Basic Volleyball Skills Research Articles

Forecast the accuracy of spike and blocking skills in terms of some physical measurements and physical and motor abilities of volleyball players

Purpose. This study aims to find an equation for accurately predicting the skills of spike skill beating (straight and diagonal), and the blocking skills about specific physical measures physical and kinetic skills of volleyball players. The skill of spike and skill blocking is one of the basic skills in volleyball, whose performance requires high compatibility and balance between physical measurements and physical skills
 Material and Methodology. Moreover, monitoring shows that no statistical equation predicts the punch and squeezes talents that hinder the volleyball sector for the age group (14-16). In the youth volleyballers centers in Erbil, the number of players was (75) out of (106) participants (76% of the total population). 25 Players were excluded because they did not complete the test requirements.
 Results. The manuscript reached the following results: It was possible to identify the values ​​of some physical measurements and physical and motor abilities affecting the level of accuracy test performance of the skill of spike (straight and diagonal).
 And through the logical analysis of the regression of anthropometric indicators and physical and motor abilities
 The regression equation for the first indicator was: Ŷ = a + b x
 The second indicator is: Ŷ = a + b1 x1 + b2 x2
 As for that, the compatibility index is the most contributing variable to the accuracy of the performance of the blocking skill, as its contribution rate was for the first indicator: Ŷ = a + b x
 And the second indicator: Ŷ = a + b1 x1 + b2 x2
 Conclusions: were a statistically significant correlation between some physical measurements, physical and motor abilities, and the accuracy of the spike skill and the blocking skill (Straight and diagonal) of the research sample. Regression equations were obtained to predict the accuracy of the hit performance (Straight and diagonal) in terms of physical measurements, physical abilities, and kinetics.

