Authentic Interpretation Research Articles

Concepts of BLINDNESS, LOVE, VIRTUE in the Artistic World of A. Zhid (Based on the Material of A. Gide's Novels "The Narrow Gate" and "Pastoral Symphony"

The subject of the research is the novels of the French writer Andre Gide "The Narrow Gate" and "The Pastoral Symphony". The specificity of the expression of the author's thought in these stories through conceptual antinomies is noted, as a result of which the study of the concepts of BLINDNESS, LOVE, VIRTUE is actualized. The semantic content of the stated concepts is analyzed, which is carried out on the basis of their definitions in dictionaries and biblical texts. Their representatives are observed, creating a semantic field of the concepts of BLINDNESS, LOVE, VIRTUE, introduced by the author into the composition and plot of works and representing the author's interpretation. On the basis of the revealed meanings and antinomy of these basic concepts for every Christian, their function in the stories is revealed. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that the work of A. Zhid from the point of view of the use of concepts is insufficiently studied. The main conclusions of the study are the following. The concepts of BLINDNESS, LOVE, and VIRTUE have a traditional semantic fullness that has developed in centuries-old Christian discourse, but the writer demonstrates the displacement of their evangelical content due to the emergence of new interpretations associated with the spiritual crisis of society. With the help of the introduction of these antinomic concepts into the story, the writer organizes the artistic space of works: they determine the choice of confessional genre, saturation of stories with allusions, reminiscences and intertexts from biblical texts, the use of these concepts to organize the implicitness and explicitness of the narrative. Concepts perform the functions of characterization of heroes, epochs and expression of the author's position.

METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCHING THE PROBLEM OF SOCIAL AND PEDAGOGICAL SUPPORT OF MOTHERHOOD AND CHILDREN IN UKRAINE (XX - Beginning of XXI Century)

The article is devoted to the methodological basis of the study of socio-pedagogical support for motherhood and childhood, which is revealed at the philosophical, general scientific and specific scientific levels. At the philosophical level (general principles of cognition and the categorical composition of science in general), the principles of dialectics and the principles of development, interdisciplinarity, general connection and determinism in unity with axiological, anthropological, systemic approaches provide an opportunity to determine the philosophical foundations of the unity of the theory and practice of socio-pedagogical support for motherhood and childhood (XX - early XXI centuries). At the level of general scientific methodology (key theoretical provisions, approaches used in most scientific disciplines) - terminological (to correlate the terminological apparatus and the author's interpretation of the basic categories); cultural (to study social, pedagogical, psychological and other phenomena and objects through the prism of the phenomenon of culture); socio-cultural (to study socio-pedagogical support for motherhood and childhood in the interdisciplinary space); Innovative (to implement the experience of establishing social and pedagogical support for motherhood and childhood in order to maximize the use of the positive achievements of the past at the present stage). At the level of a specific scientific methodology (a set of paradigms, theories of social pedagogy, approaches, principles implemented in scientific research) - paradigms (personal, personal-social); theories (socialization (cyclic, socializationeventualization, factor)), social capital, status-role), approaches (personal-social-activity, environmental, ethical, behaviorist, psychoanalytic, maternal-centered, child-centered, family-centered, historical and pedagogical, narrative, chronological and the principle of diachrony. It is concluded that the use of the above methodological approaches will help to consider at the theoretical and practical level and objectively reproduce and outline the conceptual vectors of the studied problem of socio-pedagogical support for motherhood and childhood.

