Average Level Of Knowledge Research Articles

A Descriptive Study to Assess the Level of Knowledge on Birth Preparedness among Primi-gravida Mothers

Background: Birth preparedness incorporates the system of planning for an ordinary birth and looking forward to the actions needed in case of an emergency.Aim: The present aim was to assess the existing level of knowledge on birth preparedness among primigravida mothers who attended antenatal clinic at Saveetha Medical College and Hospital.Materials and Methods: A quantitative approach with descriptive research design was adopted for the present study. 60 primigravida mothers (n=60) were recruited by using the non-probability purposive sampling technique. A self-structured questionnaire method was used to collect both demographic data and the existing level of knowledge on birth preparedness during pregnancy among primigravida mothers.Results: Among 60 study participants, the mean score on existing level of knowledge on birth preparedness among primigravida mothers was found to be 13.08 with standard deviation 4.22. Hence the findings of current study concluded that, primi-gravida mothers had an average level of knowledge on birth preparedness during their pregnancy period.

Knowledge and Attitude of Sudanese Emergency Registrars Towards the Use of Tissue Plasminogen Activator in the Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke.

Recent guidelines report that the administration of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) within 4.5 hours enhances the clinical outcome of ischemic stroke. We assessed the knowledge and attitude of Sudanese emergency medicine registrars towards the use of tissue plasminogen activators in the management of acute ischemic stroke (AIS). This is a descriptive, cross-sectional, hospital-based study. The study was conducted in emergency departments at Khartoum State Hospitals in Sudan during the period from May to July 2021. The study sample was 150 emergency medicine registrars who fulfilled the inclusion criteria of the study. Data was collected by using a self-administered questionnaire as a Google form that was sent to the study participants by email. Knowledge about tPA in the management of AIS at the emergency department was poor, average, and good in 54 (36%), 55 (36.7%), and 41 (27.3%) individuals, respectively.However, there was no significant difference in overall knowledge based on age; nevertheless, good and average knowledge levels were considerably higher among females, level 3 and level 4 of training, and years of experience 5-10 years (p-value = 0.05). The overall attitude of the participants was positive 62 (41.3%), neutral 45 (30%), and negative 43 (28.7%). The positive attitude regarding tPAs for patients with AIS was significantly associated with age 30-40 years, females, levels 3 and 4 of training, and experience 5-10 years (p-value < 0.05). The overall knowledge and attitude of emergency medicine registrars were average to good, with a significant proportion of participants reporting low knowledge.The issues encountered by participants in the use of tPAs were the absence of a stroke team in hospitals, the absence of a protocol for the care pathway of AIS management in hospitals, and the absence of tPAs.

Knowledge, Awareness and Behaviour among Malaysians towards the Impact of Climate Change: Case study in Klang Valley

Public knowledge, awareness and behaviour on climate change are crucial to prevent climate change. This study investigates the level of knowledge, awareness and behaviour of Malaysian society on the impact of climate change (Case study in Klang Valley). Adopting a descriptive survey research design, a self-designed questionnaire entitled "Climate Change Awareness” was conducted on a sample of 467 respondents from three (3) main groups (university students, public and government servants). Cronbach's alpha (α) for this study is 0.749, indicating an acceptable level of internal reliability of the scale with this specific sample. The finding indicates that most of the respondents have an average level of knowledge (41.22%) from different levels of education. The level of awareness and behaviour among the respondents was also very weak and fragile. Approximately 55.3% of respondents are not aware of the impact of climate change on the environment, economy and human health. Although the government has promoted its initiatives and policy regarding climate change, it cannot be presumed that the society is having a high level of knowledge awareness and behaviour about climate change. In addition, this study also measured the effectiveness of the national policy on climate change in Malaysian society. This study offers the decision makers some fundamental insights regarding public knowledge, awareness and behaviour towards climate change that could potentially assist in promoting responsive policies and strategies to reduce the impact of climate change.