The Effect of Using VR Box in Learning Effective Shadow Boxing

The main purpose of the current study was to prepare exercises for the use of virtual reality, called (3D recording with 360 degrees) as well as to identify the effect of using virtual reality on learning effective shadow boxing. The researcher used the experimental method for its suitability for the nature of the study. (20) Undergraduate male students were chosen from the second year of college of physical education and sports science, students at Salahaddin University –Erbil. (n=20, age 19 ± 1.45). The sample was selected using a simple random selection approach, which resulted in ten (10) students from class (D) being assigned to an experimental group that wore virtual reality spectacles. As a control group, there were ten students in class (A). The educational program for the experimental group who wore the (VR) goggles had two instructional units and the same for the control group but with no (VR Box) each week for both groups (experimental and control) for a total of four weeks. The results showed the effectiveness of virtual reality in learning effective shadow boxing; which presence of statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups in the post-test and in favor of the experimental group. Reference: Al Gburi ,I., Ibrahim .(2017) ‘the impact of virtual reality technology on improving cognitive achievement and learning some basic gymnastics skills for students’ unpublished master thesis. University of Karbala. Bao,T., Carender, WJ,. Kinnaird ,C., Barone, VJ., Peethambaran, G., Whitney, SL., Kabeto, M. ,Seidler RD., Sienko, KH.(2018) ‘ Effects of long-term balance training with vibrotactile sensory augmentation among community-dwelling healthy older adults: a randomized preliminary study’. J NeuroEng Rehab,15(1):5. Barry, G., van Schaik, P., MacSween, A.(2016)‘ Exergaming (XBOX Kinect™) versus traditional gym-based exercise for postural control, flow and technology acceptance in healthy adults: a randomised controlled trial’. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabilitation , 8, 25 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-016-0050-0 Bliss, JP., Tidwell, PD., Guest, MA. (1997) ‘The effectiveness of virtual reality for administering spatial navigation training to firefighters’. Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments. 6(1), pp.73–86. Düking, P., Holmberg ,H-C. and Sperlich, B. (2018) ‘ The Potential Usefulness of Virtual Reality Systems for Athletes: A Short SWOT Analysis’. Physiol. 9:128. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00128. Eaves, D. L., Breslin, G., & Van Schaik, P. (2011) ‘The short-term effects of real-time virtual reality feedback on motor learning in dance’. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 20(1), 62-77. Mohamed, A.,Shawky. A., Muhammad, Abdul Hamid seed, M, Amir. (2019)’The effect of using virtual reality glasses on learning some basic skills in volleyball’, Journal of Physical Education and Sports Sciences.Vol 42,( Benha University - Faculty of Physical Education for Boys - Dec.2019 Part (9). McConville, KMV.,Virk, S.(2012)‘ Evaluation of an electronic video game for improvement of balance’. Virtual Reality. 16(4):315–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-012-0212-7. Miles, HC., Pop, SR., Watt, SJ., Lawrence, GP., John, NW. (2012) ‘A review of virtual environments for training in ball sports’. Computer Graph, 36, pp. 714–726. Riva, G., Wiederhold, BK., Mantovani, F. (2019) ‘ Neuroscience of virtual reality: from virtual exposure to embodied medicine’, Cyberpsychology, Behav Soc Netw, Jan 1; 22(1): 82–96. Published online 2019 Jan 14. doi: 1089/cyber.2017.29099.gri Sarteep, S., Salah. (2020) ‘The effectiveness of a designed device for measuring and improving choice reaction time among players of physical education and sport Science College’. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health 7(6): 257-260. Sarteep, S.,Salah.(2021) ‘The Study Of Mental Imagery Dimensions And Their Relationship To Perform DIVE On Floor Exercise In gymnastics’. Indian Journal Physical Education, Sports and Applied Science,Vol11, NO 1, Jan,pp.19-23. Seymour,. NE., Gallagher, AG., Roman, SA., O’brien, MK., Bansal, VK., Andersen, DK. (2002)‘Virtual reality training improves operating room performance: Results of a randomized, double-blinded study’. Annals of Surgery. 2002 Oct; 236(4):458-63; discussion 463-4. doi: 10.1097/00000658-200210000-00008. PMID: 12368674; PMCID: PMC1422600. Stefan ,C., Michalski,.ID., Ancret, S., Dimitrios, S. , Tyler, J., Ross , Mark, B., Tobias, L.( 2019),‘ Getting your game on: Using virtual reality to improve real table tennis skills’.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222351. Stevens, J. A. (2005) ‘Interference effects demonstrate distinct roles for visual and motor imagery during the mental representation of human action’. Cognition, 95(3), 329-350 White, A., and Hardy, L. (1995) ‘Use of different imagery perspectives on the learning and performance of different motor skills’, British Journal of Psychology, 86 (Pt. 2), 169-180.

MULTIMEDIA AS AN INCENTIVE FOR INTERNAL MOTIVATION AND USE OF COMPUTERS IN SPORTS

The purpose of this study was to present the appropriateness of digital educational material and to explore multimedia usability and the importance of using them in developing the motivation of participants in learning sports skills. The participants were 63 beginner female volleyball athletes, aged 10-12 years (MO = 10,94, TA = 1.1 and 1-2 years of practice experience (MO = 1,44, TA = 1,4). The intervention program had 10 weeks duration, with 3 practices per week. For the needs of this study, an internet site (www.minivolley.gr) was used which had been created for this purpose. The athletes entered the positioning in their free time. The location contained sketches, 3D animations, videos with practice exercises, and presentations for the teaching and learning of the three basic Volleyball skills and their regulations. At the tip of the intervention, the comfort of attending the electronic courses was evaluated. The appropriateness of digital educational material according to the perceived view of the learners was evaluated using a part of the questionnaire of (Sun et al., 2008) while the intrinsic motivation of athletes was used the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (Mc Auely et al., 1989). The results showed a statistically significant improvement in all of the variables of both questionnaires.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0954/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

SPECIAL DATA ACCORDING TO THE BRAIN-BASED LEARNING STRATEGY IN ‎LEARNING SOME BASIC VOLLEYBALL SKILLS FOR FEMALE STUDENTS