Роль SMM як засобу маркетингових комунікацій закладу вищої освіти в умовах воєнного стану в Україні

Abstract. Introduction. The dynamism of the socio-economic environment, the growing scale of globalization and informatization of social life affects all spheres of economic activity, including higher education. Nowadays institutions of higher education are experiencing structural changes in organization of educational process and establishment of communications. In addition, most domestic institutions of higher education were forced to adapt to consequences of spread of the Covid-19 pandemic and introduction of martial law on the territory of Ukraine. The indicated trends determine the need to find and create opportunities to increase demand for educational services, establish communication with all participants in the educational process. Taking into account the rapid development and spread of information and communication technologies, especially among young people, the Internet and social networks are important channels of communication, that is especially relevant in today's conditions. Results. The article examines the importance of SMM as a marketing communications tool of higher education institution in the conditions of martial law in Ukraine. There was considered and proposed the author's interpretation of the category «social media marketing (SMM)». There was studied the situation on the market of higher education products in Ukraine, which has been formed in recent years (in particular under the influence of the pandemic and martial law). The main opportunities provided by the SMM for institutions of higher education in nowadays conditions are separated. The most effective social networks for communication creating with various target groups of domestic institutions of higher education are presented, in particular Facebook, Instagram, Telegram, LinkedIn. The level of social networks use by domestic teachers in the implementation of educational process is considered. Conclusions. Global technological changes and new challenges in higher education create a need to find effective communication tools with the target audience. Social networks are a promising marketing channel for increasing recognition and loyalty to higher education institutions, establishing communication with the target audience.

International legal support of fishing in the conditions of the exclusive economic maritime zone

The use of the oceans requires the study of its various zones, in particular, economic (fishing) zones, which will allow to increase the level of Ukraine's economy and strengthen environmental protection.
 Ecology in the general sense is the science of the interrelationships of flora and fauna with each other and the environment, the general laws and relationships between nature and society. In this sense, environmental law and order is the relationship established by regulations that allows for the preservation of a favorable environment for humans and other living beings and the safety of life. Environmental safety is the conditions that ensure a favorable life, preservation and development of nature and society in their interconnection with the Ukrainian economy, as well as improvement of environmental protection.
 Ukrainian legislation is actualizing the problem of environmental protection, creating conditions for the inviolability of law enforcement, and a set of rules from various branches of law.
 Maritime economic zones, including fishing zones, have a special purpose.
 Thus, laws have been adopted in Ukraine: On the Exclusive Economic Maritime Zone of Ukraine, the Regulation on the Protection of Ukraine's Sovereign Rights in its Exclusive Economic Maritime Zone. [1] These regulatory acts contain the defining rules for ensuring the safety of navigation in the exclusive economic maritime zone of Ukraine. In the field of combating economic offenses, domestic legislation should be based on the experience of other states when concluding agreements to prevent offenses. Achieving this goal requires a regulatory definition of the object and subject of such legal relations. The reference of the law of Ukraine to the classification of illegal fishing, hunting and other aquatic extraction as an offense does not indicate the definition of these concepts. It may be provided in a Note to the relevant article, thus having the character of an authentic interpretation of the law, as well as through judicial interpretation in the resolutions of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of Ukraine.
 The analysis of the scientific study of the problem shows that it is imperfect and requires further development. In the blanket disposition of Articles 249 and 250 of the Criminal Code, the Ukrainian legislator defines liability for illegal fishing, hunting or other aquatic extraction and blasting in violation of the rules for the protection of fish stocks. [2] Such a general reference to specific offenses does not contribute to a clear application of these articles. This is especially true of the wording regarding the definition of animal and other aquatic fishing.
 It is the indication in the Code that criminal law has as its task the legal support of environmental protection (Article 1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine) [2] that emphasizes its environmentalization and active preventive nature. This also corresponds to the current significance of the problems of environmental protection efficiency and contributes to ensuring unity in approaches to the criminalization of offenses in the sphere of animal and other aquatic fishing.
 It is the indication in the Code that criminal law has as its task the legal support of environmental protection (Article 1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine) [2] that emphasizes its environmentalization and active preventive nature. This also corresponds to the current significance of the problems of environmental protection efficiency and contributes to ensuring unity in approaches to the criminalization of environmental offenses.

