Basic Qualities Research Articles

МЕТОДИКИ И ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ПОДГОТОВКИ СПОРТСМЕНОВ В КОНТЕКСТЕ НАУЧНО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО ПРОГРЕССА

Preparing athletes for competitions and developing their skills is a complex and non-standard process of activity, which allows you to form the basic physical and psychological parameters for the success of performances. In the course of training, young people develop basic personal qualities, without which it is difficult to achieve any sports results. In the training process, many different factors can be identified that affect the success of an athlete, which determines the priority of selecting an effective method of their physical, technical and psychological training. The article proves that the individual approach of trainers to the choice of training parameters is considered the most effective. Previously, athletes and their coaches could only evaluate the effectiveness of their preparatory process based on experience and practical results, but with the introduction of technology, the analytical work of coaches has become easier. For this purpose, information technologies based on hardware and software systems are used, which have a large number of advantages. The released time from analytical work can be used to improve the issues of technical training of athletes and their psychological stability. The article shows that the coaching work on the preparation of athletes includes components of the educational process, where the basic principles of pedagogy are preserved. Training athletes with the development of information technologies and systems becoming more complex, covering not only the development of physical abilities of man, but also to focus on the formation of his full and psychologically stable personality.

Traditional Japanese confection overseas: Cultural difference and retronasal aroma affect flavor preference and umami perception

Food cultures differ among countries and regions. Yokan, a traditional Japanese confection, is culturally familiar to Japanese people but unfamiliar to Westerners. We investigated the effect of cultural differences and retronasal aroma on flavor preference for and taste perception of yokan among Japanese and German participants. As a control food, we also used the marshmallow, which is culturally familiar to both Japanese and German participants. Participants evaluated their preference for flavor as well as the intensity of the five basic taste qualities and retronasal aroma under the nostril-open and nostril-closed conditions. The retronasal aroma of a culturally familiar food significantly increased preference for flavor, whereas the retronasal aroma of a culturally unfamiliar food did not affect preference for flavor. Moreover, for all taste qualities, retronasal aroma induced a similar magnitude of taste enhancement between culturally familiar and unfamiliar foods, suggesting that cultural familiarity with a food does not affect taste perception. However, the retronasal aroma induced significantly greater umami enhancement in Japanese participants than in German participants, suggesting an effect of cultural familiarity with specific taste qualities on taste perception. These findings indicate that cultural differences and retronasal aroma affect flavor preference for and umami perception of food.

Фізична терапія та ерготерапія для осіб похилого віку із хворобою Альцгеймера

Деменція розглядається як стійке порушення когнітивних функцій людини, що виникає внаслідок захворювань або травм головного мозку. Хвороба Альцгеймера є первинною дегенеративною деменцією, яка супроводжується постійним прогресуванням певних порушень і призводить до тотального недоумства. Серед основних клінічних проявів захворювання є: прогресуючі порушення вищих психічних функцій, а саме пам’яті, уваги і мислення, погіршення в некогнітивній сфері і поведінкової діяльності, які дезадаптують людину в соціальному, професійному та побутовому середовищі. Мета. Теоретично обґрунтувати та розробити комплексну програму фізичної терапії та ерготерапії для осіб похилого віку з хворобою Альцгеймера. Методи. Теоретичний аналіз і узагальнення матеріалів науково-методичної літератури; контент-аналіз медичної документації (результатів об’єктивних досліджень, протоколів обстежень, листів спостереження, результатів лабораторних аналізів); педагогічні (спостереження).Результати. У представленій роботі узагальнені дані щодо основних та супутніх порушень у стані здоров’я пацієнтів із хворобою Альцгеймера. Визначено роль, мету та завдання фізичної терапії та ерготерапії у процесі реабілітаційного втручання. Розкрито структуру програми реабілітації та її змістово-процесуальне наповнення. Висновки. З урахуванням основних та супутніх порушень у пацієнтів із хворобою Альцгеймера, у процесі дослідження нами було розроблено комплексну програму фізичної терапії та ерготерапії, яка включала: ранкову гігієнічну гімнастику, лікувальну гімнастику, працетерапію, лікувальну дозовану ходьбу. Метою реабілітаційного втручання було: поліпшення фізичного здоров’я та якості життя осіб похилого віку з хворобою Альцгеймера. Досягнення поставленої мети конкретизується у поставленихзавданнях, серед яких: підвищення психоемоційного стану або зниження рівня перезбудження; підвищення рівня добової рухової активності; розвиток основних фізичних якостей: загальної витривалості, м’язової сили, координаційних здібностей (орієнтація у просторі, рівновага) та збільшення амплітуди рухів у суглобах; уповільнення прогресування когнітивних порушень. Дослідження проводилося упродовж 2018–2019 рр. на базі Комунальної установи Сумської обл. ради «Лебединський психоневрологічний інтернат», у якому взяли участь 14 осіб, серед них 9 жінок та 6 чоловіків віком від 65–66 років із хворобою Альцгеймера. Впровадження розробленої нами програми відбувалося упродовж п’яти місяців із дотриманні загальнодидактичних (активності, поступовості, доступності, наочності та ін.) і специфічних принципів, та відповідно до функціональних можливостей пацієнтів (щадному та щадно-тренувальномурухових режимах).

