Background Of Climate Warming Research Articles

Динамика северных экосистем Норильского промышленного района в условиях техногенного воздействия и потепления климата (обзор исследований)

The Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Plant for the production of nickel, platinum and palladium is the main pollutant in the Arctic. The nature and degree of its impact on natural ecosystems over a long, since 1935, history of its work, varied along with changes in production volumes under different forms of ownership, and the response of ecosystems developed against the background of climate warming. Based on a review of studies carried out in the region, periods with different ratios of technogenic and natural factors in the dynamics of ecosystems are distinguished, which also differ in the methods of their study. In the second half of the 20th century, in the 1970s–1990s, an increase in sulfur dioxide emissions into the atmosphere led to the drying up of larch forests at a distance of up to 120 km southeast of the plant, recorded by aerial photography and forest pathological studies, as well as by a map of the ecosystems state, compiled by Landsat imagery and MSU field research. At the end of the 20th century, after the collapse of the USSR, an interruption in the operation of the plant, which passed from state to private ownership, led to a decrease in production rates and emissions into the atmosphere. This was combined with climate warming, which intensified in the Arctic regions. Complex expeditionary work of Siberian scientists in the first decades of the XXI century, including geochemical and dendrochronological studies, fixed the boundaries of zones of varying degrees of disturbance of ecosystems, but at the same time showed that along with the continuing degradation of vegetation, partial restoration of ecosystems is taking place. At the end of the second decade of the XXI century, Russian and American scientists, based on the processing of large volumes of remote sensing data, based on a multi-temporal analysis of vegetation indices, discovered the “greening” of low habitats in the Norilsk region as a result of secondary succession with a complex interaction of technogenic and natural, primarily climatic, factors.

ПРОЦЕССЫ, СВЯЗАННЫЕ С ИЗМЕНЕНИЕМ КЛИМАТА, ВЛИЯЮЩИЕ НА УСТОЙЧИВОСТЬ ГЕОСИСТЕМ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЙ ЯКУТИИ)

In Central Yakutia, compared with the seventies of the XX century. the average annualair temperature increased by 2,5-3,0°C. Against the background of climate warming, which provoked extreme weather events, degradation of ground ice, the water regime of small rivers and forested areas changed, which affected the stability of geosystems located in the basins of small rivers. On the example of the Ebe estuary irrigation system located in Central Yakutia,studies were carried out to establish the causes of the occurrence of processes associated with climate change that affect the stability of geosystems. The increasing incidence of extreme weather events, changes in precipitation and temperature indicators lead to a decrease in the yield of agricultural land, disruption of the life of rural areas. Excessive holding of flood waters in a forced mode in order to protect the residential and social sector of the settlement located in the downstream pool from flooding led to the destruction of the gateway regulator of the estuary irrigation system. The main reason for the overstandard holding of the gateway regulator in forced mode in order to avoid the threat of flooding of the settlement was the backwater from the mouth of the river. Haar Balagan, which slows down the outflow of flood waters downstream. According to the research results, it can be assumed that one of the negative processes that negatively affect the stability of geosystems is an increase in the depth of seasonal thawing under conditions of climate change under forests in the taiga zone of Central Yakutia, which, in the studies carried out, provoked a decrease in the stability of the ameliorative agricultural landscape and disruption of the life support of the settlement.To reduce the risks of these negative phenomena, it is necessary to take a set of preventive adaptive measures to climate change, including the study of the climatic variability of the flow of small rivers and technical solutions for its regulation. Сlimate change, hydraulic engineering, estuary irrigation, Central Yakutia, spring floods, stability of geosystems.

Altitudinal differentiation in the radial growth of Betula platyphylla and its response to climate in cold temperate forest: A case of Oakley Mountain, Northeast China

Climate change has profound impacts on the structure and function of forest ecosystem. Under the background of climate warming, the growth patterns and climate responses of different species in different environments determine the development and stability of ecosystems. Using the method of tree chronology with ring width data of Betula platyphylla in Oakley Mountain of Daxing'an Mountains, we examined the relationship between the growth climate response of the pioneer B. platyphylla in larch forest and temperature rise and altitudinal changes. The results showed that climate warming resulted in the differentiation on B. platyphylla in different altitude. The radial growth of B. platyphylla increased significantly at the low altitude area (1050 m), while there were little changes at the relatively high altitude area (1250 m). Before the time of rapid warming (1980), the radial growth of B. platyphylla on two altitude areas were significantly stressed by low temperature in winter (October to February). During the period of rapid warming (1981-2010), low temperature stress in winter did not affect tree growth, with the growing season (May to July) temperature becoming the main limiting factors to the radial growth of B. platyphylla at the relatively high altitude areas. The growth of B. platyphylla increased in the low altitude stands with favorable water and heat conditions. The distribution of B. platyphylla may generally spread to high altitude sites in the study area under climate warming.

A Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Active Fires over China during 2003–2016

Fire is a common circumstance in the world. It causes direct casualties and economic losses, and also brings severe negative influences on the atmospheric environment. In the background of climate warming and rising population, it is important to understand the fire responses regarding the spatio-temporal changes. Thus, a long-term change analysis of fires is needed in China. We use the remote sensed MOD14A1/MYD14A1 fire products to analyze the seasonal variations and long-term trends, based on five main land cover types (forest, cropland, grassland, savannas and urban areas). The fires are found to have clear seasonal variations; there are more fires in spring and autumn in vegetated lands, which are related to the amount of dry biomass and temperature. The fire numbers have significantly increased during the study period, especially from spring to autumn, and those have decreased in winter. The long-term fire trends are different when delineated into different land cover types. There are significant increasing fire trends in grasslands and croplands in North, East and Northeast China during the study period. The urban fires also show increasing trends. On the contrary, there are significant decreasing fire trends in forests and savannas in South China where it is most densely vegetated. This study provides an overall analysis of the spatio-temporal fire changes from satellite products, and it may help to understand the fire risk in the changing climate for a better risk management.

Spatial-temporal characteristics of agricultural climate resources and sterile-type chilling injury in rice growing season in three provinces of Northeast China

Based on daily meteorological data and agro-meteorological data in three provinces of Northeast China during 1981-2017, combined with chilling injury indices, we analyzed the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of solar, heat, precipitation resources and sterile-type chilling injury in rice growing season, especially in the booting and flowering stages. In 1981-2017, agriculture climatic resources in rice growing season showed a warming, drying and darkening trend. Accumulated temperature (≥10 ℃) and sunshine hours increased with a rate of 73.5 ℃·d·(10 a)-1 and 17.7 h·(10 a)-1 respectively, while precipitation decreased with a rate of 8.9 mm·(10 a)-1. At the booting stage, agricultural climatic resources showed a warming, drying and dar-kening trend. Daily average temperature increased 0.27 ℃·(10 a)-1 and sunshine hours and preci-pitation decreased 2.06 h·(10 a)-1 and 1.90 mm·(10 a)-1 respectively. At the flowering stage, agricultural climatic resources showed a trend of warming, wetting and darkening. Daily average temperature increased with a rate of 0.12 ℃·(10 a)-1, while sunshine hours decreased with a rate of 0.83 h·(10 a)-1. In contrast to that at the booting stage, precipitation in the flowering stage increased with a rate of 1.35 mm·(10 a)-1. Under the background of climate warming, the frequency and intensity of rice sterile-type chil-ling injury decreased in most regions, with significant inter-decadal fluctuations. During the study period, the frequency and intensity of sterile-type chil-ling injury were the highest in Heilongjiang Province, moderate in Jilin Province, and the lowest in Liaoning Province.

气候变暖背景下的果洛地区汛期强降水变化特征分析

气候变暖背景下的果洛地区汛期强降水变化特征分析

Climate clusters of Eurasia against the background of global climate change

In this paper we suggest a solution to the problem of identifying the patterns of climate system transformations against the background of global climate change by means of studying changes in the pattern of climate classifications. We present an implementation of the objective classification method using an algorithm proposed by us for the territory of Eurasia for two different time intervals corresponding to global temperature trends. The results of applying our approach to temperature series measured at 485 weather stations in Eurasia from 1955 to 2016 are presented. The classification algorithm is based on comparing changes in the phases of the temperature series. A comparative analysis is performed to show changes in the temperature synchronization regime against the background of climate warming and changes in the structure of climate classes as well. The Russian Arctic and Subarctic, South Western Siberia, as well as stations located in mountainous regions of Eurasia, have shown high sensitivity to the changing climate. We believe that our approach will allow the formation of a general view on the phenomenon under study. This approach can be useful for the analysis of observational data, analytical transformations, and climate modelling.

Impacts of climate change and human factors on land cover change in inland mountain protected areas: a case study of the Qilian Mountain National Nature Reserve in China.