Socialization and Physiotherapy Services to Youth Drugs Rehabilitation in Tanon Village, Sragen

Tanon is a sub-district in Sragen Regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia. Drug rehabilitation is one of the efforts to save addicts from the shackles of drugs and the dangers that accompany them; there are three stages of drug rehabilitation in Indonesia, namely medical, non-medical, and advanced rehabilitation. The implementation of the examination activities for adolescents was carried out using a descriptive method, namely providing an explanation of the benefits of physical examination exercises and introducing the role of physiotherapy to adolescents. In this study, the authors included age and health status characteristics in adolescent rehabilitation at the Indonesian Lentera Bangsa Foundation. Drug rehabilitation is one of the efforts to save addicts from the shackles of drugs and the dangers that accompany them; there are three stages of drug rehabilitation in Indonesia, namely medical, non-medical, and advanced rehabilitation. Specific data presenting a physical examination includes an examination of body conditions such as tests of balance, endurance, and agility of adolescents aged 16-25 years before a physical examination and after being given a physical examination, as well as the level of knowledge of adolescents about the function and role of physiotherapy. The results of data from respondents or adolescents indicate that the average level of knowledge about the role of physiotherapy and the benefits of providing physical exercise is in the "less" category due to the lack of physiotherapy graduates in the area where the author took this research.

Kelas Gizi Secara Daring Meningkatkan Pengetahuan Gizi dan Kadar Hemoglobin Remaja di Masa Pandemi Covid-19

Nutritional problems during the Covid-19 pandemic are one of the problems that need attention among adolescents. Nutrition education which is carried out regularly in the form of nutrition classes is expected to influence nutritional knowledge, nutritional status, and hemoglobin levels in adolescents. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of providing nutrition education in the form of nutrition classes on knowledge, nutritional status, and hemoglobin levels of adolescents during the Covid-19 pandemic. This study was an experimental study with a quasi-experimental one-group design with pre-test – post-test. The sample in this study were students of Al-Istiqomah Wanasari Islamic Boarding School in Bandung. The intervention was carried out for 3 months with 6 meetings online. Nutritional knowledge was measured using an online form, nutritional status was measured by BMI for Age indicators, and hemoglobin levels were measured through peripheral blood vessels. Analysis of the data was used dependent sample t-test for normally distributed data. Data that are not normally distributed are performed by the Wilcoxon test. The average nutritional knowledge, nutritional status, and hemoglobin levels of the samples before intervention were 14.75, 0.19, and 14.36 mg/dl, after the intervention increased to 18.06, 0.24, and 15.45mg/dl. Nutrition education in the form of online nutrition classes affected increasing nutritional knowledge (p-value=0.000) and hemoglobin levels (p-value=0.001) after an intervention. Online nutrition classes can be conducted during the Covid-19 pandemic to increase adolescent nutrition knowledge in achieving optimal health status.

Community Awareness Toward Multiple Sclerosis in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Objectives: The aim of this study is to assess the awareness level and knowledge about multiple sclerosis (MS) disease among the general population in the Western region of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This study was a community-based cross-sectional descriptive study carried on by an online questionnaire, previously validated in published studies, to all residents in the western region of Saudi Arabia who successfully fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria a total number of 4038. Results: Out of the total number of respondents (n=3,536), the majority 46% (1,625) showed a low level of knowledge, while 31% (1,116) have an average level of knowledge, and 22.5% (795) have a high level of knowledge. Various factors including age, gender and socioeconomic status showed a potential association. Conclusion: This community-based survey showed a low level of knowledge in regard to MS in the Western region of Saudi Arabia. Multiple variables showed potential associations that can be utilized to efficiently direct governmental and non-governmental health organizations' efforts to maximize awareness of this condition to aid early recognition and early treatment in the hope of better outcomes.