Development of Physical Qualities in Children 6-7 Summer Age with Primary Use of Means of Gymnastics

the work Purpose is working out and realisation of a technique of carrying out of lessons of physical training in the first classes with primary use of means of gymnastics. During work carrying out studying and the analysis of the scientifically-methodical literature was spent, methods of pedagogical supervision, pedagogical testing of physical readiness, heart rate monitoring, and also methods of mathematical statistics were used. The offered technique represents introduction of the developed complexes of exercises during the lessons of physical training directed on development of the basic physical qualities and increase of health of pupils of the first classes, and also for entering of emotional colouring and interest. Use of an offered technique of training to exercises with primary use of means of gymnastics has allowed to raise a number of indicators of impellent abilities statistically essentially.

What Is A Good Teacher For High School Students? --A survey of high schools in Yangtze River Delta

Through the methods of literature review, questionnaire survey and mathematical statistics, this paper makes a survey and research on senior high school students in the Yangtze River Delta region, and gets the following conclusions: (1) students generally pay more attention to teachers' teaching methods and basic qualities (such as professional knowledge, ability of communicating with others, etc.) than their appearance; (2) boys’ and girls' evaluation of good teachers has significant differences in personal image indicators; (3) The significant differences are mainly focused on the following indicators: images, hobbies, language expressions and teaching styles.

Study on influence factors for the sustainability of individual safety behavior capability of employees in enterprises based on dematel-ism method

In order to get an accurate understanding of the sustainability of employees’ safety behavior capability, based on the safety behavior influencing factors, 15 influencing factors were identified from the five aspects of safety environment, individual's basic qualities, individual safety quality, individual's behavioral abilities and individual's awareness. Using the decision making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) and interpretive structural model (ISM), while studying the relationship between the influencing factors, the paper also analyzes the impact of each index on the sustainability of the individual's safety behavior, finding out the key influencing factors and analyzing the comprehensive influence relations among the factors and constructing a multi-level hierarchical structure model, and finally finding a new way and method to improve the sustainability of the employees’ individual safety behaviors.

Improving the quality of teachers’ professional communication in distance learning at higher education institutions, using information and communication technologies

The topicality of the research topic is predefined by an urgent requirement put into place by thecoronavirus pandemic and the need for quarantine measures. The effect of the virus has been seen in thetransition of the existing in-class educational process into online studies. This major shift in education has stimulated the improvement of the system of online studies and communication by means of computertechnology. The aim of this work is to expose problems in educational communication under the conditionsof distance learning, to substantiate the choice and the use of information and communication technologies(ICT) in the solution of educational problems. To select a specific topic for research it is necessary tounderstand the features of professional communication in distance learning, to ground the problems ofeducational communication, to offer the ways of communication and decision-making, and to offer meanssuitable to solve problems in educational communication.While conducting the research, such methods as pedagogical supervision and questioning(questionnaires) were used. Features of teacher-student communication in distance learning, which had thestrongest impact on the character of distance learning, were identified. Also, the advantages and limitations ofwork in such a mode were examined from the point of view of its participants. An empirical study wasundertaken in the form of an electronic questionnaire administered to educators and students of highereducation establishments of different types. Based on the results of the empirical research, the main advantagesand problems of distance learning were distinguished, as were factors that promote or reduce the perception ofquality and mastering of educational materials from the viewpoint of research and teaching staff and students.According to the results of the poll, the basic positive qualities of distance learning are the advantagesof organizational character as well as the use and necessity of capturing modern ІCТ. Basic limitations andfactors that negatively influence perception and learning in distance education are related to complexorganization of teaching activities and educational cooperation and a decline in the perception of quality andmastering of educational materials. The results demonstrated that most problems of the educational processare conditioned by incomplete educational communication in the online mode. The solution of theseproblems is possible to carry out through information and communications technologies and theopportunities they offer.

