Axial Accuracy Research Articles

Fluorescence Interference-Based Polarized Structured Illumination Microscopy for High Axial Accuracy Morphology Imaging of Dipole Orientations

Fluorescence Interference-Based Polarized Structured Illumination Microscopy for High Axial Accuracy Morphology Imaging of Dipole Orientations

Single-Shot 3D Imaging Meta-Microscope.

Three-dimensional (3D) imaging enables high-precision and high-resolution axial positioning, which is crucial for biological imaging, semiconductor defect monitoring, and other applications. Conventional implementations rely on bulky optical elements or scanning mechanisms, resulting in low speed and complicated setups. Here, we generate the double-helix (DH) point spread function with an all-dielectric metasurface and thus innovate the 3D imaging microscope (hence dubbed meta-microscope), both in 4f and 2f imaging systems. The 4f-meta-microscope with a numerical aperture of 0.7 achieves an axial localization accuracy below 0.12 μm within a 15.47 μm detection range, while the 2f-DH meta-microscope with a numerical aperture of 0.3 shows a 1.12 μm accuracy within a 227.33 μm range. We also demonstrate single-shot and accurate 3D biological imaging of the mouse kidney tissue and peach anther, providing a comprehensive and efficient approach for 3D bioimaging and other applications through a single-shot 3D meta-microscope.

Axial length acquisition success rates and agreement of two swept-source optical biometers in eyes with dense cataracts.

Swept-source optical coherence tomography-based (SS-OCT) biometers have been used in different clinical studies with the aim of assessing the accuracy of the technique, specifically in eyes with dense cataracts. Our objective is to evaluate the axial length acquisition success rates and agreement of two SS-OCT biometers when measuring axial length and biometric parameters in eyes with dense cataracts. 46 eyes (46 patients) with dense cataracts (LOCS III grade ≥ 4) were measured 3 consecutive times using the Eyestar 900 and Argos SS-OCT biometers. Keratometry (K1, flat and K2, steep), central corneal thickness (CCT), white-to-white (WTW), anterior-chamber-depth (ACD), lens-thickness (LT), and axial length were measured using both biometers. The percentage acquisition success rate and a Bland-Altman analysis to determine the agreement between the biometers were calculated. Corrected and uncorrected distance visual acuity, subjective refraction, and axial length (to assess preoperative axial length accuracy) were measured 1-month post-cataract surgery. The mean LOCS III score was 4.37 ± 0.68. The acquisition success rates for both biometers was 100%. There were statistically significant differences between the two SS-OCT biometers for all parameters evaluated (p < 0.05). The mean differences for K1, K2, CCT, WTW, ACD, LT and axial length were 0.106 D, 0.128 D, -6.347 μm, -0.054 mm, 0.095 mm, 0.110 mm, and -0.036 mm, respectively. The mean pre- and post-surgery axial length difference was -0.036 mm for the Eyestar 900 and -0.020 mm for the Argos. This difference was ≤ 0.1 mm in 97.82% of eyes with the Eyestar 900 and in 100% of eyes with the Argos. SS-OCT biometry successfully measures axial length in dense cataracts. The differences between biometers in some parameters may have a clinically significant impact but should be judged individually. The pre- and post-surgery axial length differences for each biometer can be considered clinically negligible and should not affect the IOL power calculation.

Novel Methods for Cost-Effectively Generating a Heterogeneous Core Model Based on Scale Change of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and X-ray Computed Tomography Data

Summary In response to the constraint on model size imposed by computational capabilities and the inability to capture the heterogeneity within the core and its dynamic oil displacement characteristics, this paper proposes two novel methods for cost-effectively modeling heterogeneous core models based on scale changes of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and X-ray computed tomography (X-CT) data, respectively. By utilizing NMR and X-CT techniques to characterize information at the subcore scale, we establish a more realistic model at the core scale. First, by using a method of setting up inactive grids, a homogeneous model is established to better represent the actual cross-section of the core. By fitting the core water displacement experimental data, a random heterogeneous core model based on the NMR-T2 spectrum is established by using the modified Schlumberger-Doll Research (SDR) model and complementarity principle. The numerical simulation results show that the random heterogeneous core model partially reflect the heterogeneity of the core, but the simulation results are unstable. Building on this, a deterministic homogeneous core model is established based on X-CT scan data by using the modified Kozeny-Carman model and pore extraction method. Sensitivity analysis results suggest that higher grid accuracy leads to a better fitting effect, with the axial plane grid accuracy impacting the model water-drive process more significantly than that of the end plane. The study paves the way for the rapid and accurate establishment of core models.