Assessment Level of Knowledge about Supplementary Polio Immunization in Mothers Presenting to Pediatric Population

Introduction: Humans are the only known reservoir of polio virus. Polio virus infection in humans can cause a crippling paralysis in a fraction of the infected patients. Due to permanent nature of the paralysis, low mutation rate of the virus, restriction of polio virus to human hosts and overall feasibility of polio eradication, the polio virus became the target of aggressive vaccination campaigns via supplemental polio immunization (SPI) across the world for more than two decades. To determine the level of knowledge about supplementary polio immunization in mothers presenting to pediatric Population. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in the Pediatric Department, OPD, District General hospital Timergara from 29-04-2021 to 29-7-2022. Through a descriptive, cross-sectional study design, 216 mothers of children aged 0-5 years, accompanying their children to the pediatric OPD, were included in the study through a consecutive manner and interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Results: In this study 216 mothers were included. Mean age of the mothers was 30.97 years. Most mothers had average level of knowledge (48.6%) while 30.6% had poor level of knowledge regarding supplementary polio immunization. Most common religion was Islam (96.3%). Illiteracy was the most common educational status (32.9%) followed by secondary (22.7%) and primary (19.4%) education. Majority (58.8%) of mothers were housewives. Pearson Chi Square test for Level of Knowledge wise stratification of Educational Status of the mother gave a value of 2=45.793 and was significant at p&lt;0.05. Level of Knowledge wise stratification of Religion of the mother had 9 cells (75%) with expected count less than 5. Level of Knowledge wise stratification of Occupational status of the mother had 2=10.148 with p=0.11(i.e.&gt;0.05). Finally, the Level of Knowledge wise stratification of Age groups of mothers had 2=2.87 with p=0.94(i.e. &gt;0.05). Conclusion: Level of Knowledge of mothers regarding supplementary polio immunization is significantly associated with maternal educational status Keywords: Polio, supplementary polio immunization, polio drops

Awareness and Knowledge of Vertigo among the Adult Population of Selangor, Malaysia

Dizziness and vertigo are common among the adult and elderly population. However, the knowledge &amp; awareness of vertigo and the understanding of the differences between vertigo and dizziness in the adult population is seldom studied. The present study aimed to assess the level of awareness and knowledge of vertigo among the adult population living in Selangor, Malaysia. In addition, the study also focused on the participants’ knowledge of differentiating dizziness and vertigo. This cross-sectional study received responses from 189 participants who were in the age range between 20 and 40 years among which 152 participants' responses met the inclusion criteria. A self-developed validated online questionnaire was used as a study tool to understand the awareness and knowledge of vertigo among the participants. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS (version 28) to obtain frequency and percentages. The results of the present study showed that 57.9% of participants had an average level of awareness of vertigo. Further, 55.3% disagreed that vertigo is the same as dizziness however only 6.6% of the participants were exactly able to identify the differences between vertigo and dizziness. The present study concludes an average level of awareness and knowledge of vertigo among most young adults of Selangor, Malaysia. However, the ability to differentiate vertigo from dizziness was very low among the participants, demonstrating a gap in their knowledge of vertigo. Hence, education about vertigo among the public must be ameliorated. Further studies are required on different age groups and within the other states of Malaysia.

Knowledge regarding health hazards on cell phone use among higher secondary level students in a metropolitan city of Nepal

Background and objectives: Due to wide spread use of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) mobile phones they have become indispensable as communication tools and any consequent in biological effects should be important as a high-priority environmental health issue. Their use without any knowledge of their harmful effects is unsafe. The objectives of this study was to findout Knowledge regarding health hazards on cell phone use among Higher Secondary Level Students, Birgunj.&#x0D; Materials and methods: A descriptive cross sectional research design was used. Sample size was 111 higher secondary level students. Non-probability sampling techniques was used to selected College and class XI and XII. Whereas, 750 students were class XI with 8 section and class run in morning and day shift. Similarly, class XII had 700 students with 6 section and class run in morning and day shift. Out of 1450 students, 61 students from grade XI and 50 students from grade XII, altogether 111 students were selected respectively by using Stratified Sampling technique from proportionate method. Self- Administered Questionnaire was used for data collection. Data entry and analysis was done in SPSS version 17. Data was analyzed by using descriptive (frequency, percentage, mean) and inferential statistics (chi square test) to identify association between level of knowledge with selected variables.&#x0D; Results: The finding of the study showed that all most (89.2%) respondents had poor level of knowledge and only 12 (10.8%) respondents had average level of knowledge. Almost all (98.2%) respondents had cell phone among them 78 (71.6%) have smart phone. In the inferential statistics there were statistically significant association (p&lt;0.05) between level of knowledge and grade (0.003).&#x0D; Conclusion: This study concluded that knowledge regarding health hazards on cell phone use is poor among higher secondary level students. Some educational intervention need to organized on this topic by giving different programs on television, radio, newspaper, and internet to discourage unhealthy practice of cell phone.

