i n Long Term u se o f Arable Land

The influence of crop rotations, soil treatment methods and fertilizers on the content and balance of mobile phosphorus and exchange potassium in black soil was tested. Over the 25-year period of typical black soil use the content of mobile phosphorus increased not only under the influence of fertilizers, but also without them. The greatest impact was made by fertilizers, less significantly by crop rotations and methods of basic soil treatment. An increase in the content of mobile phosphates is observed among the tested crop rotations in grain fallow row, and from the methods of soil treatment – for small-scale processing. For five rotations of crop rotations without fertilizers, there were no significant changes in the content of exchange potassium; it remained at the level of increased security. Mineral fertilizers in double doses against the background of manure increased the content of exchangeable potassium to a high level of security. The saturation of crop rotations with row crops, as well as the use of plowing increases the content of exchangeable potassium, but to a lesser extent than fertilizers. The intensity balance of phosphorus is changed by the rotation of the crop rotation unevenly, which is associated with the magnitude of crop yield and, consequently, the removal of this element. At the same time, the general pattern of correspondence between the increase in the intensity of the balance with the increase in fertilizer application remains. Positive balance of potassium is provided only at double doses of mineral fertilizers. Manure creates a balance intensity of only 39%, which is 2.6 times less than fertilizers. Application of N42-62P62K62 against the background of 16 t/ha of manure leads to an increase in the balance intensity of more than 80%.

ASSESSMENT OF GRAY FOREST SOIL ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY IN AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS

On the grey forest medium-loamy soil of Vladimir Opolye region we have studied the impact of various methods of basic cultivation and fertilizer systems on the activity of redox and hydrolytic enzymes: ure-ase (nitrogen cycle), invertase (carbon cycle), phosphatase (phosphorus cycle), and catalase, involved in the cycle of carbon in the soil. The second humus horizon with capacity of 19-24cm was found at the depth of 20 - 21 cm on the experimental field. We have studied three modes of basic soil cultivation: an-nual shallow flat plowing (6-8 cm), annual deep flat plowing (20-22 cm), and annual moldboard plowing (20-22 cm) with normal and intensive application of fertilizers. The most enzymatically active layer is 0-20 cm. No relevant difference has been found in the level of enzymes activity between variants of basic soil treatment. Activity of enzymes increases with application of fertilizers on the intensive background. In agrogenic soils, soil enzymatic activity is lower on average by 16-22% compared to the soil of the res-ervoir. The biggest negative transformation of activity has been observed at the urease enzyme (up to 50%). With annual moldboard plowing on the intensive backgroung, enzyme activity has been close to the natural level – 98.4%. Catalise and invertase activity in this case were found to be higher (105 and 116% respectively) than that of natural analogues. Activity of enzymes increases with intensive application of fertilizers as compared with normal background. This is particularly evident with 6-8cm deep beardless plowing and 20-22cm deep moldboard plowing. In general, the obtained biochemical indicators charac-terize the highest environmental sustainability of this variation within our research.

ВЛИЯНИЕ РАСТИТЕЛЬНОЙ БИОМАССЫ РАСТЕНИЙ И ПРИЕМОВ ОСНОВНОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ ПОЧВЫ НА АГРОФИЗИЧЕСКИЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ ПОЧВЫ И ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ КУЛЬТУР В ЗВЕНЕ СЕВООБОРОТА

The saturation of the soil with organic residues, the introduction of straw from the precursor and the harvest siderate stimulated the biological activity of the soil, and the use of various types of basic soil treatment changed the agrophysical properties of the soil. The results of research have found that the introduction of greenhouse siderate and straw contributed to maintaining the optimal density of the soil in the crop rotation link, and the combined treatment provided better conditions than in plowing. On the same variants, a decrease in the soil hardness occurred, positively influenced the formation of structural aggregates. For combined tillage, the content of structural aggregates on the background of mineral fertilizer application in the 0-20 cm layer exceeded the options with plowing by 5.2%, with the use of crop green manure by 3.2% and with the use of straw by 2.5%. For the combined tillage after winter rye, the cultivation of arable land was 19.7 - 22.8%, after pea - 17.3-19.7%, after spring wheat - 20.9-23.7%. For plowing options, these figures were 21.0-24.4, 19.6-21.4 and 23.5-26.0%. The maximum grain yield of winter rye (4.37 tons per hectare), pea (2.42 tons per hectare) and spring wheat (3.37 tons per hectare) was obtained on the variants of combined tillage and food backgrounds with the introduction of crop siderate.