Impact of distance learning on the physical training of technical university students in the context of the COVID-19 virus pandemic

The conditions of the pandemic caused by the covid-19 virus have made significant changes in the lifestyle of student youth, as well as in the educational process in universities, including in physical education. The main emphasis was placed on the self-organization of physical culture and health-improving activities of students: lecture courses and theoretical and methodological classes were organized. The purpose of the study is to analyze the impact of distance learning on the lifestyle, physical training and functional state of students of the Don State Technical University; as well as identifying ways to improve the quality of distance learning. The study was carried out on the basis of the Don State Technical University in Rostov-on-Don with the participation of second and third year full-time students. Students took a questionnaire reflecting their self-assessment on the organization of independent physical training and well-being in self-isolation during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. To study the physical training of the respondents, a comparative analysis of the results of the initial and control testing of basic physical qualities was used.

Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Fat Taste Perception.

During the last couples of years, a number of studies have increasingly accumulated on the gustatory perception of dietary fatty acids in rodent models and human beings in health and disease. There is still a debate to coin a specific term for the gustatory perception of dietary fatty acids either as the sixth basic taste quality or as an alimentary taste. Indeed, the psycho-physical cues of orosensory detection of dietary lipids are not as distinctly perceived as other taste qualities like sweet or bitter. The cellular and molecular pharmacological mechanisms, triggered by the binding of dietary long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) to tongue taste bud lipid receptors like CD36 and GPR120, involve Ca2+ signaling as other five basic taste qualities. We have not only elucidated the role of Ca2+ signaling but also identified different components of the second messenger cascade like STIM1 and MAP kinases, implicated in fat taste perception. We have also demonstrated the implication of Calhm1 voltage-gated channels and store-operated Ca2+ (SOC) channels like Orai1, Orai1/3, and TRPC3 in gustatory perception of dietary fatty acids. We have not only employed siRNA technology in vitro and ex vivo on tissues but also used animal models of genetic invalidation of STIM1, ERK1, Orai1, Calhm1 genes to explore their implications in fat taste signal transduction. Moreover, our laboratory has also demonstrated the importance of LCFAs detection dysfunction in obesity in animal models and human beings.

THEORETICAL STUDIES OF A DEVICE FOR THE EXTRUSION OF WHEAT GRAIN

The extrusion of the raw material mass makes it possible to obtain full-fledged feed mixtures balanced in nutrients and useful substances, having a long shelf life (more than six months) without reducing the basic qualities. For the most efficient production of animal products, rational use of feed is necessary, which includes methods to increase their biological and nutritional value. The balance of the extruded feed and its high nutritional value provide a significant increase in the productivity of farm animals and poultry. The desire to increase the productivity of a single-screw extruder, the efficiency of preparing a feed mixture, and reducing the cost of producing a feed mixture is an urgent task that depends on the design parameters of the extruder, in particular on the design of the working body - the auger. (Research purpose) To reduce the leakage of material between the inner surface of the extruder housing and the edge of the screw screw of the extruder during the extrusion of feed. The estimated indicator "specific productivity" is proposed, its application makes it possible to objectively determine the efficiency of the extruder and establish a relationship between productivity and power costs for the extrusion process. (Conclusions) A screw design has been developed where the edge of the extruder screw adjacent to the housing is made grooved, which will reduce the energy intensity of the process and increase the extrusion productivity.