The use of modern teaching strategies aims to develop the practices of ‎female learners inside and outside the classroom, which contributes to ‎changing the role of the student from a negative role to a positive role in ‎general. Therefore, learning strategies have become involved in the ‎application of many educational and teaching programs and curricula, as ‎they greatly help in conveying information to the learner. With less ‎effort and time, except that the material to be learned is theoretical or ‎practical. In light of what the current era is witnessing of a huge ‎knowledge explosion and a wide technological revolution that covered ‎various areas of life, it has become necessary for researchers to be ‎interested in searching for ways to ensure the development of thinking ‎among learners, which is one of the foundations of correct learning, ‎some strategies, means and methods used in the learning process help. ‎To bring the learner to a stage where he can access knowledge on their ‎own by applying that knowledge and using it to overcome the problems ‎they face in their daily lives. He has to use different and multiple ‎methods and methods, and this requires him to be familiar with how ‎learning takes place, and how the teaching methods and means used ‎affect the speed of achieving the goal of the learning process and the ‎success of applying the educational curriculum and achieving its goals‏.‏ One of the features of the modern era is technological progress in ‎various fields and situations of life, as rapid change has become a feature ‎of the era in which we live. There is no doubt that its use affects all ‎aspects of life, including education and teaching, and with this clear ‎progress in the level of mastery of learning skills in sports events around ‎the world, it has become necessary to use learning strategies in ‎programs and curricula for teaching and teaching physical education and ‎learning basic skills for all games and events Sports, including volleyball‏.‏ The researchers found the lack of use of modern strategies in the ‎educational process, and despite their active role in learning basic skills ‎using modern methods, it requires the presence of exercises that ‎contribute to learning basic skills in volleyball, whose weakness emerged ‎from the research sample, which casts a clear shadow on the ‎performance and levels of learners. The aim of the research is to prepare ‎special exercises According to the brain-based learning strategy in ‎learning some basic volleyball skills for students of the second average, ‎and to identify the effect of special exercises according to the brain-‎based learning strategy in learning some basic volleyball skills for ‎students of the second average, and to identify the preference of the ‎experimental and control groups in learning some basic volleyball skills ‎for female students. The second is average. The researchers used the ‎experimental approach for the experimental and control groups, and the ‎research sample was represented by (30) students, then the sample was ‎divided into an experimental group of (15) female students and a control ‎group of (15) female students.

The Effect of Using the Fixed and Variable Exercise Scheduling on Developing Some Basic Volleyball Skills

The research aims to: 1. Investigating the effect of using the fixed and variable training methods in developing some basic volleyball skills. 2. Comparing the effect of using the fixed and variable training methods in developing some basic volleyball skills in the post test. The researcher used the experimental approach to its suitability and the nature of the research, the research sample consisted of (16) students, after students and they were expelled from the performance of the tests, thus, the sample was divided into two experimental groups equal in number and by (8) students for each group. Homogeneity and parity were also performed in growth variables, some physical and motor variables, and some basic volleyball skills. The educational programs included (20) educational units distributed among the two research groups and by (10) educational units for each group, and the implementation of each educational program took five weeks, during which educational units were distributed at the rate of (2) educational units per week for each group, and the educational unit time was and for both methods (90) minutes. The data was statistically processed using the statistical program (SPSS). The researcher concluded the following: 1. The variable exercise method used by the first experimental group had a positive effect in developing all the basic skills of volleyball (under discussion). 2. The static training method used by the second experimental group had a positive effect in developing the basic skills of volleyball (sending, receiving, blocking wall) and did not develop the skills (passing and crushing). 3. The variable exercise method used by the first experimental group outperformed the static exercise method that the second experimental group used to develop all basic volleyball skills (under consideration).