The state and the national economy: Principles and tools of interaction in the system of managerial relations

The problem of interaction between the state and the economy is considered in the article in the context of improving managerial relations. At the same time, the state acts as a subject, and the national economy acts as an object of managerial interaction. The processes of deglobalization, exacerbation of crisis phenomena in the world economy and international relations determine the importance of a clear understanding and responsible adherence to national interests in state regulation of the economy. The author's interpretation of the essence of national interests in the economy and the specifics of the implementation of the strategic course for their implementation are presented. The key conditions for the convergence of the economic interests of the state and business are considered. The characteristic of the instruments of state regulation of managerial relations is given, assuming both consideration of external environmental factors and the need to improve the existing economic and managerial model. Criteria for assessing the quality of managerial relations are proposed.

ТАЙМ-МЕНЕДЖМЕНТ – ШЛЯХ ДО ЗБІЛЬШЕННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ПРАЦІ ПРАЦІВНИКІВ ОСВІТНЬОЇ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ

The concept of time management is considered. Various approaches of scientists in determining the essence of time management are analyzed and revealed. The author's interpretation of the concept of time management is offered. Existing time management tools are considered and peculiarities of its application in domestic practice are analyzed. The importance of applying working time management techniques to increase the efficiency of functioning of enterprises in modern conditions is substantiated. Time management, or time management, is a system aimed at coordinating one's actions with time. It is the science of how to plan a clear work schedule for a day, a week, a month, a year or a lifetime. As a result of optimization, working time can be used more efficiently. Time management concerns not only the organization of working hours, but also the workplace environment, communication with work colleagues and many other factors that can affect a certain time. The implementation of time management allows employees of an educational organization to systematize the planning process, use working time more efficiently, increase the speed of solving problems and eliminate them re-appearance, reduce time spent searching for documents and timely prioritization, increase the efficiency of using databases. It has been proven that the introduction of time management technology in an educational organization will serve as an optimal way to increase competitiveness in general and the most effective use of human resources. The development of any organization directly depends on how its employees plan and organize their activities taking into account time constraints, namely how the manager facilitates this. Rationally organized time management also makes employees aware that inefficient use of working time is not only the loss of the management of the educational organization, but also their own, which can lead to a significant reduction in activity efficiency and, as a result, to a decrease in wages. The use of principles and technologies of time management in practice increases the efficiency of the organization, reduces time consumption to a minimum and creates an opportunity to achieve the desired results and goals.

CORRUPTION MANIFESTATIONS IN THE SYSTEM OF ECONOMIC SECURITY OF ECONOMIC ENTITIES

The article establishes the impact of corruption on the economic and national security of the country, what dangers and threats it poses to economic entities. The role of corrupt practices in the economic activity of economic entities was considered. The approaches of scientists to the understanding of the concept of "economic security" were studied and the author's interpretation of it was proposed. Thus, economic security is proposed to understand the state of protection of economic interests of individuals, society and the state from internal and external threats, which contributes to economic development. The most negative consequences of the impact of corruption on the economy, creating a threat to the economic and national security of the country, have been disclosed. These include the expansion of the shadow economy, violation of market competitiveness, inefficient use of budget funds, higher prices for products as a result of "corruption costs", deterioration of the investment climate, increased corruption in non-governmental organizations, the merger of crime and the legal economy, lack of effective private owners, declining confidence in the state, etc. It is also noted that corruption has a positive impact on the economy and political development of the country. The dynamics of the Corruption Perception Index, corruption manifestations are analyzed. The causes of obstacles to foreign investment in the economy of Ukraine, the severity of different types of corruption and the level of corruption in different areas of public activity according to the results of a survey of the population and businessmen, conducted by the National Agency for the Prevention of Corruption in 2021, were studied. It is noted that Ukraine is doing a lot on the way to overcome corruption, but its efforts do not achieve the desired success because of the habituation to corruptive manifestations of the population. The impact of corruption on different spheres of social life and sectors of the economy, enterprises of different types and forms of ownership was characterized. It is noted that the main emphasis in combating corruption should be focused on the ways of determination, and the main determinants of corruption have been identified. The factors forming the demand for corrupt agreements and becoming threats to the economic security of economic entities have also been studied. The directions of prevention of corruption threats to the economic security of the country and entrepreneurship are proposed.

