Basic Logic Operations Research Articles

Kondo-free mirages in elliptical quantum corrals

The quantum mirage effect is a fascinating phenomenon in fundamental physics. Landmark experiments on quantum mirages reveal atomic-scale transport of information with potential to remotely probe atoms or molecules with minimal perturbation. Previous experimental investigations are Kondo-effect based; the quantum mirages appear only near the Fermi energy. This strongly limits the exploration of the mechanism and potential application. Here we demonstrate a Kondo-free quantum mirage that operates in a wide energy range beyond Fermi energy. Together with an analytical model, our systematic investigations identify that the quantum mirage is the result of quantum interference of the onsite electronic states with those scattered by the adatom at the focus of elliptical quantum corrals, where two kinds of scattering paths are of critical importance. Moreover, we also demonstrate the manipulation of quantum mirages with pseudo basic logic operations, such as NOT, FANOUT and OR gates.

A memristor-CMOS-based general-logic circuit and its applications

Memristors are a kind of information-storage device with resistance-switching dynamics. Due to the variable conductivity of memristive devices, their composite circuits can be used for implementation of logic operations. In this paper, a novel hybrid CMOS-memristor-based logic circuit is proposed for use in realizing four basic logic operations (AND, OR, XOR, XNOR) simultaneously within the same circuit. Compared with existing logic implementations (MAD Gates, MRL, IMPLY), the present circuit offers better performance and greater efficiency, owing to the significant reduction in the number of memristors used in the circuit and the power consumption. Thus, a new full-adder circuit and a binary-image-encryption circuit are designed. Unlike previous full-adder circuits, the proposed one has great advantages in terms of the number of circuit elements. In the proposed encryption circuit, there are two available encryption methods and the encryption key is independent of the circuit, which can improve the reliability of encryption results.

Fluxonic Processing of Photonic Synapse Events

Much of the information processing performed by a biological neuron occurs in the dendritic tree. For artificial neural systems using light for communication, it is advantageous to convert signals to the electronic domain at synaptic terminals, so dendritic computation can be performed with electrical circuits. Here, we present circuits based on Josephson junctions and mutual inductors that act as dendrites, processing signals from synapses receiving single-photon communication events with superconducting detectors. We show simulations of circuits performing basic temporal filtering, logical operations, and nonlinear transfer functions. We further show how the synaptic signal from a single photon can fan out locally in the electronic domain to enable the dendrites of the receiving neuron to process a photonic synapse event or pulse train in multiple different ways simultaneously. Such a technique makes efficient use of photons, energy, space and information.

Экстра-понятия и области истинностных значений при интерпретации логических языков в системах искусственного интеллекта

So-called extra concepts introduced to represent structurally defined objects and structures with unlimited complexity in their traditional understanding are suggested. The concepts of extra-word, extra-regular expression, context-free extra-grammar, and context-free extra-language are extensions of the well-known concepts used in the theory of formal languages. Extra words are a special case of symbol sequences; however, the set of all extra words in any alphabet is countable, whereas the set of all symbol sequences is not countable. The periodic codes of rational number representations in some positional numeration system are in fact extra words in this terminology. The concept of an extra-tuple is a generalization of the tuple concept, which implies the possibility of interpreting extra-tuples both as finite and as the indicated type of infinite sequences of elements of an arbitrary, not more than countable set, and it should be noted that the set of all possible sequences of such sort remains countable. By using the introduced concepts, a countable family of the domains of truth values has been specified for multivalued and countable-valued logics, each of which is a bounded lattice of finite or countable power with the traditional definition of basic logical operations of negation, conjunction, and disjunction. The hierarchical construction of the proposed truth domains makes it possible to introduce new logical operations in consideration that do not have analogues in the classical logic.

Transcriptional programming using engineered systems of transcription factors and genetic architectures

The control of gene expression is an important tool for metabolic engineering, the design of synthetic gene networks, and protein manufacturing. The most successful approaches to date are based on modulating mRNA synthesis via an inducible coupling to transcriptional effectors. Here we present a biological programming structure that leverages a system of engineered transcription factors and complementary genetic architectures. We use a modular design strategy to create 27 non-natural and non-synonymous transcription factors using the lactose repressor topology as a guide. To direct systems of engineered transcription factors we employ parallel and series genetic (DNA) architectures and confer fundamental and combinatorial logical control over gene expression. Here we achieve AND, OR, NOT, and NOR logical controls in addition to two non-canonical half-AND operations. The basic logical operations and corresponding parallel and series genetic architectures represent the building blocks for subsequent combinatorial programs, which display both digital and analog performance.