Over the past few decades, natural reserves have been affected by both climate change and human activities, and their land cover has changed dramatically, especially in mountain reserves, which are more sensitive to climate change and human activities. This paper used long-term Landsat and MODIS NDVI remote sensing data to monitor the changes of land cover and vegetation conditions in the Qilian Mountain National Nature Reserve (QMNNR) in China from 1975 to 2015, and analysed the impacts of climate change and human activities in combination with meteorological and socioeconomic data. The results show that the land cover structure of the QMNNR has remained stable over the past 40years, but the total area of natural vegetation has decreased by 49.55km2, the artificial surface and cropland has expanded by 13.68 and 32.57km2 in some areas, respectively, and the glacier has retreated by 33.34km2 as a whole. The warming and humidification trend of the climate is the leading factor for glacial retreat and the improvement of the overall vegetation condition, while population growth and economic benefits lead to the expansion of cropland and artificial surfaces in some areas, thus causing the reduction of 18.80 and 28.30km2 in shrubland and grassland. This study proves that the system of protected areas plays a key role in maintaining the stability of the ecosystem structure and that reducing the population density around the protected areas and changing the mode of economic development can effectively reduce the intensity of human interference. Under the background of climate warming, the change of the ecosystem function in mountain protected areas is full of uncertainty, so management and protection strategies need to be studied in depth.

Prediction of the Distribution of Perennial Cultivated Grasses in the Northwest Sichuan Plateau, China under Climate Change

In order to determine the threshold and potential distribution of climatic conditions for perennial cultivated grasses in the Northwest plateau of Sichuan, China, the niche model is used to simulate the main climatic factors affecting the distribution of perennial cultivated grasses, and to predict the current and future climate change prospects. The results show that: 1) Wet index, accumulated temperature, isothermal, and annual average temperature range are the four major climatic factors affecting the distribution of perennial cultivated grasses in the Northwest Sichuan Plateau. 2) Model training and prediction data can be achieved well under the appropriate range of major climatic factors. 3) Under the background of climate warming, from now to 2080, the potential distribution of perennial cultivated grasses in the Northwest plateau of Sichuan, China will increase. The study aims to provide scientific decision-making basis for maintaining grassland ecosystem stability and promoting desertification management and even industrial restructuring of agriculture and animal husbandry.

1961-2015年黄淮海地区冬小麦干热风灾害时空分布特征

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 1961-2015年黄淮海地区冬小麦干热风灾害时空分布特征 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201708281553 作者: 作者单位: 国家气象中心,国家气象中心,国家气象中心,中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所,国家气象中心,国家气象中心 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 公益性行业（气象）科研专项（201506019）；国家重点研发计划（2017YFD0300101） Spatial-temporal characteristics of dry-hot wind for winter wheat in Huang-Huai-Hai region from 1961 to 2015 Author: Affiliation: National Meteorological Center,National Meteorological Center,National Meteorological Center,Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,National Meteorological Center,National Meteorological Center Fund Project: Special Scientific Research Fund of Meteorology in the Public Welfare Profession of China; National Key Research and Development Project of China 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:干热风是影响北方小麦后期生长和产量形成的重大气象灾害之一，在黄淮海地区主要有高温低湿型和雨后青枯型两种类型。利用黄淮海冬麦主产区65个站点1961-2015年的逐日气象数据和冬小麦生育期资料，综合分析了过去55 a该地区干热风日数和干热风过程的总体时空分布与变化特征。结果表明：（1）年平均干热风日数、过程次数高值区位于河北中南部、河南北部、山东北部和西部等地，其中河北中南部为黄淮海地区的干热风重发区。（2）干热风多年平均初日和最早初日的空间分布均呈从南向北、从内陆到沿海逐渐推后的特征；随着小麦灌浆成熟进程，干热风发生日数呈逐渐增多趋势，灌浆中后期干热风日数多、程度重，是干热风危害的集中期和防御关键期。（3）黄淮海地区干热风日数、过程次数总体均呈减少趋势，其中重干热风日数、重过程次数减少趋势更为明显；从地区差异来看，冀东南、鲁西北、豫东北等地减少趋势更为明显。但在气候变暖背景下，极端天气气候事件频发，部分年份仍存在发生较重干热风的可能，如2001年区域平均干热风日数达8.1 d，成为1961-2015年干热风日数最多的年份，因此对干热风的防御仍需引起足够的重视。 Abstract:Dry-hot wind is one of the major meteorological hazards in Huang-Huai-Hai region, which commonly occurs at the filling stage of winter wheat and can severely influence the wheat growth and yield. There are two types of dry-hot wind in Huang-Huai-Hai region:1) high temperature with low humidity and 2) wilting heat after rain. By using daily meteorological data (daily maximum temperature, relative humidity at 14:00, wind speed at 14:00, and daily precipitation) and winter wheat growth data of 65 stations in Huang-Huai-Hai region from 1961 to 2015, the spatial-temporal characteristics of dry-hot wind in the past 55 years was analyzed. The results showed that both the dry-hot wind days and process times were higher in central-south Hebei province, north Henan province, and west and north Shandong province in Huang-Huai-Hai region; among these areas, central-south Hebei province was the most severely affected area. It was found that both the average first occurrence day and the earliest first occurrence day of dry-hot wind was gradually delayed from south to north and from inland to coast. Dry-hot wind days increased gradually with the grain filling process of winter wheat; thus, the mid and late phases of grain filling were identified as the critical resistance stages to dry-hot wind. Both the annual average days and process times of dry-hot wind showed decreasing trend from 1961 to 2015 in Huang-Huai-Hai region, especially the severe dry-hot wind days and severe process times decreased more obviously. Among of which, the decreasing trend was more obviously in southeast Hebei province, northwest Shandong province and northeast Henan province. It should be noted that extreme climate events occur frequently under the background of climate warming, and extreme dry-hot wind events may occur in some regions under certain conditions. For example, the average number of dry-hot wind days in Huang-Huai-Hai region was 8.1d in 2001, which was the maximum record from 1961 to 2015 in this region. It should be taken into account for the prevention of dry-hot wind in wheat planting. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Review of woody exotic species producing self-seeding in St. Petersburg (Russia)