The use of non-traditional health system in physical culture by taijiquan

In the article the impact of regular taijiquan practice on the health level of people of different ages is considered. The practical experience of teachers of martial arts school „Peresvit‟ and scientific researches with the use of east sports and health technologies are analyzed and generalized. They will allow effectively and purposefully to improve physical, mental and spiritual health of human, applying various forms and methods of physical education, which will contribute to the formation of sustainable motivation for a healthy lifestyle. The pedagogical research was conducted from September, 14 to November 20, 2020 on the basis of the „All-Ukrainian Federation of Free Fight and Contact Martial Arts in Mixed Martial Arts‟. Except of physical education and involvement in the sports culture, people find new friends, gain knowledge about healthy lifestyles, the peculiarities of relationships between people, the life values, that help in solving problems outside the gym, and, as a result, improve health level, strengthen confidence in their own abilities and become healthy and successful people. Every year the federation conducts sports and health activities for school students in various picturesque places of Ukraine and the world, where everyone can demonstrate their results. And the best students have the opportunity to visit the legend, wrapped by the legends, the abode of the spirit of Martial Arts - the Shaolin Temple. A woman (n = 10) aged 30-35 years took part in the pedagogical experiment. The control measurement took place simultaneously for all participants. According to the internship program, a training program was developed, which included classes for two months on a schedule of Monday, Wednesday and Saturday for 1 hour and 30 minutes. The work plan is as follows: study and practice of basic exercises and basic movements of taijiquan; breathing and meditation in taijuan and tea ceremonies; performance of previously developed and studied movements in the complex; watching the movie "The Grandmaster". This technique and its application is aimed at the formation of basic physical and mental qualities, the impact on certain functional systems of the body, the activation of their backup capabilities and aims to expand knowledge on the construction of training sessions with different groups of the population, regardless of their knowledge in the field of physical education and sports and the ability to form a training load by means of taijiquan. After the training course, a pedagogical study was conducted in the direction of: anthropometric data (weight, height, age); risk assessment of cardiovascular diseases, authors Zapisochny A.Z, Dushanin S.A. 1980 (physical activity, ideal weight, blood pressure, etc.); assessment of physical performance by Ruffier test.

ДИНАМІКА ПОКАЗНИКІВ ФІЗИЧНОЇ ПІДГОТОВЛЕНОСТІ ХЛОПЦІВ ПІД ЧАС НАВЧАННЯ У ЗАКЛАДІ ВИЩОЇ ОСВІТИ

 The article investigated the change in the values of men physical preparedness indicators while using the current content of physical education in the first year of studying at a higher educational institution. The purpose of the study was to establish the effectiveness of physical education at higher educational institution in the aspect of improving men physical preparedness. Material and methods. The study involved 100 men, whose age at the beginning of the study was in the range of 17–18 years. During the first year of studying at a higher educational institution, indicators of men basic conditional qualities and some manifestations of coordination were studied. For this purpose, the generally accepted in the practice of physical education and recommended by many researchers tests were used, which, in addition, also met all metrological requirements. Results. Using the available assessment standards, it was found that at the beginning of training the physical preparedness of men aged 17–18 corresponds to a low level. During the academic year, the development of all studied motor qualities remains at the previously reached level, namely low. Conclusion. The obtained data indicate the need to modernize the standards for assessing men physical preparedness and the lack of effectiveness of physical education, which is implemented in a higher educational institution, in the aspect of solving the problem of improving men physical preparedness who belong to the main medical group and do not systematically engage in the chosen sports.

A-10 Tribal Conflict in the Poetry of Early Islam

Tribal conflicts, vengeance and raids were the basic qualities of Arab in pre- Islamic period. These themes are well depicted in pre-Islamic Arabic poetry. The paper aims to highlight the motives of Bedouins, conflicts illustrated in their verbal poetry. The purpose of this paper is to analyze and examine the element of war and peace in the pre-Islamic poetry, mainly in the Muallaqat. In order to understand the theme of conflict, one must be knowledgeable about the structure of the Bedouin Arab society in the Arabian peninsula during early Islam. Unlike modern societies , the whole existence of the Bedouin was bound to his tribe and there was no central government at all. The method used in this research is descriptive, analytical and qualitative. At the end of the study, the researchers have drawn various conclusions

Your Personality does not Care Whether you Believe it Can Change: Beliefs about Whether Personality can Change do not Predict Trait Change among Emerging Adults

Theorists have suggested that beliefs about whether personality can change might operate in a self–fulfilling fashion, leading to growth in personality traits across time. In the present two studies, we collected intensive longitudinal data from a total of 1339 emerging adults ( ns = 254 and 1085) and examined the extent to which both global beliefs that personality can change (e.g. ‘You can change even your most basic qualities’) and granular beliefs that the individual Big Five personality domains can change (e.g. ‘You can change how extraverted and enthusiastic you generally are’) predicted trait change across approximately 4 months. Results indicated that traits did change across time, yet beliefs that personality can change were almost completely unrelated to actual change in personality traits. Our findings suggest that personality development during emerging adulthood does not depend to any meaningful degree on whether or not individuals believe that their traits can change. © 2020 European Association of Personality Psychology

G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Taste Physiology and Pharmacology.