The Effectiveness of Small Side Games (SSG) in Forearm Pass Volleyball Use Application in Mobile Phone

The learning model used is based on the material provided and adapted to the situation and conditions in the field. There needs to be a game modification so that students can actively participate in learning volleyball games. The purpose of this study was to see the effectiveness of the small side games learning model on the mobile phone application to increase student participation in physical education. The research method used was an experiment with a control group. Participants involved in the study were 84, subjects in the experimental group are 42 (26 male and 16 female), subjects in the control group are 42 (17 male and 28 female). Instrument in this study include: observation, questionnaire, and forearm pass test. Data analysis used in this study using Excel 2019 by testing the difference in mean (t-test). Number of active students during physical education learning in the control group is 28 students and inactive 14 students. The number of active students during physical education learning in the experimental group was 37 students and 5 students inactive. The results of the effectiveness test show that the learning model of small side games is better for improving volleyball forearm pass skills with the results obtained for t0 7.884 and t_table 1.292 db 82 and α = 0.05. Although this study only focuses on learning basic skills forearm pass volleyball in high schools and there is no control during the effectiveness test, it can be concluded that this application in mobile learning based small side game forearm pass volleyball can be used to increase participation and basic skills of volleyball. Besides, it's easier for teachers or students to receive material either face-to-face or long distance. This study highlights the benefits of SSG because the mobile learning application contributes to the teacher in making lesson plans and as pupils study guide application for implementing small side games in physical education.

The impact of teaching competencies proactive approach on the level of learning motor performance in the longjump and some basic skills in volleyball

Background: Among the physical education and sports goals in the secondary phase of the development of physical and motor side with the student, and this is because they contain a variety of them sporting activities long jump and volleyball, where the curriculum seeks through these activities to achieve dynamic sensory goals that focus on the physical and skill aspects depending on the nature all sporting activity. It is understood that the teaching of physical education and sports are currently in accordance with the approach competencies system since 2003 on the grounds that it is compatible with the efforts of the school at the moment working on a comprehensive student-prepared to cope with the burdens of professional life in the future.On the basis of the total points of the most important teaching competencies proactive approach it has been limited to the field of study in trying to figure out the impact of teaching competencies proactive approach to learning motor performance in the long jump and some skills in volleyball.We have pursued in this study as a survey descriptive approach patterns, where research sample included 52 students of the third year students of secondary camp, where divided equally male and female, after statistical processing and analysis was reached following application of the approach system competencies and extending its compatibility with a private game of volleyball and the effectiveness of the long jump curriculum, and how to achieve educational goals associated side sensory motor, and how assessment, where we came to identify card Note to assess motor performance in the long jump in addition to determining the basic skills in volleyball. ● system approach to teaching competencies contribute positively in learning some motor skills in volleyball. ● system approach to teaching competencies in learning positively affect motor performance term except to approach the stage to jump

Effect of quality of opposition on game performance indicators in elite male volleyball

Performance in a volleyball match is the result of a dynamic and interactive process between two teams. The current study aimed to investigate the influence of the quality of opposition on skill performance indicators. A total of 550 teams’ performances (N = 550) from 275 sets of men’s European Championship 2019 was recorded and the effectiveness of 12 parameters from 5 basic volleyball skills was analyzed. A two-step cluster analysis was performed to divide 24 teams into three quality groups (upper, middle, lower) and 6 types of match status were created according to the quality of the opponents. Binomial logistic regression showed that for each type of match, the key performance factors that discriminate win and loss are differentiated, while the efficacy of attack win is associated with the success almost with all contexts studied. Other significant parameters were serve aces for matches between upper-quality teams, opponent’s errors for matches between teams of different quality and avoidance of blocked attacks for balanced matches. The findings emphasize the need for coaches to plan strategies that allow players with special serving abilities to risk for an ace, to enhance the side-out skills of their team and to work detailed on attack coverage systems.