РОЗВИТОК ФІНТЕХ-ЕКОСИСТЕМИ В УКРАЇНІ: СПІВПРАЦЯ МІЖ СТЕЙКХОЛДЕРАМИ В УМОВАХ ЦИФРОВОГО СУСПІЛЬСТВА

The FinTech ecosystem in Ukraine is actively developing and directly influencing economic growth. The article provides the author's interpretation of the definition of the FinTech ecosystem as a system that is a synergy of various companies and organizations that collaborate to provide high-quality, fast, and secure financial services to ensure optimal financial decision-making and improve quality of life. The key segments comprising the FinTech ecosystem are examined, and the basic components of the modern FinTech ecosystem, including regulation and procedures, demand, talent, and capital, are analyzed. The article analyzes trends in the global FinTech market in 2022 based on these basic segments. Factors that have a significant impact on the development of the FinTech ecosystem in Ukraine are systematized. A periodization of the development of the FinTech ecosystem in Ukraine since 2008 is proposed, and the specific characteristics of these periods and the FinTech startups that were formed during this period are identified. The activity of the National Bank of Ukraine as a financial regulator stimulating the development of the FinTech ecosystem and the results following the publication of the FinTech Development Strategy until 2025 are analyzed. The regulatory environment for the functioning of the FinTech ecosystem in Ukraine is examined in detail. The impact of the talent development factor on the development of the FinTech ecosystem is identified as a key factor in ensuring cooperation between educational, scientific, and business institutions, considering global trends of globalization and digitalization. The purpose, tasks, and features of the activity of the Scientific Park of Ivan Franko National University in Lviv are examined. Recommendations are provided, the practical implementation of which will contribute to improving the effectiveness of the FinTech ecosystem in Ukraine in the conditions of a digital society.

Principal's Leadership Strategy in Improving Character Education

This study is a qualitative research to examine how the principal's leadership strategy in improving character education. So, what becomes the guide in this research is the author's interpretation of the principal's leadership strategy in improving character education at Kosgoro Tangerang Junior High School. In accordance with the purpose of this study, the author wants to see how the principal's leadership strategy in improving character education and see what activities can improve character education, and what are the supporting and inhibiting factors. This research was conducted using a qualitative approach with descriptive methods through data analysis in the form of interviews, observations and document studies. The data sources of this research are the principal, deputy head of curriculum, deputy head of student affairs, homeroom teacher, teachers, and students. The location of the research was at SMP Kosgoro Tangerang. The results showed that the principal's leadership strategy in improving character education at SMP Kosgoro Tangerang has been running quite well. This can be seen from the many activities that can improve character education at Kosgoro Tangerang Junior High School, including: tadarus al-quran, duha prayer, youth red cross, saman dance, scouts and karate. The principal's leadership strategies in improving character education include: school program planning within one year for the short term and four years for the long term. However, there are still obstacles in these activities originating from students, human resources, limited facilities and infrastructure. Based on these findings, it is recommended that principals conduct open recruitment of teachers according to the needs and specifications of graduates and give more intense attention to character education activities so that they run optimally. School principals should make efforts to improve the aspects of human resources, facilities and infrastructure, so that they are better and optimal in improving student character. In addition, the principal can also collaborate with institutions or invite alumni or outstanding figures to provide stimulus to students in reaching the future.

ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT IN CONDITIONS OF UNCERTAINTY AND CRISIS

This article is devoted to the study of the essence and content of crisis management in the modern economy. Based on the analysis of existing interpretations of the concept of "crisis management", given by foreign and domestic scientists, we have given the author's definition of this concept. Based on the study of existing approaches in economics to the interpretation of the concepts of "crisis" and "crisis management", the author's interpretation of these phenomena is given in the article. Also in the article, the author defines the goals, objectives, principles and trends of anti-crisis management in modern conditions of economic development of Russia, since it is the anti-crisis management system that will allow organizing rational management of domestic enterprises. The main problems of anti-crisis management in the conditions of the coronavirus pandemic, as well as the functioning of domestic enterprises in the conditions of economic sanctions imposed against Russia by Western countries, have been identified.

KEDUDUKAN KREDITOR SEPARATIS DALAM PROSES KEPAILITAN

The purpose of this study is to find out how the position of separatist creditors in the bankruptcy process is. To answer the problem formulation of the author. The research method used is a normative juridical research method, namely legal research conducted by examining library materials or secondary data. By collecting and then reviewing library materials or secondary data relevant to this research. The results of the research that the provisions in the Law on Guarantees and the Law on Bankruptcy and Debt Payment Delays in which the position of separatist creditors takes precedence over other creditors, and is a separation of creditors' rights, is the author's interpretation of the above discussion, so hereby the author draws conclusions based on the results of the above discussion. . Separatist creditors have the same rights to liquidate assets in the bankruptcy process as if the debtor is not declared bankrupt. However, there are no firm and fast rules between Article 55 paragraph (1) of Law 37/2004 concerning Bankruptcy and Debt Payment Delays and the Civil Code rules regarding the rights of creditors who decide, which can lead to disputes between creditors who decide and practitioners of bankruptcy. In particular Articles 56 and 59 of Law 37/2004 concerning Bankruptcy and Debt Payment Delays. To avoid the above scenario, the bankruptcy practitioner must ensure that the status of the separatist creditor as a lien holder is adequately protected in the settlement of his claim. The transfer of substantive rights by the curator is considered null and void by law, so the provision of Article 56 paragraph (3) of Law 37/2004 concerning Bankruptcy and Debt Payment Delay in the interpretation section needs to be changed. After the substantive rights expire, the guaranteed creditor will compete directly with other creditors

Study of the Cognitive Initiative Formation of the Primary School Students

The article shows various theoretical approaches to the issue of considering the problem of formation of cognitive initiative of younger schoolchildren, defines the concept of “cognitive initiative” of younger schoolchildren, highlights its essential characteristics; among the characteristics are: active and independent striving for practical educational and cognitive activity, readiness for suprasituativity, the ability to make an informed choice. Such a free choice is given to the child in order to determine a motivational and volitional action — the ability to make a personal choice in a non-standard given situation, as well as the defining of a personally significant activity for the child. The younger student appears as a subject of the educational process, a full participant in social relations. Empirical results of identifying the actual level of formation of cognitive initiative in primary grades are presented on the basis of conducted research methods, namely expert assessment of teachers, not included observation and psychological and pedagogical experiment in the author's interpretation “Make your choice”, thanks to specially organized conditions where students can make a free and independent choice in favor of preferred significant practical activity. The results obtained during the interviewing of class teachers helped to determine significant parameters of the manifestation of the cognitive initiative of younger students in the course of educational activities, which are significant characteristics of the very concept of “cognitive initiative” and namely: initiative to answer a given question, difference in intellectual independence in work, initiative and search in the performance of creative tasks, knowledge of logical thinking techniques, perseverance in the performance of difficult tasks, dissatisfaction if forced to interrupt work, return to the verification of the completion of the task, passion in the execution of educational tasks, expressing the joy for their successes, readiness to solve complex problems.