Towards high-accuracy axial springback: Mesh-based simulation of metal tube bending via geometry/process-integrated graph neural networks

Springback has always been a stubborn defect that affects the axial accuracy of metal bending. The finite element simulation of springback enables effective control and precise compensation to improve the forming quality. Affected by the material, size, and forming process, the generation pattern of the springback defect remains further exploration. Graph-based deep learning techniques support differentiable high-dimensional physics simulations with significantly lower computational resources and comparable accuracy. In this paper, a framework based on geometry/process-integrated Graph Neural Networks (GNN) is presented for simulating axial springback of mesh-based metal bending, with a specific focus on the tube bending. The framework adopts an encode-process-decode structure, equipped with parallel graph network blocks and data augmentation strategy, to capture the axial springback information with high fidelity in a form of mesh. Comparative experiments reveal that our framework achieves an accuracy comparable to that of finite elements method, yielding an average nodal error below 1 mm and outperforming three representative GNN baselines. The framework remarkably enhances the simulation efficiency, exhibiting a four-order-of-magnitude improvement on CPU and a six-order-of-magnitude improvement on GPU compared to finite elements method. Furthermore, we successfully apply the proposed framework to simulate the springback of plate V-bending, showcasing its robust generalization ability. These results illustrate the capability of our GNN framework to achieve the accurate and real-time springback simulation, with significant implications for digital twin development and bent tube quality optimization.

Simple implementation of aperture modulation quantitative differential phase contrast imaging

As one of the quantitative phase imaging methods, aperture modulation quantitative differential phase contrast (amqDPC) imaging has isotropic lateral resolution, being widely used in many fields such as biological cell morphology detection. However, the devices required to implement it are poorly controlled and very expensive. In addition, due to the weak phase approximation, there is a large axial phase error, and the full spectrum center pass during aperture modulation will cause distortion. Therefore, a method that enables simple and low-cost implementation of amqDPC, high axial phase accuracy, and isotopic lateral resolution is reported. Through simulations and experimental verifications, axial accuracy is greatly improved in the phase range of [0, π], and an isotropic lateral resolution of 870 nm can be achieved. In addition, experiments on transparent glass circular step sample and mouse kidney tissue slice also prove the practicability of this method. According to this study, researchers can accurately and simply measure the axial height of a slightly thick sample, which is achieved by capturing two intensity images to reconstruct a quantitative phase.

Improvement on the axial force accuracy of the ANCF Euler-Bernoulli beam element with the second-order approximate function of the centerline and precise constraint equations

The conventional Euler-Bernoulli beam element of the absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF) yields incorrect axial force due to the existence of the first-order approximate function of the centerline and over-constraint equations. This work aims to improve the axial force accuracy of the element by using the second-order centerline approximate function and precise constraint equations. The second-order function includes the quintic Hermite shape function and the vector of nodal coordinates containing zeroth to second-order derivatives of position. The elastic force vector of the element and its tangent stiffness were then formulated based on the decoupled elastic line method. The exact kinematic requirements of three types of constraint points were fully clarified. On this basis, the corresponding concise constraint equations, constraint Jacobian and Hessian matrices were rigorously derived in the context of ANCF, where G2 continuity was demonstrated to be satisfied at the node acted by an inclined concentrated force, the relative rotation constraint of the rigid joint was described using the dot product of the gradients on both sides of the joint, and the fixing gradient direction at the partially-clamped end was expressed by using the zero cross product of the end gradients in the initial and deformed configurations. Large deformation problems of typical beams under fixed and follower loads were solved using five types of elements, where the results of the ABAQUS B22 elements were taken as a reference for validation. It is found that when using the first- and second-order beam elements having over-constraint equations of the three types of constraint points, obvious axial force error occurs near the corresponding constraint points. In comparison, a few second-order elements containing the derived constraint equations output correct axial force consistent with ABAQUS. However, a large number of the first-order elements containing the correct constraint equations still yield inaccurate axial force in certain beam regions.