The Effect of Counseling on Dairy Milk Management on The Knowledge and Attitudes of Working Mothers

Based on data from the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) in 2012, only 39% of babies under the age of 6 months receive exclusive breastfeeding worldwide. Riskesdas data in 2013 stated that the success of exclusive breastfeeding was only 54.3%. The coverage of exclusive breastfeeding can be increased if puerperal mothers, especially those who work, can apply dairy milk management. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of counseling on dairy breast milk management on the knowledge and attitudes of working mothers in the work area of the Karang Pule Health Center in Mataram City. This research is a pre-experimental design with a one-group pretest-posttest research design. The samples in this study were 30 samples with purposive sampling technique. The data were measured with questionnaires and analyzed using the Wilcoxon Match Pairs Test. The results of this study were that there was a difference in the average level of maternal knowledge of 2.48 and a difference in the average attitude of working mothers of breastfeeding of 24.29 with a p-value of 0.001 which means that there was a significant difference in the knowledge and attitudes of working mothers before and after being given counseling. The conclusion in this study is that there is an influence of counseling on the knowledge and attitudes of mothers working before and after being given counseling on dairy milk management. The suggestion from this study is expected to increase the knowledge and attitudes of working mothers about good dairy milk management so that it can be applied directly

A Pre-experimental Study to assess the effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on level of knowledge regarding alcohol abuse among adolescents at selected nursing college in Jammu

Alcoholism is a worldwide problem not confined either to developed or to developing countries. The present study was aimed to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on level of knowledge regarding alcohol abuse among adolescents at selected nursing college in Jammu. The objectives of the study were to assess the existing level of knowledge regarding alcohol abuse among adolescents, to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching program and to find the association between the levels of knowledge regarding alcohol abuse with their selected socio demographic variables. Research hypothesis were formulated to find the effectiveness of structured teaching programme. A quantitative approach, Pre experimental (one-group pretest posttest) design was used in the study. 50 samples were selected using random sampling technique. The data was collected by using a self-structured questionnaire. The responses were analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. Out of 50 samples, 94% had below average, 6% had average and none of them had above average level of knowledge in pretest while in posttest 20% had below average, 76% had average and 4% had above average level of knowledge. The mean percentage score in pretest was 7.06 and standard deviation was 2.24 and the mean post test score was 11.58 and standard deviation was 2.03. The obtained ‘t’ value was 13.36 which was highly significant at 0.05 level. There was no significant association found between the levels of knowledge regarding alcohol abuse with selected socio demographic variables.

A Study to assess knowledge regarding Anorexia nervosa among nursing students in selected nursing colleges at Mysuru

Background: Anorexia Nervosa is defined as an eating disorder causing people to obsess about weight and what they eat. The main aim of the study was to assess the knowledge regarding anorexia nervosa among nursing students in selected nursing colleges at Mysuru. Objectives: To assess the knowledge regarding anorexia nervosa among nursing students. To find the association between the level of knowledge regarding anorexia nervosa among nursing students with their selected demographic variables. Methodology: Based on the nature of the problem and objectives of study the research approach chosen for the study is descriptive approach. 60 samples were selected by non probability convenience sampling technique. The tool used for data collection consisted of Performa and structured knowledge questionnaire. Validity of the tool was appraised by 5 experts and was found to be valid for the study with required modification. Reliability of structured knowledge questionnaire was done using split half method and found 0.74. The tools were found reliable. The pilot study was conducted to assess the feasibility of the study design at selected colleges of Mysuru. The collected data was analyzed on the basis of the objectives and hypothesis of the study by using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The findings revealed that 34(56.6%) of nursing students had average level of knowledge, 17(28.3%) had poor level of knowledge and 09(15%) had good level of knowledge regarding anorexia nervosa. The knowledge level ranged from 8-27. The mean level score was 12.05 with standard deviation of ±5.92. The study findings also revealed that there is no significant association between the level of knowledge regarding anorexia nervosa with their selected demographic variables like age, religion, place of residence, dietary habits, place of stay, previous knowledge on anorexia nervosa.

