Average Purchase Price Research Articles

The Value of Political Connections of Developers in Residential Land Leasing: Case of Chengdu, China

The graduate approach applied in China for the economic transition poses the risk of continued government influence on the market. The land reform and the following adjustment in China have introduced a seemingly complete market for residential land. However, a widely practiced coalition between the local developmental states and developers might impact residential land leasing in a more hidden way. Taking central Chengdu as the study area, this study takes the enterprise ownership and affiliations as two explanatory factors that impact the land leasing prices and builds an MGWR model to evaluate the premium of political connections for the developers to obtain the land. The result gives a clue to the local protectionism and preference for state-owned enterprises that might exist in land leasing in Chengdu. It is proved in this study that the average purchase price by state-owned enterprises is 8.9% lower than the prices that private enterprises could enjoy, and the average land leasing price by local enterprises is 14.2% lower than that enjoyed by non-local enterprises. The preceding conceptual and empirical discussion in this study advocates for a review and rethinking of the public sector’s intervention in China’s land market. In-depth analyses of the factors that define the land leasing behaviors of the local government are needed.

Research on superstore vegetable replenishment decision-making based on time series and PSO particle swarm algorithm

Because vegetables are easy to wear and tear and not easy to store, supermarkets will replenish vegetables every day. In order to make reasonable replenishment and pricing decisions, this paper firstly correlates the total sales data with other data, and finds that the total sales data is negatively correlated with the average purchase price and average selling price, and positively correlated with the number of discounts, and then adopts the Feedforward Neural Network model, the Evenberg-Marquardt training algorithm, and the time series analysis prediction to predict the total daily replenishment and pricing policy of each vegetable in the coming week. Marquardt training algorithm, time series analysis and forecasting, predicting the total daily replenishment and pricing strategy of each vegetable in the coming week, and at the same time, adopting the method of dynamic planning, through the use of particle swarm algorithm of PSO to solve the total replenishment of each category and pricing strategy, and then iterated to get the total daily replenishment of each category of commodities and pricing strategy in the coming week.

“Acquire and leave”: Effects of startups acquisitions by digital ecosystems

Digital ecosystems penetrate many areas of modern life, they integrate many services and are growing partially through acquiring start-ups. These can lead to a rise of their market power, which in turn has caused the increased attention of antitrust regulators in recent years . The new changes into the Russian antitrust law contain the requirement for scrutiny for mergers above 7 billion of rubbles. This additional criterion is designed to include the acquisitions of startups by digital ecosystems that currently do not need to be announced to the Russian antitrust service. As for economic literature, there is no consensus on the way mergers with startups affect markets, in particular, venture capital market. The purpose of this work is to assess the effects of mergers of digital ecosystems with Russian startups in different niches of the venture investment in these niches. Methodologically, our study is based on economic theory and particularly on industrial organisation, antitrust economics; we also use econometrics while estimating causal inferences. We perform econometric analysis of panel data and matching to evaluate the effect of mergers of digital ecosystems with startups. In our quantitative analysis we use data collected from the website Rusbase, which gathers information on deals with Russian startups building primarily on open sources. In our study, we conclude that niches where digital ecosystems more actively purchase or invest in startups tend to be lower investments, smaller total and average purchase prices, which may indicate some washing out of investments in such niches. However, the effect we see may be present due to the changing popularity of niches and/or bringing forward of investor decisions, and not to the kill zone that is claimed to be one of the downsides of such mergers, since we observe a short-term increase in the number of investment decisions in a niche during the period when a startup is acquired by the digital ecosystem.

Economic Sustainability Assessment of a Beekeeping Farm in Hungary

In Hungary, beekeeping is a relatively small-scale sector within the livestock sector, but it is essential for maintaining biodiversity and rural employment. In order to provide ecosystem services such as pollination by honey bees, apiaries need to be economically sustainable, and it is therefore of strategic importance that beekeepers can continue their activities. Based on this, this article’s main objective is the economic analysis of Hungarian honey production, which enables the evaluation of the cost–benefit relationships, production volume and the efficiency of the operation. The authors’ analysis is based on a Hungarian apiary with 300 bee colonies, which also engages in migration and produces a significant amount of acacia honey. The model farm produces several types of honey due to migratory beekeeping, and its average yield reaches 60 kg/bee colony/year, which the authors calculated based on the average purchase prices in 2021. Based on the farm model, the analysis showed that 71 bee colonies and 4253 kg of honey production reached the profitability threshold.