Business Analysis: Key Concepts

Innovation economic development with applying digital technologies requires of the organization’s management system to develop new approaches to its informational and analytical support. In the modern economy, a new direction of analytical work has emerged, viz. business analysis. In Russia this area has not yet been sufficiently studied, there are certain discrepancies regarding the very concept and functions of a business analyst. In this regard, it seems relevant to study this area, its formation and development. The purpose of the study is to estimate advantages and disadvantages of the new direction in comparison with the analysis of the economic activity of an organization; to contrast and compare goals, object, method, tasks, subjects, and tools of business analysis and those of analysis of the economic activity of an organization. The research is based on the study of current scientific and periodical economic literature and information from the websites of the International Institute of Business Analysis and its Russian branch. The results of the study include: the author's interpretation of the term "business analysis"; a comparative assessment of analysis of economic activity and business analysis; revealing advantages of business analysis in comparison with analysis of economic activity; substantiating relevance of business analysis under modern conditions to ensure flexibility of the organization's management system and increase its innovative activity; the conclusion about the relevance of business analysis, oriented toward the interests of not only the organization itself, but also stakeholders and society as a whole.

Renovation and Integrated Development of Territories: Essence and Correlation

At present, a multitude of dilapidated and precarious housing is an acute issue in the regions of RF. In Moscow, this problem is being eliminated by implementing the Renovation Program. According to Federal Law № 494-FL, unofficially called the law «on the integrated development of territories» or «All-Russian renovation», the regional implementation of projects for the integrated development of territories is under way. The purpose of this study is to determine the essence and correlation of renovation and integrated development of territories, taking into account specific needs of the regions. The research methodology is based on a theoretical analysis and systematization of existing approaches to the interpretation of the term «renovation» and its goals in the regional context, as well as an analysis of the legal framework for the integrated territorial development and renovation. There is no legal interpretation of the term «renovation» at the federal level; and, due to its multiple interpretations used in science, it proves difficult to define its essence. The paper studies the existing scientific approaches to the definition of «renovation» in the housing area. Based on the conducted analysis, the author's interpretation of the term «renovation» is proposed, which meets the norms of the current legislation and the needs of the regions. In addition, the author has suggested the ‘Tree of Renovation Goals’, which most comprehensively cover its impact on the urban environment and well-being of the population, as well as envisaging and emphasizing the individual needs of the regions.

Influence of mining rent on the efficiency of using natural potential: the paradox of plenty and its Russian specifics

The most powerful potential of Russia's natural resources is only partially realized, and determining the reasons for the insufficient efficiency of its use is a current research topic. The exploitation of mineral resources that bring mining rent (primarily oil and gas) gives rise to the so-called “paradox of plenty” (PP), which in some cases manifests itself as a significant slowdown in economic development. The purpose of the article is to clarify the signs, degree and forms of PP manifestation and related problems (“resource curse”, “oil curse”, etc.) in the Russian economy. Since the causes of these phenomena are usually associated with rent extraction and peculiarities of the institutional structure of the economy, the works of leading economists who support the theories of “rent-oriented behavior” and the role of public institutions in the process of the PP emergence were critically analyzed. To determine the signs and degree of PP manifestation and related problems, an analysis of determining the shares of oil and gas in the structure of exports, revenues from their sale in the federal budget, and oil and gas products in the structure of GDP, was made. It is concluded that there are no sufficient grounds for ascertaining clear signs of a “rent-oriented” Russian economy and a “resource curse”; important counteracting factors that refute the unambiguous conclusions about the high degree of PP impact on the Russian economy were identified. The author's interpretation of the role of public institutions, the factors of formation and forms of PP manifestation, the specifics of differential mining rent and its role in the formation of PP are proposed; options for solving problems generated by PP – directions for improving the tax system in the field of oil and gas, etc.; substantiation of the need to develop a strategic state program for diversifying the sectoral structure of the Russian economy; directions for adjusting economic policy in the field of oil and gas industry development, etc.