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceived Barriers Towards Evidence-based Practice Among Government Sector Physiotherapists in Sri Lanka

Introduction: Implementing evidence-based practice (EBP) is beneficial for the patients as they can receive the best available treatment while improving the reputation of the profession. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and perceived barriers towards EBP among physiotherapists serving in Sri Lankan government hospitals. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted using a convenient sampling method among 264 physiotherapists in thirty-nine government hospitals in Sri Lanka between 18th November 2019 and 23rd December 2019. A pre-tested, validated, and self-administered questionnaire with twenty-six items was categorized into four main parts. These included demographic data of the participants (seven items), their knowledge (six items), attitudes (five items), and perceived barriers towards EBP (eight items). The responses under attitudes and knowledge sections were scored using a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 0-4, with higher scores indicating favourable results. Based on the sum of marks obtained for the attitude part, subjects were categorized as; negative (0-7), neutral (8-15), and positive (16-24) attitudes. Based on the sum of the marks obtained for the knowledge part, subjects were categorized as; poor (0-6), average (7-13), and good (14-20) knowledge. Data analysis was done using the statistical software Minitab version 2018. Results: Among the participants, 1.5% had a poor level of knowledge, 22.7% had an average level of knowledge, and 75.8% had good knowledge regarding EBP. Attitudes toward EBP were positive among 87.9% of participants while 11.7% had neutral attitudes, and 0.4% had negative attitudes. The common perceived barriers to practice EBP were, lack of time, research skills, information resources, and interest towards EBP. Conclusion: A selected sample of government physiotherapists in Sri Lanka had positive attitudes and good knowledge towards EBP and are inclined to incorporate evidence into their clinical practice.&#x0D; Keywords: Evidence-based practice, Physiotherapists, Knowledge, Attitudes, Barriers, Implementation

The Level of Knowledge and Practice of Employees on Infection Control in a Tertiary Level Hospital

Introduction: The one of the main causes of hospital acquired infection (HAI) is the lack of knowledge and improper practice of employees in the hospital. Training programs on the infection control for each employees can reduce the rate of infection acquired from hospital. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and practice of infection control among the employees in DMCH and ShSMCH. Methods: This descriptive type of cross-sectional study was conducted in Dhaka Medical college Hospital and Shaheed suhrawardi Medical college Hospital Dhaka for a period of one year starting from January-2019 to December-2019. Total 139 employees (Physician and Nurses) were included in this study. Result: Among 139 respondents, mean age were 31.97±7.412 (SD). 51.8% (n= 72) were female and 48.2% (n= 67) were male. In this study, 99.3% (n=138) of the respondents were aware of infection control. The current study shows that the 100% (n=139) of respondents know about nosocomial infection. 95.7% (n=114) know infection control technique prevent nosocomial infection and 82% (n=114) of the respondents know infection can occur after discharge from hospital. Maximum 63.3% (n=88) of the respondents know the most effective method to control infection were hand washing properly and the minimum 4.3% (n=6) know prudent use of antibiotics, 38,8% (n=54) know wearing caps, masks and shoe cover and 9.4% (n=13) knows regular vaccination of health care worker. Maximum of the respondents 48.2% (n=67) practice often, 33.8% (n=47) practice always, 17.3% (n=24) practice sometime and minimum .7% (n=1) of the respondent never practice infection control guideline. Conclusion: Physician and nurses in the current study have average knowledge and practice level regarding infection control.