Disposition effect and reference points: An experimental study.

This study calls into question the default computation of the disposition effect that uses the average purchase price as a reference point. We show, through a lab experiment, that the reference price of participants can change depending on the experimental behavioral design that is used. Our results show that for the control group, different reference prices do not show significant differences in the computation of the disposition effect, thus supporting the use of the average purchase price as a reference. However, this is not the case for participants in the treatment group. With the addition of experimental treatment concerning the disclosure of the final balance of the participants, the reference prices to compute the disposition effect showed statistically significant differences. The need to display their results caused these participants to use the first purchase price as a reference point when selling their assets.

Aspects Regarding the Evolution of African Swine Fever in Romania

Abstract The global spread of African swine fever (ASF) is a threat to the livestock sector with potentially serious consequences for food security. The article proposes an analysis of ASF in Romania from the perspective of the evolution of the number of outbreaks and their impact on the number of pigs, the production obtained and the delivery price. The analysis is based on data provided by the National Institute of Statistics and the National Sanitary Veterinary and Food Safety Authority. The data indicate that in order to prevent the spread of ASF, 1,208,229 swine heads affected by the disease were eliminated (of which approximately 60,000 breeding sows), the total compensation to the affected owners being 890,880 thousand lei. The impact of the ASF on the pig farming sector translates into a decrease in total herds by 22.6%, a decrease in total meat production by 15.3% and an increase by 16.5% in the average purchase price per kg live weight.

Analysis of bid and actual prices in Sedlcany

This work deals with the analysis and assessment of the offer and actual prices of housing units in the town of Sedlcany. This city is located in the Central Bohemia region, in the Pribram district. The subject of the analysis is the monitored period of two years, from December 2020 to November 2022. The analysis is supported by data from the real estate portals Sreality.cz and Reas.cz, where the offer and actual prices are found, which are entered in the real estate cadastre in purchase contracts. Furthermore, the analysis is based on a local investigation and information from the public portal of the Czech Statistical Office, the Land Registry and the website of the city of Sedlcany, more specifically on their flood plan. Within the monitored period, there are a total of 46 bid advertisements at an average price of 53,619 CZK per 1 square meter. For actual prices, 53 price data are calculated with an average purchase price of CZK 47,884 per 1 square meter. The total average prices differ, but also their development, for which a regression function is always created. Due to the development of the number of offers and their prices, also due to the presence of new housing units among older properties, the reliability value of the offer price model is very low. A higher reliability value can be observed for real prices, where the impact of housing units from the newly completed construction of an apartment building can again be seen. The goal of the work is achieved through an overall analysis and assessment with the conclusions that new buildings have a large impact on prices. The subject of further research will be adding information to the overall context of the issue.

Study of Purchase-sell of Livestock and Availing of Subsidy Benefits among Commercial Dairy Farmers of Gujarat

A field survey was conducted in Navsari district by selecting 40 commercial dairy farmers randomly from Navsari and adjoining areas. The commercial farm that possessed 20 Adult Unit of either cattle or buffalo was considered for the study. The desired information pertaining to livestock purchase-selling practices with criteria was collected with the help of pre-designed and pre-tested questionnaire. The data regarding problems found in purchased animals were collected by using 5 point Likert agreement scale. Analyzed data revealed that overall total herd strength was 52.07±5.24. It included 16.48±2.44 milch buffalo, 4.82±0.82 dry buffaloes, 5.90±0.76 milch cows and 2.12±0.33 cows. The herd strength across both regions was nonsignificant. Many livestock keepers were availing subsidies for construction of shed, purchase of chaff cutter, milking machine, rubber mats and livestock. Subsidy for purchase of chaff cutter was enjoyed by 20% respondents, whereas 12.5% respondents were benefited by subsidy for construction of shed and purchase of livestock. However, about 47% of them were not taken any kind of subsidy for their farm. The reasons for not availing subsidy showing that 17.5% respondents were not knowing/not tried to avail subsidy benefits. The analyzed data on livestock prizing showed that buffaloes were costlier than cows. The average purchase price was Rs. 72161±2195 and 58291±5233 for buffaloes and cows, respectively. Average selling price was quite lower than purchased price for cows and buffaloes. It was Rs. 28463±625 and 27083±2083 for buffalo and cow, respectively. Further, the livestock buyer was not much satisfied with purchased animals as they were having many problems like mastitis, repeat breeding, less milk production etc.