MAxSIM: multi-angle-crossing structured illumination microscopy with height-controlled mirror for 3D topological mapping of live cells

Mapping 3D plasma membrane topology in live cells can bring unprecedented insights into cell biology. Widefield-based super-resolution methods such as 3D-structured illumination microscopy (3D-SIM) can achieve twice the axial ( ~ 300 nm) and lateral ( ~ 100 nm) resolution of widefield microscopy in real time in live cells. However, twice-resolution enhancement cannot sufficiently visualize nanoscale fine structures of the plasma membrane. Axial interferometry methods including fluorescence light interference contrast microscopy and its derivatives (e.g., scanning angle interference microscopy) can determine nanoscale axial locations of proteins on and near the plasma membrane. Thus, by combining super-resolution lateral imaging of 2D-SIM with axial interferometry, we developed multi-angle-crossing structured illumination microscopy (MAxSIM) to generate multiple incident angles by fast, optoelectronic creation of diffraction patterns. Axial localization accuracy can be enhanced by placing cells on a bottom glass substrate, locating a custom height-controlled mirror (HCM) at a fixed axial position above the glass substrate, and optimizing the height reconstruction algorithm for noisy experimental data. The HCM also enables imaging of both the apical and basal surfaces of a cell. MAxSIM with HCM offers high-fidelity nanoscale 3D topological mapping of cell plasma membranes with near-real-time ( ~ 0.5 Hz) imaging of live cells and 3D single-molecule tracking.

Study on characteristics of phase-isolation caused by different classic axial flow swirlers in upward vertical gas-liquid two-phase flow

The characteristics of phase-isolation of annular flow caused by axial flow swirler are very critical for separation efficiency of axial inlet separator and accuracy of phase-isolation based measurement method. However, there are lack of comparative study among different types of swirlers and research focusing on characteristics of phase-isolation. In this paper, the phase-isolation characteristics caused by four different classic axial flow swirlers with the same main structural parameters were firstly experimentally studied in upward vertical gas-liquid two-phase flow. Five flow patterns were proposed after obvious evolution in phase distribution at downstream of the swirler, including gas-column flow, swirling annular flow, central bubble flow, central bubble-column flow, and variable diameter gas-column flow. According to the different phase-isolation characteristics, flow patterns downstream of the swirler were divided into stable phase-isolation, quasi-phase-isolation, and non-effective phase-isolation. The corresponding flow pattern maps were also obtained respectively. The experimental results also show that the swirler with good phase-isolation performance generally requires a larger pressure drop as the cost. Finally, the flow in the swirlers was studied numerically. It is found that although the outlet angle of the swirlers is the same, different types of swirlers will result in flow with different deflection angle, and eventually cause the different phase-isolation performance.

A high-precision multi-dimensional microspectroscopic technique for morphological and properties analysis of cancer cell

Raman and Brillouin scattering are sensitive approaches to detect chemical composition and mechanical elasticity pathology of cells in cancer development and their medical treatment researches. The application is, however, suffering from the lack of ability to synchronously acquire the scattering signals following three-dimensional (3D) cell morphology with reasonable spatial resolution and signal-to-noise ratio. Herein, we propose a divided-aperture laser differential confocal 3D Geometry-Raman-Brillouin microscopic detection technology, by which reflection, Raman, and Brillouin scattering signals are simultaneously in situ collected in real time with an axial focusing accuracy up to 1 nm, in the height range of 200 μm. The divided aperture improves the anti-noise capability of the system, and the noise influence depth of Raman detection reduces by 35.4%, and the Brillouin extinction ratio increases by 22 dB. A high-precision multichannel microspectroscopic system containing these functions is developed, which is utilized to study gastric cancer tissue. As a result, a 25% reduction of collagen concentration, 42% increase of DNA substances, 17% and 9% decrease in viscosity and elasticity are finely resolved from the 3D mappings. These findings indicate that our system can be a powerful tool to study cancer development new therapies at the sub-cell level.