GAMBARAN TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN IBU DALAM PENCEGAHAN STUNTING PADA ANAK USIA TOODLER DI KEDUNGTUNGKUL MOJOSONGO SURAKARTA

Background. Stunting is a chronic malnutrition problem characterized by short stature. Stunting sufferers are generally susceptible to disease, have a below normal level of intelligence and low productivity. Mother's knowledge is one of the factors that have a significant influence on the incidence of stunting. Surakarta City will be the locus of stunting in 2021, Based on the results of stunting mapping and analysis by the Surakarta Health Office, Mojosongo ranks 8th with 5% cases.&#x0D; &#x0D; Purpose. This study aims to describe the level of knowledge of mothers in preventing stunting in toddlers in Kedungtungkul, Mojosongo, Surakarta. Methods. This research is a quantitative research with descriptive method, the respondents in this study are mothers who have toddler age children in Kedungtungkul, Mojosongo, Surakarta. The sampling technique used was total sampling with 37 respondents. Result. (1) Characteristics of respondents based on age, most of them are 21 – 30 years old 41 %, Most education is SMA/SMK 54%, housewife work 65%. (2) The average level of knowledge of mothers in stunting prevention is good with the result that 65% of respondents' knowledge level is good. &#x0D; &#x0D; Conclusion. Mother's level of knowledge in preventing stunting in Kedungtungkul Mojosongo Surakarta on average is good

Testing research software: a survey

BackgroundResearch software plays an important role in solving real-life problems, empowering scientific innovations, and handling emergency situations. Therefore, the correctness and trustworthiness of research software are of absolute importance. Software testing is an important activity for identifying problematic code and helping to produce high-quality software. However, testing of research software is difficult due to the complexity of the underlying science, relatively unknown results from scientific algorithms, and the culture of the research software community.AimsThe goal of this paper is to better understand current testing practices, identify challenges, and provide recommendations on how to improve the testing process for research software development.MethodWe surveyed members of the research software developer community to collect information regarding their knowledge about and use of software testing in their projects.ResultsWe analysed 120 responses and identified that even though research software developers report they have an average level of knowledge about software testing, they still find it difficult due to the numerous challenges involved. However, there are a number of ways, such as proper training, that can improve the testing process for research software.ConclusionsTesting can be challenging for any type of software. This difficulty is especially present in the development of research software, where software engineering activities are typically given less attention. To produce trustworthy results from research software, there is a need for a culture change so that testing is valued and teams devote appropriate effort to writing and executing tests.

The Ergonomic Knowledge and Practice of Dental Students in a Tertiary Institution in South Africa.

Proper ergonomic practices are crucial practices to be considered when working on dental patients, and are often neglected during the dental students' training. We aimed to assess the dental students' knowledge of ergonomics as well the prevalence of their musculoskeletal pain. Methods. A cross sectional analytical study was conducted at a dental school in South Africa. The sample included all senior dental, and dental hygiene students registered in the 2021 academic year. A modified questionnaire using an online platform assessed the student's level of practical and theoretical knowledge of ergonomics; their personal assessment of their competency in implementing ergonomics; and their prevalence of musculoskeletal pain. The knowledge scores were calculated to determine the overall scores. Data was analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Ethical clearance was obtained from the Faculty Ethical Committee and all information was anonymous. Results. The response rate was 52% (n = 106), the mean knowledge score was 68%, and 53% reported to be able to successfully implement their ergonomic knowledge practically. The prevalence of musculoskeletal pain increased from 32% prior to entering dental school to 78% during dental school. Pain was most commonly reported to be on the back (77%), neck (51%), and shoulders (51%). Conclusion. The majority of students had an average level of knowledge regarding ergonomic principles, however, the practical application was poor. Many students reported to have suffered from back pain which seemed to have started since treating patients. The supervisors should educate and assist students to practice healthy ergonomic postures during clinical and pre-clinical sessions.

Ophthalmologists' Attitudes, Knowledge, and Willingness to Report Child Abuse.