SELECTED FACTORS AND PURCHASE PRICE LEVELS OF SOUR CHERRIES FOR PROCESSING IN POLAND

This study aims to identify the factors forming the purchase price levels of sour cherries for processing in Poland and to determine the way such factors affect these price levels. The scope of the study covers the 2004-2018 period. The subject of the study were the annual average purchase prices of sour cherries for freezing and sour cherries for pressing. Those prices were published by the Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics in the magazine “Rynek Owoców i Warzyw” [“Fruit and Vegetable Market”]. A multiple regression method was used for analysing the relationship between the purchase prices of sour cherries and their determinants. The estimation of the structural parameters of econometric models was done using the method of least squares. The estimated econometric models explain approximately 80% volatility in the purchase prices of sour cherries for processing. The sour cherry harvest both in Poland and Germany as well as the strawberry harvest in Poland proved to be significant for the purchase prices of sour cherries. Strawberries may be a substitute for sour cherries in food processing. The importance of this factor for the formation of the purchase prices of sour cherries is a significant result of this study.

Behavioral Aspects of Merger Decisions: The Effect of Average Purchase Price and Other Reference Prices

We develop a novel measure of target shareholders’ average purchase price (TAPP). In a sample of all U.S. public firm merger offers from 1990 to 2019, we find that: (1) the offer premium is positively correlated with the ratio of TAPP to the target’s pre-offer stock price; (2) TAPP dominates several other purchase-price estimators as an explanatory variable; (3) the TAPP effect is additive and about equal in its magnitude to that of the pre-offer 52-week-high price; (4) reference prices affect merger offers primarily through adjusting the offer premium; and (5) the reference-prices-induced increase in premium hurts acquirer shareholders. Our results portray TAPP as a promising shareholder purchase-price indicator.

Comparison of consumption behaviors and development needs for the home meal replacement among Chinese college students studying abroad in Korea, Chinese college students in China, and Korean college students in Korea.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESThe consumption of home meal replacement (HMR) is increasing among college students in Korea and China. In particular, Chinese college students studying abroad in Korea (CSK) show changes in their dietary behavior after migration, and HMR consumption for meal substitution is also increasing. This study was conducted to compare the HMR consumption behaviors and HMR development needs of CSK, Chinese college students in China (CSC), and Korean college students in Korea (KSK).SUBJECTS/METHODSThe subjects were 570 college students (180 CSK, 200 CSC, and 190 KSK) who had experience of HMR consumption. Data were collected by face-to-face survey in 2019 and analyzed using SPSS 25.0.RESULTSThe majority of the subjects purchased HMR to ‘saving time’ and ‘preventing meal skipping’. Average purchase price per HMR was about 5,000 won for the CSK and KSK, and about 3,000 won for the CSC. The most important attributes when selecting HMR for the CSK and CSC were hygiene, freshness, and taste in that order, while for the KSK were taste, price, and hygiene. Rice was preferred by the KSK while grilled and fried dishes were preferred by the CSK and CSC. In terms of development needs, dessert and meat-based side dishes were highest in all three groups. The preferred food materials for more than 50% of the subjects of all groups were beef, chicken, pork, shrimp, and squid, and spinach and Chinese cabbage in the CSK, and onion in the KSK.CONCLUSIONSThis study shows more effort is needed to develop the healthy customized HMR for college students studying in Korea and China, and that focuses are placed by CSK on hygiene and freshness, by CSC on meat side dishes, hygiene, and price, and by KSK on snacks (as meal substitutes), taste, and price.