Heterotrimeric G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise the largest receptor family in mammals and are responsible for the regulation of most physiological functions. Besides mediating the sensory modalities of olfaction and vision, GPCRs also transduce signals for three basic taste qualities of sweet, umami (savory taste), and bitter, as well as the flavor sensation kokumi. Taste GPCRs reside in specialised taste receptor cells (TRCs) within taste buds. Type I taste GPCRs (TAS1R) form heterodimeric complexes that function as sweet (TAS1R2/TAS1R3) or umami (TAS1R1/TAS1R3) taste receptors, whereas Type II are monomeric bitter taste receptors or kokumi/calcium-sensing receptors. Sweet, umami and kokumi receptors share structural similarities in containing multiple agonist binding sites with pronounced selectivity while most bitter receptors contain a single binding site that is broadly tuned to a diverse array of bitter ligands in a non-selective manner. Tastant binding to the receptor activates downstream secondary messenger pathways leading to depolarization and increased intracellular calcium in TRCs, that in turn innervate the gustatory cortex in the brain. Despite recent advances in our understanding of the relationship between agonist binding and the conformational changes required for receptor activation, several major challenges and questions remain in taste GPCR biology that are discussed in the present review. In recent years, intensive integrative approaches combining heterologous expression, mutagenesis and homology modeling have together provided insight regarding agonist binding site locations and molecular mechanisms of orthosteric and allosteric modulation. In addition, studies based on transgenic mice, utilizing either global or conditional knock out strategies have provided insights to taste receptor signal transduction mechanisms and their roles in physiology. However, the need for more functional studies in a physiological context is apparent and would be enhanced by a crystallized structure of taste receptors for a more complete picture of their pharmacological mechanisms.

Basketball as a means of implementing variable components in physical education of students

The article analyzes the current state of the educational system of physical education in institutions of higher education. Revealed, the importance of the implementation of the variable component of basketball as a means in the physical education of students. At present, the role of physical culture and sports as a factor in the improvement of a person and society is significantly increasing. It has been established that in conditions when rapid changes are taking place in all spheres of life of Ukrainian society, the problem of physical education of children and youth, education in the spirit of a responsible attitude to their own health and the health of others as to the highest social value and individualization, is actualized. If earlier the goal of physical education was the formation of a physically perfect person, ready for work and defense, today its health-improving orientation is a priority, since a healthy person is the basis of a healthy nation. It is proved that basketball is one of the main means of development of basic motor qualities and intellectual abilities, improvement of anthropometric indicators, increase of working capacity in a wide age range. Radical changes in the life of our support have brought about great changes in the light and ideology, in the culture and education. In the minds of the recent reforms in the sphere of education, it is especially important to develop nutrition for the improvement of the physical and spiritual health of young people, the formation of a healthy way of living, the implementation of individuality, which is a criterion of social

The state of the cardiorespiratory system and the level of physical fitness at students of institutions of higher education of the I-II level of accreditation

The article provides the results of determining the state of the cardiorespiratory system and the level of physical fitness of the 1st year students of The Housing and Communal College.
 As a result of the conducted research, “below the average” level of functioning the cardiorespiratory system was defined at students. So, measures of the functional state of the respiratory system (Skibinski index) when compared with the assessment scale are equal to the score - 2 points, which corresponds to “below the average” level. Measures of the state of the cardiovascular system regulation (Robinson index) when compared with the scoring scale at students of both study groups are equal to the score - 3 points, which corresponds to the “average” level.
 The state of the cardiorespiratory system of boys is mainly higher than girls’ one in the sexual aspect. The exception is the results of measuring systolic blood pressure, where there is an opposite trend - the indicators of girls are higher than the results of boys. At the same time, the noted differences are valid only in indicators of the state of the respiratory system (p<0,05; 0,001). The distinctions are unreliable (p>0,05) in indicators of the cardiovascular system.
 The data of the conducted research indicates the “average” level of physical fitness at boys, which on average equals the “good” and “sufficient” levels at girls, which on average equals the score “satisfactory”. So, the boys have indicators for the development of all physical qualities that meet the assessment “good”. Speed, high-speed and power qualities and endurance meet the assessment “satisfactory”, strength and agility - the assessment “good” at girls.
 The physical fitness of boys is significantly higher than girls’ one in the sexual aspect (p< 0,001). The exception is the development of flexibility, where the results of girls are higher than boys’ ones, but unreliably (p>0,05).
 Thus, the results of the research indicate the feasibility of introducing the special physical exercises aimed at improving the functional state of the cardiorespiratory system and developing basic physical qualities into the physical education process of the 1st year students of institutions of higher education of the I-II level of accreditation.