This article presents results of the study of exotic woody plants producing self-seeding on the territory of St. Petersburg (Russia). According to our data, self-seeding is recorded in 227 species of 73 genera of 31 families in St. Petersburg. In 49 species of 28 genera of 19 families, self-seeding is observed for the first time. A number of species have potentially invasive properties, which is especially notable in recent years against the background of climate warming in St. Petersburg. Self-seeding emergence and maintenance depends on a number of factors, such as the presence of group plantings, level of soil turfing, degree of illumination, and presence or lack of treatment. It is urgent to constantly monitor all species producing selfseeding, since some of them may be potentially invasive.

Analysis of extreme low-temperature events during the warm season in Northeast China

The trends of global warming are increasingly significant, especially in the middle and high latitude regions of the northern hemisphere, where the impact of climate change on extreme events is becoming more noticeable. Northeast China is located in a high latitude region and is sensitive to climate change. Extreme minimum temperatures causing cold damage during the warm season is a major type of agro-meteorological disaster in Northeast China, which causes serious reductions in crop yield. In this paper, we analyzed the temporal and spatial trends in the frequency of extreme minimum temperatures during the warm season (from May to September) during 1956–2005 in Northeast China. Abrupt climatic changes were identified using the Mann–Kendall test. The results show that the frequency of extreme minimum temperature days during the warm season in Northeast China decreases significantly from 1956 to 2005 with a background of climate warming. The highest number of extreme minimum temperature days occurred in the 1970s and 1980s, and there was an abrupt climatic change in 1993. The spatial analysis identified that the north and southeast of the region experienced a larger decrease in the number of extreme low temperature days than the west and south of the region. Rice, sorghum, corn, and soybeans are most vulnerable to cold damage. In severe low temperature years, the average crop yield was reduced by 15.2% in Northeast China.

The role of anthropogenic and natural factors in changes in mesophilic rodent distribution in steppes between the Ural and Volga Rivers

A rapid increase in the average annual temperature (mainly due to rise in temperature during the cold season) and total annual precipitation is observed against the background of climate warming in the Northern Hemisphere as a whole and in the steppe zone between the Ural and Volga Rivers in particular. This has resulted in a change in many natural processes. As the dynamics of climate parameters is ostensibly regional in character, it is expedient to describe these changes in the course of regional studies. We demonstrate this phenomenon using the change in the distribution of mesophilic rodents in steppes of Zavolzh’ye as an example. We also show the role of flood-lands of steppe rivers, dammed beds of hollows and of roadside, field-sheltering, and other forest belts in provision for expansion processes.

Changes of climate, glaciers and runoff in China's monsoonal temperate glacier region during the last several decades