Photonic Computing With Single and Coupled Spiking Micropillar Lasers

We review experimental and theoretical results on the computing properties of single spiking micropillar lasers and present numerical studies of propagation and computing in chains of evanescently coupled micropillar lasers. Single micropillar lasers are shown to behave as ultrafast optical neurons with sub-nanosecond spike times. They also possess absolute and relative refractory times, spike latency, and show temporal summation. With delayed optical feedback, they emulate an autapse. These basic neural properties can be used for simple photonic computing. We show by numerical simulations of a chain of coupled spiking micropillar lasers that basic logical operations can be implemented in photonic circuits, as well as temporal pattern recognition based on the collision properties of pulses in this chain.

Quantum error correction with the semion code

We present a full quantum error correcting procedure with the semion code: an off-shell extension of the double-semion model. We construct open-string operators that recover the quantum memory from arbitrary errors and closed-string operators that implement the basic logical operations for information processing. Physically, the new open-string operators provide a detailed microscopic description of the creation of semions at their end-points. Remarkably, topological properties of the string operators are determined using fundamental properties of the Hamiltonian, namely, the fact that it is composed of commuting local terms squaring to the identity. In all, the semion code is a topological code that, unlike previously studied topological codes, it is of non-CSS type and fits into the stabilizer formalism. This is in sharp contrast with previous attempts yielding non-commutative codes.

An Application of Peircean Triadic Logic: Modelling Vagueness

Development of decision-support and intelligent agent systems necessitates mathematical descriptions of uncertainty and fuzziness in order to model vagueness. This paper seeks to present an outline of Peirce’s triadic logic as a practical new way to model vagueness in the context of artificial intelligence (AI). Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914) was an American scientist–philosopher and a great logician whose triadic logic is a culmination of the study of semiotics and the mathematical study of anti-Cantorean model of continuity and infinitesimals. After presenting Peircean semiotics within AI perspective, a mathematical formulation of a Peircean triadic set is given in relationship with classical and fuzzy sets. Using basic logical operators, all possible respective implication operators, bi-equivalence operators, valid rules of inference, and associative, distributive and commutative logical properties are derived and verified through the truth function approach. In order to suggest practical directions, aggregation operators for Peirce’s triadic logic have been formulated. A mathematical formulation of a medical diagnostic problem and ER diagram of a library management system using Peirce’s triadic relation show potential for further applications of the proposed triadic set and triadic logic. Alongside, a classical AI game—The Wumpus World—is implemented to show practical efficacy in comparison with binary implementation. Besides giving some preliminary formulations for trichotomous set theory and definition of finite automaton, development of hybrid architectures for intelligent agents and evolutionary computations are discussed as potential practical avenues for Peirce’s triadic logic.

A smartphone‐based augmented reality system for university students for learning digital electronics

AbstractThe fundamental concepts of electronic devices are generally taught in the initial courses of electrical and electronics engineering. For students, it is very important to grasp the basic concepts that make computers and digital systems possible. Among these concepts, boolean algebra and logic gates stand out. In this paper, a smartphone‐based augmented reality (AR) system is proposed which helps in the adequate learning of logic gate integrated circuits (ICs). The proposed system allows the automatic identification of ICs that enables basic logic operations. It uses a smartphone and a breadboard for the identification of 7 basic logic gate ICs that are: AND gate, OR gate, NOT gate, NAND gate, NOR gate, XOR gate, and XNOR gate. The smartphone takes a picture of the electronic circuit and digitally generates a layer of virtual objects which are then mixed with the original image. The markless paradigm identifies the ICs in a typical circuit and places three objects that are: IC identification, pins information, and logic diagram information. Finally, the smartphone screen displays the image of the logic gate obtained. The entire evaluation of the AR system is presented with a technical efficiency of 97.5 and a qualitative satisfaction study.

Orthogonal shortwave infrared emission based on rare earth nanoparticles for interference-free logical codes and bio-imaging.