Analysis of average market and purchase prices for certain fruit species

In addition to the optimal use of resources, the profitability of agriculture is affected by weather anomalies and risk-taking with the market. The latter are the most critical factors of effectiveness over which the average producer has no influence. As the majority of Hungarian producers are small and medium-sized holdings, it is essential to examine their market exposure. At the beginning of the agricultural season, the professional journals often publish record yields and top quality, lacking a professional view that reduces the benefits of producers and thus the market price. The aim of the study is to present the economic exposure of farmers by illustrating the pricing practices of the fruit growing sector, including apples, pears, cherries, sour cherries, peaches, apricots, nectarines, plums, currants, raspberries and strawberries. How the average purchase price develops in addition to fixed assets, expenses and ecological[1]economic risk-taking, and how the average market price develops as a result of the margin. How the trade margin evolves and if there is a correlation between the quantity produced and the final price. The benefit of agriculture is often not the benefit of the farmer, because the profit is realized at the trader. The pricing practices of the reviewed period are multiple for some fruit species and exceptionally high for other fruit species. In the examined period of the fruit sector we cannot establish market flexibility and balance in several cases. In conclusion, the producer price comes as the result of the farmer’s work which is not affected by the yield and the market’s demand in several cases. The main reason is not generated in the agricultural production, however, the purpose of this publication is not to investigate this subject.

The influence of the form of graphs of electrical loads of consumers on the efficiency of price-dependent control based on the systems of electrical energy storage

One of the innovative directions of the prospective development of electric power complexes of the countries of the world is the technology of smart power supply networks, the main element of which is the system of industrial energy storage. They began to be widely used for use as local energy storage devices used in combination with renewable energy sources. The purpose of the study is to analyze the influence of the shape of the graphs of consumers' electrical loads on the effect obtained in the process of price-dependent energy management based on industrial energy storage systems in the current conditions of procurement in the wholesale and retail electricity markets of Russia. The methods of analysis, synthesis, and systems approach are used. To carry out the study, we took data on the characteristics of typical graphs of electric loads of various types of large consumers, price parameters of electricity supply from the retail electricity market, valid for consumers of the Central Federal District. Based on the three basic types of hourly electricity consumption schedules, which have different indicators of daily load factors, calculations were made of changes in the parameters of the cost of electricity purchases and average prices for the purchase of electricity, as well as the comparative characteristics of cost parameters and average prices were revealed. Based on the analysis of the parameters of the cost of electricity and average purchase prices, the example of the Voronezh region investigated the direction of change in the total cost of electricity purchases and average purchase tariffs as the fill factor of daily load schedules changes. The dependence of the effects of lowering the average price of electricity purchases on the fill factor was revealed. Based on the data on the price parameters of all electric power components for the regions of the Central Federal District, the cost parameters and average tariffs for the purchase of electricity were calculated, which made it possible to identify the uneven parameters of both the monthly costs of purchasing electricity before and after the use of electric energy storage systems, and the parameters for reducing the average purchase tariffs electricity after applying storage systems. The analysis of the effects of the use of energy storage systems for different demand schedules and levels of rated voltage was carried out, which revealed a tendency to increase the effect of a decrease in average prices for the purchase of electricity as the level of rated voltage decreases. The results can be used by employees of energy companies in Russia or energy services of industrial enterprises of the Central Federal District in the process of analysis of investment projects on the use of industrial energy storage systems.

IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEMS AND FORECASTING TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE UKRAINIAN DAIRY MARKET