Error identification and compensation regarding the kinematic parameter of the MD-PEF for tibial deformity correction

The correction accuracy of an external fixator is crucial to the treatment outcome of deformity correction and patient safety. In this study, the mapping model is established between the pose error and kinematic parameter error of the motor-driven parallel external fixator (MD-PEF). Subsequently, the kinematic parameter identification and error compensation algorithm of the external fixator is established based on the least squares method. An experimental platform based on the developed MD-PEF and Vicon motion capture system is constructed for kinematic calibration experiments. Experimental results show that the correction accuracy of the MD-PEF after calibration is as follows: translation accuracy dE1 = 0.36 mm, axial translation accuracy dE2 = 0.25 mm, angulation accuracy dE3 = 0.27°, and rotation accuracy dE4 = 0.2°. The accuracy detection experiment verifies the kinematic calibration results, which further validates the feasibility and reliability of the error identification and compensation algorithm constructed by the least squares method. The calibration approach used in this work also provides an effective way to improve the accuracy of other medical robots.

Single-shot color-coded LED microscopy for quantitative differential phase contrast imaging

Common quantitative differential phase contrast microscopy imaging usually uses multistep circular or annular illuminations and color multiplexed illuminations, bringing about low capture efficiency and poor phase reconstruction, respectively. We present a new single-shot quantitative differential phase contrast microscopy imaging method, which uses R/B-G annular LED multiplexed illumination to achieve better phase reconstruction by capturing 1 colored image. By deriving the phase transfer function of the illumination and simulation verification, the superiority of it is confirmed. Through phase reconstruction simulations for circular step and gradual samples, we verify that the R/B-G annular multiplexed illumination has better axial phase reconstruction accuracy and weaker lateral anisotropy than other color multiplexed illuminations. As a demonstration, quantitative phase imaging is performed on Quantitative Phase Target, validating the axial accuracy, lateral resolution, and lateral anisotropy of our method. Imaging and phase reconstruction were also performed on mouse kidney tissue slice and motional silica microspheres to visually express the utility and practicability of this method. Our research provides a better color multiplexed avenue for the real-time quantitative phase imaging in dispersion-free, weak-phase samples, especially living biological tissues.

Novel Chromatic Differential Confocal Matrix Sensor Using Multiband Spectral Images

In this letter, a novel chromatic differential confocal matrix (CDCM) sensor is proposed and demonstrated for accurate and fast three-dimensional (3D) profiling without mechanical scanning. In contrast to conventional chromatic confocal microscopy (CCM) methods that require spectral expansion and a peak-intensity-wavelength detection algorithm for axial positioning, our CDCM employs the intensity difference between a pair of spectral confocal images to accurately discriminate surface height. Due to the elimination of spectral expansion required by a conventional CCM, the CDCM has an at least one order of magnitude higher axial sensitivity and surface profiling efficiency than a conventional CCM. In the CDCM, axial scanning is achieved by residual chromatic aberration of an achromatic objective and by constructing a difference intensity signal between two spectral confocal images. Spectral confocal images are acquired in a parallel manner by using a digital micromirror device as an array of illumination pinholes and digitally applying the virtual detection pinhole concept. Quantitative evaluation experiments with the proof-of-principle sensor system indicate that with a <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$10\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> NA 0.25 objective, the CDCM can achieve better than <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.1~\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> axial accuracy with an axial measurement range of approximately <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$28~\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> , a lateral resolution of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.87~\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> .

Numerical Investigations on the Fluid Behavior in the Near Wake of an Experimental Wind Turbine Model in the Presence of the Nacelle

Accurate predictions of the near wake of horizontal-axis wind turbines are critical in estimating and optimizing the energy production of wind farms. Consequently, accurate aerodynamic models of an isolated wind turbine are required. In this paper, the steady-state flow around an experimental horizontal-axis wind turbine (known as the MEXICO model) is investigated using full-geometry computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The simulations are performed using Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations in combination with the transitional k-kl-w turbulence model. The multiple reference frame (MRF) approach is used to allow the rotation of the blades. The impacts of the nacelle and blade rotation on the induction region and near wake are highlighted. Simulation cases under attached and detached flow conditions with and without the nacelle were compared to the detailed particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements. The axial and radial flow behaviors at the induction region have been analyzed in detail. This study attempts to highlight the nacelle effects on the near wake flow and on numerical prediction accuracy under various conditions, as well as the possible reasons for these effects. According to simulation results, the rotation of blades dominates the near wake region, and including the nacelle geometry can improve both axial and radial flow prediction accuracy by up to 15% at high wind speeds. At low wind speeds, the nacelle effects can be ignored. The presence of the nacelle has also been shown to increase flow separation at the trailing edges of the blade airfoils, increasing both root and tip vorticities. Finally, small nacelle diameters are recommended to reduce flow separation on the blades and increase the average velocity downstream of the rotor, thereby optimizing wind farm output power.