Enhancing GABAergic Tone in the Rostral Nucleus of the Solitary Tract Reconfigures Sensorimotor Neural Activity.

Recent work has shown that most cells in the rostral, gustatory portion of the nucleus tractus solitarius (rNTS) in awake, freely licking rats show lick-related firing. However, the relationship between taste-related and lick-related activity in rNTS remains unclear. Here, we tested whether GABA-derived inhibitory activity regulates the balance of lick- and taste-driven neuronal activity. Combinatorial viral tools were used to restrict the expression of channelrhodopsin 2-enhanced yellow fluorescent protein to GAD1+ GABAergic neurons. Viral infusions were bilateral in rNTS. A fiber-optic fiber attached to a bundle of drivable microwires was later implanted into the rNTS. After recovery, water-deprived rats were presented with taste stimuli in an experimental chamber. Trials were five consecutive taste licks [NaCl, KCl, NH4Cl, sucrose, monosodium glutamate/inosine-5'-monophosphate, citric acid, quinine, or artificial saliva (AS)] separated by five AS rinse licks on a variable ratio 5 schedule. Each taste lick triggered a 1 s train of laser light (25 Hz; 473 nm; 8-10 mW) in a random half of the trials. In all, 113 cells were recorded in the rNTS, 50 cells responded to one or more taste stimuli without GABA enhancement. Selective changes in response magnitude (spike count) within cells shifted across-unit patterns but preserved interstimulus relationships. Cells where enhanced GABAergic tone increased lick coherence conveyed more information distinguishing basic taste qualities and different salts than other cells. In addition, GABA activation significantly amplified the amount of information that discriminated palatable versus unpalatable tastants. By dynamically regulating lick coherence and remodeling the across-unit response patterns to taste, enhancing GABAergic tone in rNTS reconfigures the neural activity reflecting sensation and movement.

Threats and Challenges of the Nuclear Arms Race on the Current Stage

Contemporary issues of nuclear weapons and the nuclear arms race in the modern world are examined, based mainly on the assessments of the German “Statista” company, the American Federation of Scientists and the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. It is emphasized that invented more than seventy years ago, nuclear weapon has not lost its basic qualities of the most massive and large-scale destruction, but also added to this the latest factors of global threat of its proliferation and the challenges of innovative technological advances in its means of delivery. The latter is increasingly imposed on the growing conflict of the modern multipolarworld order, thereby giving impetus to global competition in the accumulation of all forms of nuclear weapons and allocating unprecedented financial resources from nuclear and non-nuclear powers. It is shown that the most fierce competition in the nuclear arms race is developing in the triangle of relations and national interests between the US, Russia and China. On the same fact base, it is argued that China cannot be compared to the other two nations in the accumulated nuclear weapon arsenals, but that its technological positions and growing military potential lead to major changes in the bilateral concepts of international security and even to the termination of a number of Russian-American treaty agreements, above all in development of medium- and short-range ground-based missiles. There is also a gradual transition to a new deployment of forces and global strategies in the field of nuclear arms. World awareness of these changes is needed in a kind of the Swedish proposal on implementation of strategy for the “step-by-step” approach to nuclear disarmament. In general, challenges and threats should stimulate international dialogue in defense of the principle of peace-sharing in a global age

Student’s educational goal and formalization of its representation in E-learning

The transition to e-learning implies the student’s independent setting of the individual educational goal. In this case, the educational platform of the university is used as a pedagogical tool for calculating the optimal educational trajectory and ensuring the student’s guaranteed achievement of the educational goal by organizing the educational process on the specified platform. The main problem here is the formalization of the individual educational goal of the student with programming languages of various levels. The authors propose an algorithm for formalizing the individual educational goal of a student and building on its basis a logical-semantic model of the educational process, suitable for implementation by means of computer technology. It is shown that in the logical-semantic model of the educational process, the individual educational goal of the student can be adequately described by the pedagogical category "Educational situation", which is defined as a set, the elements of which are quantitative values of the level of formation and development of basic qualities of competencies. It is concluded that the educational platform of the university in this case is a set of educational situations of various levels, and the student is the current educational situation. It is shown that the current educational situation and educational situations of the educational platform of the university are equal sets on a single scale, which makes it possible to carry out mathematical operations for comparing sets. Based on the results obtained during the comparison operations, a conclusion is made about the achievement of the educational goal by the student, or the individual trajectory of its achievement is calculated. The description of the pedagogical experiment is given. Based on the data obtained, a conclusion is made about the adequacy of the model to the process under consideration.