The subject of this article is the theoretical, methodological and methodical basis for the formation and forecasting of trends in the development of the dairy market in Ukraine. The purpose of the work is to highlight the current problems of the dairy market of Ukraine and to forecast its development trends in the short term. The following tasks are solved in the article: analysis of the dynamics of changes in the number of cows, milk production and growth of milk yields per cow in Ukraine as a whole and in the context of agricultural enterprises and households during 2010-2018; study of the dynamics of average prices for buying milk by dairy enterprises in the domestic market; evaluation of the quality of cow's milk, which is received for processing, for samples; implementation of economic analysis of milk production in Ukraine, SWOT analysis of the dairy industry in Ukraine. The following research methods are used: comparative and statistical analysis – in the study of cow's milk production in Ukraine as a whole and in the context of agricultural enterprises and households during 2010-2018, as well as the dynamics of average milk yield per cow per average cow population, milk processing volumes, average purchase prices for raw milk and quality of cow's milk by variety; system-structural analysis, logical generalization - when conducting SWOT-analysis of dairy industry of Ukraine; economic-mathematical and graphical modeling - the first-order Brown method for forecasting the dynamics of milk production, milk yield per cow in Ukraine in the 2020-2022 period. The following results were obtained: two opposite tendencies are observed in the dairy market of Ukraine today - the tendency to increase milk yields and the tendency to decrease the dairy herd. For the next three years, based on the first-order Brown method, milk yields per cow are expected to continue to increase as the total number of cows decreases. At the same time, the use of the strengths of the dairy sector of Ukraine and its potential opportunities revealed during the SWOT-analysis, in particular: increase of dairy cattle productivity, increase of extra-class milk production, improvement of control mechanisms of quality and safety of dairy products, gradual expansion for the domestic agro-industrial sector of international rules of trade, insurance, crediting, investing, will allow to diversify trade flows already in the short-term perspective most realize the export potential of the industry, expanding access to EU food markets, Asian and African markets. Conclusions: On the whole, we can identify the state of the Ukrainian dairy market as one that is quite actively developing and has every chance of entering the top five countries that are dynamically increasing the dairy industry in the near future.

REDUÇÃO DE CUSTOS NA COMPRA DE MEDICAMENTOS DIRETAMENTE COM A INDÚSTRIA

As organizações tem encontrado nos últimos anos um cenário repleto de desafios crescentes em suas atividades frente a atual complexidade da chamada Sociedade do Conhecimento, necessitando de instrumentos que possibilitem aperfeiçoar seus principais recursos, relacionando estas atividades de forma a gerar inovação de valor para os diversos setores. O presente artigo tem por finalidade exibir e avaliar o resultado da redução de custos na compra dos medicamentos Humira e Synagis direto com a indústria farmacêutica. A Unimed Cascavel iniciou a compra da Humira em 2017, é utilizada para o tratamento de doenças inflamatórias, já a compra do Synagis iniciou em 2018, é destinada à prevenção de doença grave do trato respiratório inferior causada pelo vírus sincicial respiratório (VSR). Seguimos a RDC Nº 44, de 17 de agosto de 2009 que dispõe sobre as boas práticas farmacêuticas para o controle sanitário, da dispensação de produtos e da prestação de serviços, que estão relacionados ao jeito de cuidar Unimed, pois o centro desta atividade é o indivíduo (beneficiário e colaborador). Os resultados obtidos mostram que com a introdução da compra direta, houve uma redução do preço médio de compra da Humira de 23,26% e o Synagis de 5,34%, na soma dos resultados houve uma redução de R$ 48.724,44 no primeiro trimestre de 2019. O projeto padronizou o modelo de compra direta, e pode ser aplicado em outras co-irmãs, trazendo redução de custos financeiros e impactos sobre diversos públicos de maneira efetiva e consistente.

REVIEW OF THE GOAT SECTOR IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA: DISTRIBUTION, FARM SIZE, BREED STRUCTURE AND MILK PRODUCTION CAPACITIES

Goat sector is livestock branch that has its own specific unique history. Еxtensive to semi-extensive breeding system is the most prevalent in the country with moderate level of milk production. Recognition of the importance of goat breeding can be noted by continuous state support in the goat breeding. Variation of national goat flock is present with appearance of ascending and descending trends. There is a decrease in the number of farms, especially farms that breed from 1 to 5 and from 6 to10 heads, but also an increase in the number of heads per farm, especially on farms with size from 25 to 50 and from 51 to 100. Most prevalent goat breeds in the country is Balkan goat (47.51 %). Different distribution of goat breeds is recorded in the country regions, East and Southeast region are leading regions in goat breeding. Raw milk production is in the range from 13584 t in 2015 up to 22864 t in 2018. Moderate milk yield per goat is present, the highest in 2011 (298 litres) and the lowest in 2015 (243 litres). Average purchase price of raw goat milk ranged between 0.29 and 0.31 euros/per litre in the period 2013-2019, which istwice less than the purchase price in EU countries. The improvement and utilization of the genetic capacity of the goat breeds, improvement of farming and feeding practices and continuous state support, education and research, as well as better organization of the farmers can be pointed out as general recommendations for improvement of the sector.