The aim of the present study was to explore ophthalmologists' attitudes, knowledge, and willingness to report child abuse. One-hundred-and-seven ophthalmologists employed in various hospitals in Israel completed an online questionnaire. Less than half the ophthalmologists (44.9%) reported that they had treated children whom they identified or suspected as being victims of child abuse, while only 43.9% of these reported child abuse. Despite generally positive attitudes towards reporting of child abuse among the ophthalmologists, their average level of knowledge was low. Ophthalmologists who had received training on child abuse and residents displayed a higher level of knowledge. In addition, female ophthalmologists tended to agree more that ophthalmologists are obligated to screen for and report child abuse. Moreover, female ophthalmologists expressed higher willingness to report child abuse. The present study reveals that underreporting of child abuse, and more precisely the discrepancy between identification and reporting, is present among ophthalmologists. It seems that lack of knowledge regarding identification and reporting of child abuse is the main barrier to reporting, especially among medical specialists. These findings underscore the importance of training programs on child abuse, both during formal education in medical school, and post-qualification, for all ophthalmologists, irrespective of seniority.

Awareness of Theatre Team to Radiation Risk From C-Arm During Surgical Procedures: A Case Study of University of Calabar Teaching Hospital in Nigeria

Purpose: This study aims to assess the awareness of the theatre team to radiation risk from C-arm as well as their adherence to radiation protection or safety measures in the study Centre. Methods: A non-experimental descriptive design was adopted for this study and a well-structured 27 item questionnaire was distributed to 52 members of the surgical theatre: Surgeons, Anesthesiologists, Theatre nurses and Radiographers in the selected hospital. Of this sample, 49 respondents returned their questionnaires. Results. Results from this study reveal a high level (83.67%) of knowledge of radiation risk from C-arm. A greater percentage of the respondents have an average level of knowledge of radiation protection or safety measures: Surgeons (58.8%), Anesthesiologists (50%), and Theatre Nurses (33.3%). Of this percentage on awareness, only 41.1% of Surgeons, 30% of Anesthesiologists, 16.6% of theatre Nurses adhere to these radiation protection/safety measures. This study further reveals a low level of awareness and use of radiation monitoring devices: Surgeons (29.4%), Anesthesiologists (10%), and Theatre Nurses (8.3%). Also, the study shows that the surgical team spends long periods during surgical procedures: 4 hours (24.48%), 6 hours (20.4%), 12 hours (6.12%), thus increasing their susceptibility to radiation effects. The study further affirms that a lesser percentage of the respondents (44.89%) knew the safest positioning of the radiation-emitting tube, meaning that a greater percentage of the respondents don’t know the safest position to take during beam-on periods. Conclusion: This study shows a high level of knowledge of radiation risk, an average level of awareness to radiation protection/safety measures and a poor level adherence of these measures by the theater team.

Knowledge of Mothers Toward Growth and Development of Their Under-5 Years Children in Western Rajasthan (India)

Background: The first five years of a child’s life is a golden period for their growth and development, fostering their future learning skills and social and emotional abilities due to rapid gains in physical and cognitive growth and development. Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the knowledge of mothers about the growth and development of under 5-years children in western Rajasthan. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted with quantitative descriptive approach. The study was conducted at Prince Bijay Singh Memorial (PBM) Hospital, Bikaner, Rajasthan. The population of the current study comprised of 150 mothers, having at least an under-5 year’s child. The subjects were selected by Non-probability convenient sampling technique for this study. Self-structured questionnaire on demographic profile and knowledge about growth and development were distributed among the mothers. Results: The study revealed that half of the mothers were belongs to 26–35 years of age group. The majority of mothers (42%) were having education up to primary level. In occupational status, the most of mothers (56.66%) were house wife. Furthermore, the majority of the mothers (65.33%) had average level of knowledge followed by 28.67% of them had good level of knowledge while only 6% had poor level of knowledge regarding growth and development of under-5 year children. Likewise there was a significant association between the knowledge scores of the mothers and age (p-value- 0.031), educational status (p-value- 0.0001) and occupation (p-value- 0.0001). Whereas, variables like as: family income, type of family and Number of children in family were not significantly associated the level of knowledge. Conclusion: Findings of this research study suggested that most of the mothers having average level of knowledge towards growth and development of under-5 year children. In addition, Knowledge of the mothers was partially associated with their selected demographic variables. Furthermore, sound knowledge of mothers is vital for growth and development of under-5 year children.