The effect of interfering waves strategy in developing some basic volleyball skills for intermediate first graders

The research objectives to reveal the effect of using the interfering waves strategy in learning some basic skills in the game of volleyball (serve from the bottom facing, receiving the serve from the bottom, and preparing from the top) for the first intermediate students, the researchers used the experimental method, and the research sample consisted of (32 A student with (16) students in each group, and by lottery two groups were named to represent one of them the experimental group and the other the control group, and parity was achieved between the two groups in the variables (age, weight, and height) in addition to achieving parity between them in basic skills (under study), And the overlapping waves strategy was used with the experimental group players, but with the control group, the method was used by the trainer, and the implementation of the experiment took nine weeks with two educational units per week for each group of 18 educational units, and the time for one educational unit was (45) minutes, and the experiment started on 10/2/2018 until 1/15/2019 The researchers used the following statistical methods: the mean, standard deviation, simple correlation coefficient (Pearson), (t) test for two related means and two equal samples, and (t) test for two unrelated means and two equal samples. And after analyzing the data statistically, the researchers reached conclusions, the most important of which are:The use of the overlapping waves strategy had a clear role in learning some basic skills (under study) for the experimental group players.Take advantage of the overlapping waves strategy in physical education lessons for all school levels.

The effect of an educational program based on the theory of brain-based learning on the development of emotional intelligence and some basic skills in volleyball

The research aims to design an educational program using the theory of brain-based learning and to know its effect on the development of emotional intelligence and the level of skill performance of some basic skills in volleyball, The researcher used the experimental method due to its suitability to the nature of this study, and he used one of the experimental designs, which is the experimental design for three groups (two experimental groups and a control group), using pre and post measurement, The basic sample was chosen by the intentional method on the beginners of the Ahli Quesna club, and their number was (40) beginners, the researcher reached the following conclusions: The use of brain-based learning theory has a positive effect on improving the skill level of the skills under discussion, There were no statistically significant differences between the averages of the post measurements between the two experimental research groups in the skill variables under discussion, Based on the results of the research that there is a strong correlation between learning type (auditory - visual) and the follow-up of beginners and the level of skill performance, The more communication and following the appropriate pattern for beginners, the greater the improvement in the level of skill performance.

The Effect of Interfering Waves Strategy in Developing Some Basic Volleyball Skills for Intermediate First Graders

The research objectives to reveal the effect of using the interfering waves strategy in learning some basicskills in the game of volleyball (serve from the bottom facing, receiving the serve from the bottom, andpreparing from the top) for the first intermediate students, the researchers used the experimental method,and the research sample consisted of (32 A student with (16) students in each group, and by lottery twogroups were named to represent one of them the experimental group and the other the control group,and parity was achieved between the two groups in the variables (age, weight, and height) in addition toachieving parity between them in basic skills (under study), And the overlapping waves strategy was usedwith the experimental group players, but with the control group, the method was used by the trainer, and theimplementation of the experiment took nine weeks with two educational units per week for each group of18 educational units, and the time for one educational unit was (45) minutes, and the experiment started on10/2/2018 until 1/15/2019.The researchers used the following statistical method: the mean, standard deviation, simple correlationcoefficient (Pearson), (t) test for two related means and two equal samples, and (t) test for two unrelatedmeans and two equal samples. And after analyzing the data statistically, the researchers reached conclusions,the most important of which are:1. The use of the overlapping waves strategy had a clear role in learning some basic skills (under study)for the experimental group players.2. Take advantage of the overlapping waves strategy in physical education lessons for all school levels.

Using 360˚ Videos for Teaching Volleyball Skills to Primary School Students

The study presents the results from a pilot project in which 360˚ videos were utilized for teaching students basic volleyball skills. The target group was thirty-six, eleven-to-twelve years-old primary school students, divided into two groups: the first was taught conventionally and the second using apps in which 360˚ videos were embedded. The project lasted for six two-teaching-hour sessions (three for each method), and data were collected using observation sheets and a questionnaire for recording students’ views regarding their experience. The data analysis confirmed that, compared with conventional teaching, 360˚ videos allowed students to perform better the skills that were examined. The participating students also thought that by viewing 360˚ videos they were more motivated to learn and that their experience was an enjoyable one. On the other hand, students did not consider the 360˚ videos as being useful in their learning. Given the lack of research in this field, the findings provide an initial indication of 360˚ videos’ potential in Physical Education. Then again, the results also point to the need of finding more innovative methods for integrating 360˚ videos in everyday teaching.