Assessing the profitability and problems of langra mango variety marketing in Chapai Nawabganj district of Bangladesh

This paper attempted to identify the major market actors of mango marketing in Chapai Nawabganj district of Bangladesh. The research also examined the structure of marketing costs and net margin obtained by the mango market actors and highlighted the major problems faced by the traders. Primary data were collected from 40 mango traders by using simple random sampling technique from mid-June to mid-July 2018. A pretested semi-structured interview schedule was used for data collection and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Faria, Bepari, wholesaler, and retailer were the major market actors in the study areas. The average purchase price of mango by Faria was Tk. 33,000.0/ton, Tk. 33,450.0/ton for Bepari, Tk. 35,450.0/ton for wholesaler and Tk. 41,050.0/ton for retailer. Bepari incurred the highest marketing cost (Tk. 4,800.0/ton) due to long-distance coverage followed by the retailer (Tk.3,190.0/ton), wholesaler (Tk. 3,020.0/ton), and Faria (Tk.1410.0/ton). The average selling price of mango was Tk. 53680.0/ton for the retailer, Tk. 45,200.0/ton for Bepari, Tk. 44,450.0/ton for wholesaler and Tk. 42,270.0/ton for Faria. Retailer received the highest net margin (Tk. 9,117.9/ton) followed by Faria (Tk. 6,887.8/ton), Bepari (Tk. 3,831.2/ton) and wholesaler (Tk. 2,926.3/ton). Market actors mentioned different problems and suggestions for mango marketing in the study area. Lack of capital and unstable price of mango were the important problems of traders. They need available capital with a low interest rate. Government and different organization may establish cold storage in the study area, which may help to stabilize mango price.

Analysis of development of raw cow milk prices in the conditions of the Slovak Republic

The paper is focused on the evaluation of the price development of raw cow milk in the Slovak Republic. The aim of the paper is to analyse the development of average prices of the raw Q class cow´s milk in 2006 – 2018 and to forecast the trend of these prices by June 2019. Monthly data from the Market Report of Milk and Dairy Products issued by the Agricultural Information Department – ATIS, as part of the Agricultural Paying Agency, were the base of our information resource. These data were analyzed by using the statistical software called SAS. Box-Jenkins methodology was used to model the future trend of average purchase prices of the raw Q class cow´s milk, designed for modeling stationary and non-stationary time series and time series with seasonal components. During the period of 2006 – 2018 the Slovak dairy market showed significant changes in the prices of raw Q class cow´s milk. Three crisis periods of the dairy sector have been identified, during which the milk price has fallen below 0.30 € per kilogram. Long-term low prices of raw cow milk led to the liquidation of primary milk producers. In the next forecast period, by February 2019 a moderate increase in the average purchase price of rawQ class cow´s milk is expected, followed by a decrease by June 2019.

Reservation Prices in Shareholders’ Response to Freeze-Out Tender Offers

We employ a sample of 201 freeze-out tender offers (offers of controlling shareholders to buy all public shares) in Israel to examine how investors’ decision (to accept or reject the offer) is influenced by alternative reference prices, some of which are commonly specified in freeze-out offers. Our findings reveal that average purchase price is the key reservation price - when freeze-out offer price exceeds our novel estimate of the minority shareholders’ average purchase price of the shares, offer acceptance probability increases significantly. Thus, purchase price appears as a more fundamental behavioral anchor than its main competitor - the past 52-weeks high.

Reservation prices in shareholders’ response to freeze-out tender offers

We employ a sample of 201 freeze-out tender offers (offers of controlling shareholders to buy all public shares) in Israel to examine how investors’ decision (to accept or reject the offer) is influenced by alternative reference prices, some of which are commonly specified in freeze-out offers. Our findings reveal that average purchase price is the key reservation price – when freeze-out offer price exceeds our novel estimate of the minority shareholders’ average purchase price of the shares, offer acceptance probability increases significantly. Thus, purchase price appears as a more fundamental behavioral anchor than its main competitor – the past 52-weeks high.