3-D Raman Imaging Using Time-Resolving CMOS SPAD Line Sensor and 2-D Mapping

The capability of Raman imaging to produce 2D and 3D chemical presentations of samples has gained a lot of interest in different application fields. In this paper, we present a 3D chemical image reconstruction based on 2D scanning of a sample utilizing a time-resolved Raman spectrometer based on a CMOS single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) line sensor. The 2D scanning data contains the lateral information (XY-plane) whereas the time-of-arrival data of the Raman photons measured by the sensor carries the axial information (i.e., depth information, Z-axis). The sensor is fabricated in 110-nm CMOS technology. It has 256-spectral channels and each channel has its own 7-bit on-chip time-to-digital converter (TDC) with an adjustable resolution from 25 ps to 65 ps. In addition to the 3D chemical reconstruction of the scanned sample, we have also shown the ability to retrieve depth profiling information of each scanned pixel such as the boundaries and middle points of any selected layer over the depth range of the scanned object by means of a single measurement for each scanned pixel. In addition, we have discussed the system components and the post-processing parameters that affect the depth profiling accuracy and the 3D reconstruction operation the most. Results showed that the instrument response function of the system and the time gate window width in a post-processing phase are playing the most important role in determining the axial (depth) accuracy. We believe that our system will enable a whole new class of Raman applications that will allow simultaneous 3D chemical geometric representation at the cm-level during Raman operations.

Axial Load Capacity Predictions of Drilled Displacement Piles With SPT- and CPT-based Direct Methods

Drilled Displacement Piles (DDP) provide an ideal foundation solution that combines the benefits of ground improvement with traditional advantages of piling systems. This paper offers insights gathered from 55 construction projects in which nearly 130 DDPs were installed and tested axially. High quality site exploration data (e.g., Cone Penetration Test (CPT) and Standard Penetration Test (SPT)) were evaluated to derive geotechnical analysis parameters. The test sites consisted of mostly mixed soil types with strongly stratified layers of sand, silt, and clay. Pile diameters ranged between 35 and 61 cm (14 to 24 inches). Prior to analyzing the axial performance of DDPs, a variety of failure interpretation methods were assessed to confidently extrapolate failure loads when field testing was terminated prior to pile failure. Results of this study suggested the Van der Veen’s (1953) method to most closely estimate the load that triggers pile plunging behavior specific to DDPs, followed by the Butler &amp; Hoy (1977) and L1-L2 methods (Hirany and Kulhawy, 1989). Hereafter, in-situ axial load test results were compared with a wide range of analytical methods, including those developed specifically for DDPs. Predictive accuracy was assessed in terms of total pile capacity and pile settlement and separated based on pile diameter, stiffness, and soil type. Most examined analytical methods underpredict the in-situ pile capacities for both, CPT and SPT -based analysis. It was also found that the difference between the experimentally determined and predicted capacities is related to the level of improvement in the surrounding soil following pile installation. A general comparison between predictive axial accuracy and the observed level of ground improvement is also discussed for sandy and mixed type of soils.

Axial accuracy in localization microscopy with 3D point spread function engineering.

Single-molecule localization microscopy has developed into a widely used technique to overcome the diffraction limit and enables 3D localization of single-emitters with nanometer precision. A widely used method to enable 3D encoding is to use a cylindrical lens or a phase mask to engineer the point spread function (PSF). The performance of these PSFs is often assessed by comparing the precision they achieve, ignoring accuracy. Nonetheless, accurate localization is required in many applications, such as multi-plane imaging, measuring and modelling of physical processes based on volumetric data, and 3D particle averaging. However, there are PSF model mismatches in the localization schemes due to how reference PSFs are obtained, look-up-tables are created, or spots are fitted. Currently there is little insight in how these model mismatches give rise to systematic axial localization errors, how large these errors are, and how to mitigate them. In this theoretical and simulation work we use a vector PSF model, which incorporates super-critical angle fluorescence (SAF) and the appropriate aplanatic correction factor, to analyze the errors in z-localization. We introduce theory for defining the focal plane in SAF conditions and analyze the predicted axial errors for an astigmatic PSF, double-helix PSF, and saddle-point PSF. These simulations indicate that the absolute axial biases can be as large as 140 nm, 250 nm, and 120 nm for the astigmatic, saddle-point, and double-helix PSF respectively, with relative errors of more than 50%. Finally, we discuss potential experimental methods to verify these findings and propose a workflow to mitigate these effects.