Choosing a model of value-oriented financial management of the enterprise

Methods. The classical method of scientific abstraction and the historical approach to the formation of the value-oriented method of financial management of the enterprise were used in the study of models of value-oriented financial management of the enterprise; system approach was used in the formation of the main models and methods of estimating the value of the enterprise. Results. It was found that the choice of approach and method depends on the purpose of the assessment and limitations in use, which are determined by the characteristics of the enterprise; the choice of the model is influenced by the user's subjective perception of information about the value of the asset and directions of its use, taking into account past (incurred) expenses, today's situation and future prospects; the application of the market approach to the assessment seems possible only in the presence of similar enterprises, information about which in domestic practice is difficult to access; for enterprises that for some time did not carry out full-fledged economic activities or did not generate sufficient positive cash flows from operational activities, it is advisable to apply the cost model to estimate the value; the most accurate from the point of view of future prospects and taking into account the variability and uncertainty of the financial and economic environment is the method of discounted cash flows (income approach), which allows modeling when certain factors change. Novelty. The historical aspect of the formation of a value-oriented approach to the financial management of an enterprise was analyzed, three main levels of perception of this direction by the financial management of companies, based on those goals that are most relevant for this or that enterprise at this stage were determined by the authors. Based on the results of the research, it was determined that each of the methods of assessing business value can be correlated with the assessment goals, based on the time perspective (present, future and past); a visual author's interpretation of this approach was present. Practical value. The study of existing methodological approaches, methods and models for estimating the value of an enterprise allows to conclude that it is impossible to use any of them as a basis, and that it is expedient to use several methods when evaluating a business. At the same time, the real value of the company is in the interval between the maximum estimate and the minimum of them.

INNOVATIVE COMPONENT OF FINANCIAL SECURITY OF ENTERPRISES

Innovations play an important role in the development of both the economy as a whole and individual enterprises in particular. Therefore, the issue of ensuring innovative development and finding financial resources that will facilitate the implementation of innovations is becoming more and more urgent. In modern conditions, in order to ensure the proper level of financial security of business entities, it is necessary to implement the latest technologies that will contribute to increasing the competitiveness of enterprises, both on the domestic and foreign markets. The purpose of the article is to study the prerequisites for ensuring the appropriate level of innovative development of enterprises, as one of the factors for ensuring the appropriate level of their financial security in today's difficult conditions. The article defines the main factors of the innovative component of financial security: innovative development, innovative potential and innovative risks. The importance of their consideration to ensure the appropriate level of financial security has been proven. The author investigated the essence of the innovative development category and determined its direct impact on the level of financial security of enterprises. In the difficult conditions of conducting economic activity at present, the issue of increasing innovation potential is becoming more and more urgent. The author focuses attention on the factors of the external and internal environment that affect the innovative potential of the enterprise. The article offers the author's interpretation of the innovative potential of enterprises as a component of its financial security. It has been proven that to ensure effective innovative development, it is necessary to strictly follow the mechanism of its formation.It provides for the presence of certain constituent elements, in particular: a clear definition of the set goal, in accordance with which the tasks must be developed, throughout the study, an analysis of the implementation of the set tasks must take place, so that the main goal of the study is achieved. It was determined that threats and risks have a significant impact on innovative development, which necessitates their constant monitoring in order to help minimize them.

The influence of Bentham's work "The reasonability of forensic evidence" on the formation of the modern process of proof

In the field of law, evidence does not always need to reveal objective truth or relate to any reality. On the other hand, no matter what the system of evidence is, it must be established in accordance with predetermined conditions, and only by observing those conditions does the evidence derive its force. With the transition from this system of regulated evidence to a system of freedom of evidence, truth no longer excludes evidence. On the contrary, proof becomes a way of establishing the truth. The judge, who has become the central actor in the evaluation of the evidence, must rely solely on his discretion. The work Bentham published towards the end of his life, in 1827, The Reasoning of Legal Evidence, which the author wrote on the question of proof in law, having specific properties not equivalent to those found in mathematics or physics; sciences that allow Bentham to find terms of comparison to explain the functioning of language in jurisprudence. Acquaintance with evidence involves drawing conclusions, that is, drawing conclusions from one or more available evidence. Inferences are central to the reasoning people make with evidence, whether in a judicial setting - which will occupy our reflections in this text - or in any other evidentiary context. By virtue of their statutory powers, judges have to decide whether there is sufficient evidence in favor of this or that fact and consider it proven. In addition, they impose the conclusion of their evidentiary considerations: just as judges establish, according to Kelsen, the authentic interpretation of norms for a specific case, they impose their decision on the existence of a proven fact. But in no way does this mean that judges engage in mental operations of a different nature than those carried out by the parties, their lawyers or any other person – including researchers – having access to the proceedings. In a court hearing, several pieces of evidence can contribute to proving the same proposition of fact. Such a situation, which is very common, adds to the complexity of the analysis of inferences in evidentiary considerations. The latter are then evaluated not only with reference to individual evidence, but also in relation to other evidence.