Changes of climate, glaciers and runoff during the last several decades in China's monsoonal temperate glacier region have been studied. Temperature has increased in a fluctuating manner during the last several decades, and temperature rise has accelerated since the 1980s. Net accumulation of Dasuopu ice core has consistently declined, and the precipitation decrease was also obvious from the end of 1970s through the middle 1980s, and particularly after the 1990s in China's monsoonal temperate glacier region. As a response to climate change, eight monsoonal temperate glaciers were stationary or advancing between the 1900s–1930s and the 1960s–1980s, and were in retreat from the 1930s to the 1960s and from the 1980s to the present. Ablation is heavy in the glacier tongue areas, and the mean ablation water equivalent in Hailuogou glacier during 1990/91–1997/98 was 876 mm more than that in 1982/83. Ablation depth on the exposed ice area increased by 1.4 m a −1 over the period 1983/84–1990/91. Mass balance records also show that glaciers suffered a constant mass loss of snow and ice, and the accumulated mass balance in Hailuogou basin and Baishui glacier No.1 was −10.83 m water equivalent in the past 45 years, and −11.38 m in the past 52 years. As glaciers become shorter, narrower and thinner under the background of climate warming, changes of internal and upper surface morphology also occurred, providing evidence of the response to climatic warming in recent years. Local hydrological and climatic data demonstrated that, in Yanggong basin during 1979–2003 and Hailuogou basin during 1988–2004, runoff from the glacier areas has been increasing both seasonally and annually. Overall, it is clear that China's monsoonal temperate glaciers are losing mass and are retreating under the background of climate warming.

Impacts of maximum or minimum temperature on yield and yield components of single-season Indica rice in Yangtze-Huaihe area

Under the background of climate warming, characteristics of maximum and minimum temperature variation may markedly affect yield and yield components of rice. Maximum or minimum temperatures in the stage of yield formation during recent 50 years in the Yangtze-Huaihe area were analyzed. The result showed that the temperature-rising rate of minimum temperature has been higher than that of maximum temperature, with a decreasing diurnal temperature range (DTR), and an increasing intensity and frequency of extremely hot weather since 1991. The dynamic analysis of daily maximum or minimum temperature in different step-lengths with rice yield and yield components were made, using experimental data of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences during 2000～2004. The result indicates that there are two negative effect stages of temperature on rice and rice yield before tasseling and after tasseling. And the temperature effect is most obvious on seed-setting rate, secondly on 1000-grain weight and thirdly on yield. The effect of minimum temperature on rice is greater than that of maximum temperature. With the increase of moving step-length in temperature, the increase of negative effect on maximum temperature occurs before tasseling, while the negative impacts of minimum temperature appear throughout yield formation process.

Qinghai-Xizang Railroad Construction in Permafrost Regions

Construction of the Qinghai-Xizang Railroad (QXR) in permafrost regions presents a number of significant engineering problems. The engineering properties of permafrost can vary greatly, and climate warming, especially warm permafrost with high ice content, must be considered. Permafrost warming could induce ground ice thaw, producing embankment settlement. Consequently, thermal stability is a key consideration for the QXR construction in permafrost regions. In order to ensure permafrost thermal stability under the background of climate warming, ideas of embankment cooling to preventing permafrost change are proposed. Many methods of embankment cooling have been proposed to prevent the thawing of ground ice. For example, block-stone embankment, block and debris slope protected, thermosyphon, and special bridge designs. The amount of engineering practice and observational data testify that measurements of embankment cooling effectively decrease permafrost temperature and heighten the permafrost table beneath embankments.

Climatic features of summer temperature in northeast china under warming background

By using, summer temperature data in 26 stations from 1951 to 2003, the variation characteristics of summer temperature in Northeast China (NET) were analyzed based on the background of climate warming. The results showed that the warming in summer was 0.15°C/10a in Northeast China, which was higher than that on the global, Northern Hemisphere or Northeast Asia scale in the recent 50 years. The responses of NET to global warming were shown in 3 aspects mainly. Firstly, it became warm and the average temperature increased in summer; secondly, the temperature variability increased, which displayed the increase of climatic instability; thirdly, the disaster of low temperature decreased and high temperature damage increased obviously, but the disaster of low temperature still existed in some areas under global warming background, which would be worthy of notice further.

Study of Lange Glacier on King George Island, Antarctica

AbstractThe results of ground-based radio-echo sounding collected in 1995 and 1996-97 in the drainage basin of Lange Glacier, a tidewater outlet glacier on King George Island, Antarctica, are presented and discussed. Ice-thickness and bedrock-elevation maps, constructed for the upper non-crevassed part of the glacier, show a close relation between its surface and subglacial topography and indicate the main directions of ice runoff from this area where the ice thickness reaches 308 m. A retreat of the glacier front by 1 km since 1956 occurred against a background of climate warming by 1.4°C on the South Shetland Islands during the last five decades, while a neighboring unnamed glacier advanced by 0.6 km and the northern ice-cap margin on King George Island was approximately stationary. To understand the reasons for the different responses of these ice masses to current climate warming in this region of West Antarctica, further studies including mass-balance and ice-velocity observations and numerical modeling are needed.