Toward axial accuracy prediction and optimization of metal tube bending forming: A novel GRU-integrated Pb-NSGA-III optimization framework

Springback is particularly common in metal tube bending, which extremely affects the metal tube axial accuracy. At present, the springback mechanism still remains unclear due to the complex plastic deformation characteristics of metal materials. It is difficult to obtain the accurate axial springback information before bending forming, not to mention formulating a reasonable processing plan to compensate springback. To alleviate this difficulty, a novel optimization framework is constructed which takes the radius changes series (RCS) as the new axial accuracy evaluation index for the first time. The optimization framework contains a GRU-based deep learning network as the prediction module to predict the springback more reliably. Subsequently, NSGA-III has been improved by the proposed guiding factor (GF) and dynamic reference points (DRF) algorithm, i.e, priority-based NSGA-III (Pb-NSGA-III), which can more efficiently deal with the objectives with different priorities when generating the processing plan. With the help of the finite element (FE) and bending experiment, the springback dataset construction and the accuracy verification can be achieved. The results show that the framework can achieve high-precision and robust prediction of the tube axial accuracy. Compared with the existing commonly used multi-objective algorithms, the proposed Pb-NSGA-III shows its superiority in engineering application.

Error Analysis and Correction of Thickness Measurement for Transparent Specimens Based on Chromatic Confocal Microscopy with Inclined Illumination

As a fast, high-accuracy and non-contact method, chromatic confocal microscopy is widely used in micro dimensional measurement. In this area, thickness measurement for transparent specimen is one of the typical applications. In conventional coaxial illumination mode, both the illumination and imaging axes are perpendicular to the test specimen. At the same time, there are also geometric measurement limitations in conventional mode. When measuring high-transparency specimen, the energy efficiency will be quite low, and the reflection will be very weak. This limitation will significantly affect the signal-to-noise ratio. The inclined illumination mode is a good solution to overcome this bottleneck, but the thickness results may vary at different axial positions of the sample. In this paper, an error correction method for thickness measurement of transparent samples is proposed. In the authors’ work, the error correction model was analyzed and simulated, and the influence caused by the different axial positions of sample could be theoretically eliminated. The experimental results showed that the thickness measurement of the samples was practically usable, and the measurement errors were significantly reduced by less than 2.12%, as compared to the uncorrected system. With this error correction model, the standard deviation had decreased significantly, and the axial measurement accuracy of the system can reach the micron level. Additionally, this model has the same correction effect on the samples with different refractive indexes. Therefore, the system can realize the requirement of measurement at different axial positions.

Fluorescence strobo-stereoscopy for specular reflection-suppressed full field of view imaging

This paper introduces fluorescence strobo-stereoscopy (FSS) to suppress strong specular reflection and enable the full field of view (FFOV) 3D surface imaging while the part is rotating. Specular reflection off the target surface significantly degrades the image quality and becomes critical for highly reflective surface measurements. In FSS, the fluorescent dye-doped fluid applied on the machined surface is excited upon incident ultra-violet light and becomes a new light source by Stokes' Law. Thus, specular reflection off of smooth surface can be suppressed by separating the fluorescent light from the excitation light. The developed FSS comprises a pair of imaging cameras, spatial filters, and an excitation light source. As a result, FSS effectively rejected the specular reflection and improved the FFOV 3D surface image quality of the machined part by enhancing contrast in the rotating target surface. Such enhancements in 3D imaging allowed to identify manufacturing tolerance of the part and to detect the surface features. The axial and lateral accuracy errors of FSS were 2.3% and 1.4% with the target size of 4.07 mm and 0.215 mm, respectively. A whole view reconstruction of the cylindrical target sample was performed, and the corresponding cylindricity and diameter deviation were assessed. The fluid media effect and the target surface quality effect were discussed.