The Effect of (Think - Pair – Share) Strategy on Performing Some Volleyball Fundamental Skills in Second Grade Secondary School Students

The research aimed at designing exercises according to think – pair and share strategy in fundamental skills in volleyball as well as identifying the effect of this strategy on some fundamental volleyball skills performance in second-grade secondary school students. The researchers used the experimental method on second-grade secondary school students to conclude significant differences between pre and posttests in the subjects of the research as well as significant differences in posttests in favor of the experimental group. Finally, they recommended using think – pair and share strategy for developing the performance of some basic skills in volleyball.

The Effect of using ( Games Approach ) on learning some basic Skills of Volleyball

In the way ( method ) of games , female players are prepared to play more in other games during training, and once they learn how to fit these skills and adapt them to various playing situations in other games and enjoy playing, their motivation and enthusiasm in learning and developing skills in the actual game will increase, which helps them to success in it. the research aims to reveal the differences between the pre and post-tests and the two experimental and control groups, as well as in the post-test between the two research groups in learning some basic skills with volatile volatility. The researcher used the experimental method in the research, and the research community was chosen from the junior female players in Qaraqosh Sports Club of voleyball and the number of the players was 30 player. the research sample consisted of (24) female player, divided into two experimental and control groups, and by (12) femal players for each group. and the use of appropriate statistical means through which the researcher concluded that the games method had an effective role and a positive effect in learning some basic skill in the volley ball, as well as the superiority of the experimental group female players over the group's controlling female players in learing all the basic skills that they dealt with in their studies. as for the most important recommendations, it was a possibility using the games method in the process of education and training.

Emotional intelligence and its relationship to the level of performance of some basic volleyball skills among Qaraqosh sports club female players

The aim of the research was to identify the relationship between emotional intelligence and its relationship to the level of performance of some basic volleyball skills among Qaraqosh Sports Club female players. Both researchers used the descriptive approach to its suitability to the nature of the problem, and the sample consisted of (14) female players from Qaraqosh Sports Club in volleyball, who were deliberately selected from the research community consisting of (20) players. The researchers used emotional intelligence and skill tests to collect data. The SPSS system was used to statistically process the data. The most important findings of the researchers were: The sample possesses an average level of emotional intelligence, as well as a significant relationship between emotional intelligence and passing skill, and non-emotional between emotional intelligence and the skills of sending and crushing the volleyball of the sample. . In light of the findings, the researchers recommended that paying attention to the psychological preparation of the team and include it in the training curriculum, because of its positive impact on other training elements.Furthermore,attention and focus on some training and educational programs through which players can develop emotional intelligence.

The impact of a proposed educational program based on balance and motor compatibility in accurate performance of some basic skills of volleyball

The impact of a proposed educational program based on balance and motor compatibility in accurate performance of some basic skills of volleyball

Analysis of the small-sided games in volleyball: an ecological approach

Abstract The aim of the present study was to compare the tactical and technical behavior of beginner players in volleyball side-out between four distinct situations of reduced games with different area/player ratios: 4.5 m2 (3.0 m x 3.0 m), 8.0 m2 (4.0 m x 4.0 m), 10.58 m2 (4.6 m x 4.6 m), and 13.52 m2 (5.2 m x 5.2 m). We analyzed 76 games played by 16 players with a mean age of 12.2 ± 0.5 years and experience of 1.2 ± 0.8 years of practice. Tactical and technical behavior was analyzed using an adaptation of the Game Performance Analysis Instrument (GPAI). The analysis was conducted for passing, setting and attacking according to the components related to technical adjustment, technical efficiency and decision-making. The results showed that players presented higher technical and tactical indexes in the passing and setting skills in 4.6 m x 4.6 m and 5.2 m x 5.2 m situations. Also, in the 3.0 m x 3.0 m situation higher technical indexes were found for the attacking. No differences were found in the tactical behavior of attacking for tested situations. We conclude that the environmental constraints imposed by the small-sided games imply distinct technical and technical behaviors. Thus, the pedagogical strategy of using small-sided games for the teaching of volleyball for beginner players must be associated with the intended objectives for each basic volleyball skills.