Shortwave infrared (SWIR) photoluminescence has received intense interest in many fields in recent years thanks to the advantages of its wide wavelength range and high tissue imaging ability and it is invisible to the naked eye. However, achieving orthogonal SWIR emission still remains a challenge. In the present study, synthesized NaErF4@NaLuF4 (Er@Lu) and NaYF4:Nd@NaLuF4 (Y:Nd@Lu) nanoparticles emitted atom-like SWIR emission, and the separation distance between the SWIR emission was beyond 50 nm, which permitted orthogonal SWIR signal acquirement with optical filters. Furthermore, an invisible logical code was designed by manipulating the orthogonal SWIR emission of the lanthanide fluoride nanoparticles, and was further operated by basic logical operations and applied in information encryption and anti-counterfeit fields. In addition, the emission between these two hydrophilic nanoparticles could also be separated in vivo without signal interference and the orthogonal SWIR imaging mode was achieved, which was demonstrated in a bio-imaging experiment in vivo. This demonstration extended the orthogonal SWIR emission capacity by controlling the orthogonal emission, opening new opportunities in the fields of data security, disease diagnosis and non-interference label in vivo.

Easily Cascaded Memristor-CMOS Hybrid Circuit for High-Efficiency Boolean Logic Implementation

Memristor is a novel passive electronic element with resistance-switching dynamics. Due to the threshold property and the variable conductivity of the memristive element, its composite circuits are promising for the implementation of logic operations. In this paper, a flexible logic circuit based on the threshold-type memristor and the mature complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology is designed for the realization of Boolean logic operations. Specifically, the proposed method is able to perform the NAND, AND, OR, and NOR gate operations through two phases, i.e. the writing operation and the reading operation. In such implementation, the total delay is very small especially for time-sequence inputs. Furthermore, for existing memristor-based logic implementation, a contrastive analysis with relevant computer simulations is carried out. The experimental results indicate that the proposed method is capable of realizing all basic Boolean logic operations, and some more complicated cascaded logic operations with more compact circuit structures, higher efficiency, and lower operating cost.

An agent-based model of the emergence and evolution of a language system for boolean coordination

This paper presents an agent-based model of the emergence and evolution of a language system for Boolean coordination. The model assumes the agents have cognitive capacities for invention, adoption, abstraction, repair and adaptation, a common lexicon for basic concepts, and the ability to construct complex concepts using recursive combinations of basic concepts and logical operations such as negation, conjunction or disjunction. It also supposes the agents initially have neither a lexicon for logical operations nor the ability to express logical combinations of basic concepts through language. The results of the experiments we have performed show that a language system for Boolean coordination emerges as a result of a process of self-organisation of the agents’ linguistic interactions when these agents adapt their preferences for vocabulary, syntactic categories and word order to those they observe are used more often by other agents. Such a language system allows the unambiguous communication of higher-order logic terms representing logical combinations of basic properties with non-trivial recursive structure, and it can be reliably transmitted across generations according to the results of our experiments. Furthermore, the conceptual and linguistic systems, and simplification and repair operations of the agent-based model proposed are more general than those defined in previous works, because they not only allow the simulation of the emergence and evolution of a language system for the Boolean coordination of basic properties, but also for the Boolean coordination of higher-order logic terms of any Boolean type which can represent the meaning of nouns, sentences, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, prepositional phrases and subexpressions not traditionally analysed as forming constituents, using linguistic devices such as syntactic categories, word order and function words.

Generalized backpropagation algorithm for training second-order neural networks.

The artificial neural network is a popular framework in machine learning. To empower individual neurons, we recently suggested that the current type of neurons could be upgraded to second-order counterparts, in which the linear operation between inputs to a neuron and the associated weights is replaced with a nonlinear quadratic operation. A single second-order neurons already have a strong nonlinear modeling ability, such as implementing basic fuzzy logic operations. In this paper, we develop a general backpropagation algorithm to train the network consisting of second-order neurons. The numerical studies are performed to verify the generalized backpropagation algorithm.

The Affective Moral Judgment

The affective though and the intuition in moral judgment has been discovered lately (Haidt, 2001). This article analyzes the Moral Judgment theory (Kohlberg, 1964) and the basic logical operations (Piaget, 1950). The rational stages with a few intervention of emotion have been historically assumed by moral judgment theory, which judges the affective as a mistaken notion and as a simple cognitive extension (Greene & Haidt, 2002). This paper demonstrates that the Piagetian basic operations, seriation and categorization are applicable to an affective system. In addition, the intuition is a moral determinant and finally, that neuronal activity confirms an intuitional cognition for the resolution of social problems. It is expected that the present deliberation guides and stimuli researches on the intuition and emotion in moral judgment.