Scientific and practical analysis of the terms used in the disposition of Art. 436-2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine

The article carries out a scientific and practical analysis of the terms used by the legislator in the disposition of Article 436-2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, and which, in fact, are an innovation in the science of criminal law of Ukraine. In particular, the author's interpretation of such forms of the objective side of the above-mentioned criminal offense as "justification", "recognition as legitimate", "denial", "glorification" is given. In addition, the authors carried out: substantiation from the point of view of domestic legislation and international law of the facts of the armed aggression of the russian federation against Ukraine, which began in 2014, and the temporary occupation of part of the territory of Ukraine; understanding the general reasons for the criminalization of actions that form the objective side of the criminal offense provided for in Art. 436-2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine; consideration of the above terms in their general meaning and in the meaning determined by the context of criminal liability.
 The non-acceptance of the obvious fact that the military-political leadership of the russian federation launched an aggressive war against our country and occupied part of the territories, when this fact was established and recognized at the state level and by the international community, in the conditions of martial law, is, on the one hand, a prerequisite for collaborative activities within the state, and on the other hand, to the support of the crime of aggression by representatives of other states. Justification, recognition as legitimate, denial of the armed aggression of the russian federation against Ukraine, glorification of its participants are part of the information war of the russian federation against Ukraine, aimed at leveling the external grounds for repelling the armed aggression of the terrorist country, as well as preventing society from rallying around a national strategy of unity to repel threats to the national statehood, territorial integrity and inviolability of Ukraine.
 Despite the fact that since the introduction of criminal liability for the above-mentioned acts, enough time has passed for the formation of judicial and investigative practice of bringing people to criminal liability, the theoretical basis for the interpretation of certain terms has not yet been created. In general, the scientific conclusions obtained in the article can be the beginning of the formation of such a foundation.

The City as a Theme and Text in the Prose of Victoria Tokareva

The subject of the study is the image of the city in small and medium prose by V.S. Tokareva. The author reveals the uniqueness of the artistic concept of the city in the work of Victoria Tokareva, which consists in a combination of the image of a generalized conditional space and recognizable spatial images that can be considered in the context of the poetics of local texts. Clarification of the characteristics of a generalized conditional city occurs through the analysis of a system of characters whose moral and philosophical paradigm is correlated with urban loci. Recognizable spatial images are correlated with the autobiographical context of the author's work and considered from the point of view of the author's contribution to the "Moscow" and "Petersburg" text of Russian literature. The author's main contribution to the study of the poetics of V.S. Tokareva's prose is to clarify the typology of images of short stories and novels and to identify "episodic heroes" - characters with an unformed moral and philosophical paradigm and a life position of non-participation in the destinies of other characters and their own fate. The poetics of the episode determines both the key characteristics of such characters and the properties of the urban loci associated with them. The main artistic techniques contributing to the identification of the characteristics of the characters of urban prose are V.S. Tokareva's precedent comparisons and details revealing the author's position. As a result of the conducted research, it was revealed that reading Tokareva's small and medium prose through the prism of the poetics of local texts makes it possible to clarify the originality of the author's interpretation of the images of the two capitals. Shifting the research focus to the generalized image of the city is productive from the point of view of clarifying the typological features of the character sphere and identifying relevant moral and philosophical issues.