Analysis of Self and Peer Evaluation in Basic Volleyball Skills of Physical Education Teacher Candidates

It might be of vital importance that teachers, who are the backbones of education system, should obtain their skills related to educating students who are in harmony with modern life in their process as teacher candidates. Physical education teachers should obtain features of quality teaching and using alternative methods of measurement during their bachelor’s degree education. Thus, the aim of this study is to analyze efficiency of teacher candidates in movement analysis, self-evaluation and peer evaluation for four basic volleyball skills (forearm pass, setting, underhand serve and overhand serve). In the process of obtaining data, four observation forms were used. In the evaluation of forearm passing and overhand serve, observation forms developed by Ghorbanzadeh Koshki (2013) were used as evaluation tools. For overhand pass and underhand serve, observation forms developed by the researcher and experts were used. Also, information related to genders and ages of the teacher candidates was recorded. In the analysis of the data, t test, Pearson correlation and partial correlation tests were used. In the reliability analyses, interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach Alpha analyses were used. As a result, the teacher candidates’ scores for self-evaluation of their skills and their peers’ scores were found to be correlated. No significant difference was found between the two evaluations. The findings were discussed in the frame of the importance for physical education teacher candidates to learn to analyze moves and to use alternative measurement techniques.

The Effect of Circuit Training Methods, Circuit Series and Learning Motivation on Students’ Volleyball Basic Skill

This research was conducted to reveal the influence of circuit training methods, circuit series and learning motivation on basic volleyball technical skills of students of Bung Hatta University Health and Recreation Health and Education Study Program, Bung Hatta University. The purpose of this study is to analyze the differences of the influence of circuit training methods and circuit series and to see students' learning motivation towards their basic skills of volleyball. This research was conducted at Bung Hatta University volleyball court. This study was a quasi experiment with quantitative approach. The technique of data analysis was t-test. Based on the results of data analysis, it was found that: 1) there was a significant effect between the method of circuit training on volleyball basic technical skills with tcount = 16.90 and ttable = 2.20; 1) there was a significant influence between the circuit series method on the basic skills of volleyball with tcount = 9.62 and ttable = 2.20; 3) student learning motivation variables obtained the achievement level of 76.52%. This means that students have good learning motivation in following basic volleyball skills training, which is in the good category.

Comparison of the Command and Inclusion Styles of Physical Education Lessons to Teach Volleyball in Middle School

This experimental study compared the impact of the command style and inclusion style of physical education lessons on teaching basic volleyball skills to 6th graders during the 2014–2015 academic year. The 100 students in the research group were divided into three groups: control (n = 32), command style (n = 34), and inclusion style (n = 34). A Physical Education and Sport Attitude Scale (PESAS) developed by Demirhan and Altay (2001) and a Volleyball Psychomotor Skills Test (VPST) developed by the researcher were administered to all students in the research group as pretests and posttests. After the pretest scores were recorded, all students participated in volleyball lessons for 2 hr/week over 8 weeks; curriculum units included finger passing, forearm passing, and underhand service. According to the findings, when the PESAS posttest scores were compared, the inclusion style group’s skills improvement was greater than that of the command style group and the control group (p > 0.05). When the VPST posttests were analyzed, the inclusion style group’s finger passing, forearm passing, and underhand service skills scores were statistically higher than those of the command style group and the control group (p < 0.05). In summary, students’ basic volleyball skills and physical education attitude improved more through the inclusion style than through the command style or the traditional teaching methods of the control group. Subscribe to TPE