Multiple video clips preservation using folded back audio-visual cryptography scheme

Science and technology devices pose new and vibrant solutions to the day to day problems faced by the Information Technology user society, data security issues are on the rise as well. Now-a-days security concerns are directly proportional with the steep hike in amount of data handled. The greatest threat comes from individuals who try to access information stored in servers or the cloud or any other location without authorised permission. Visual Cryptography is one of such schemes that involves securing ones information and so is Audio Cryptography. We hardly find any approach that takes into consideration both audio and image files. In our paper we present an algorithm that preserves multiple audio and image files of equal length which in turn can be extended to audio-video clips, naming it Audio-Visual Cryptography. These audio-video clips are broken into equal number of dependant share clips using Folded Back Audio-Visual Cryptography Scheme (FBAVCS) such that the decryption process includes basic logical operations between the corresponding pixels and samples, in case of image and audio respectively, of the successive shares.

Principle and experimental investigation of current-driven negative-inductance superconducting quantum interference device

A negative-inductance superconducting quantum interference device (nSQUID) is an adiabatic superconducting logic device with high energy efficiency, and therefore a promising building block for large-scale low-power superconducting computing. However, the principle of the nSQUID is not that straightforward and an nSQUID driven by voltage is vulnerable to common mode noise. We investigate a single nSQUID driven by current instead of voltage, and clarify the principle of the adiabatic transition of the current-driven nSQUID between different states. The basic logic operations of the current-driven nSQUID with proper parameters are simulated by WRspice. The corresponding circuit is fabricated with a 100 A cm−2 Nb-based lift-off process, and the experimental results at low temperature confirm the basic logic operations as a gated buffer.

Magnetic logic based on diode-assisted magnetoresistance

Conventional computer suffers from the von Neumann performance bottleneck due to its hardware architecture that non-volatile memory and logic are separated. The new emerging magnetic logic coupling the extra dimension of spin, shows the potential to overcome this performance bottleneck. Here, we propose a novel category of magnetic logic based on diode-assisted magnetoresistance. By coupling Hall effect and nonlinear transport property in silicon, all four basic Boolean logic operations including AND, NAND, OR and NOR, can be programmed at room temperature with high output ratio in one silicon-based device. Further introducing anomalous Hall effect of magnetic material into magnetic logic, we achieve perpendicular magnetic anisotropy-based magnetic logic which combines the advantages of both high output ratio (>103 %) and low work magnetic field (∼1 mT). Integrated with non-volatile magnetic memory, our logic device with unique magnetoelectric properties has the advantages of current-controlled reconfiguration, zero refresh consumption, instant-on performance and would bridge the processor-memory gap. Our findings would pave the way in magnetic logic and offer a feasible platform to build a new kind of magnetic microprocessor with potential of high performance.

Demonstration of Logic Operations in High-Performance RRAM Crossbar Array Fabricated by Atomic Layer Deposition Technique

In this paper, resistive random access memory (RRAM)-based crossbar arrays with the cell structure of Pt/[AlOy/HfOx]m/TiN were fabricated by using atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique. The RRAM devices in the arrays show excellent performances such as good uniformity and high reliability. Based on the fabricated RRAM array, a complete set of basic logic operations including NOR and XNOR were successfully demonstrated.

A many-valued approach to quantum computational logics

Quantum computational logics are special examples of quantum logic where formulas are supposed to denote pieces of quantum information (qubit-systems or mixtures of qubit-systems), while logical connectives are interpreted as reversible quantum logical gates. Hence, any formula of the quantum computational language represents a synthetic logical description of a quantum circuit. We investigate a many-valued approach to quantum information, where the basic notion of qubit has been replaced by the more general notion of qudit. The qudit-semantics allows us to represent as reversible gates some basic logical operations of Łukasiewicz many-valued logics. In the final part of the article we discuss some problems that concern possible implementations of gates by means of optical devices.

Towards Boolean operations with thermal photons

The Boolean algebra is the natural theoretical framework for a classical information treatment. The basic logical operations are usually performed using logic gates. In this Letter we demonstrate that NOT, OR and AND gates can be realized exploiting the near-field radiative interaction in N-body systems with phase change materials. With the recent development of a photon thermal transistor and thermal memory, this result paves the way for a full information treatment and smart solutions for active thermal management at nanoscale with photons.