Authentic Interpretation Research Articles

РОЗВИТОК ІННОВАЦІЙНОГО ПОТЕНЦІАЛУ АВІАПІДПРИЄМСТВ НА ЗАСАДАХ МАРКЕТИНГОВОГО УПРАВЛІННЯ

The article is devoted to highlighting issues of the innovative potential of aviation enterprises and determining the place of marketing in ensuring its functioning. In the process of research, it was established that there are currently a number of views on the potential of the aviation enterprise: resourcebased, effective and combined, the latter, in the opinion of the author, most fully describes its essence. The structural elements of the innovative potential of the aviation enterprise have been determined. The goals of innovative and marketing activity are established, which are determined by orientation to the needs of the consumer, however, if innovative activity is characterized by the development of renewal processes of the aviation enterprise, then marketing acts as a tool for achieving the goals of innovative activity and the basis for the development of its innovative potential. It has been proven that the place of marketing in ensuring the development of innovative potential can be twofold. If marketing precedes sales, then its participation in ensuring the innovation process is reduced to supporting sales efforts, and therefore, it does not cause any impact on the innovation process. In another case, when marketing research precedes innovation activity, it exerts an active influence on the innovation process. The article presents the components of marketing support for the development of the innovative potential of the aviation enterprise, among which the following are highlighted: functions, principles, plan and conditions for the implementation of the task. Particular attention is paid to the types of marketing strategies for ensuring innovative activity and developing innovative potential. Depending on the inclination to R&D, financial support, market niche, management goals, the entire set of strategies is divided into evolutionary and revolutionary, with the allocation of a place for marketing activity in each of them. The result of the conducted research was the author's interpretation of the mechanism of marketing support for the development of the innovative potential of the aviation enterprise, where the principles of its marketing management are implemented in the general contour of innovative activity.

THE DEPICTION OF DEATH IN JEAN-PAUL SARTRE'S NOVEL “NAUSEA”

In the article, we explore a range of important concepts regarding the interpretation of death in Jean-Paul Sartre's novel “Nausea”. While examining the question of death, we pay special attention to the impossibility of fully revealing the nature of this phenomenon from the perspective of ordinary or generalized human experience. Our article focuses on the existential concept of death, which was partially formed, advocated, and implemented by Jean-Paul Sartre himself in his works. A series of quotes from the novel “Nausea” is presented to illustrate Jean-Paul Sartre's philosophical views on the ability of humans to reassess individual, collective, and transcendent notions of the transition from the living to the non-living. The issue of a distinct ethics of murder and suicide is raised in the novel “Nausea”. Particular attention is given to the concept of suicide, which has a rather unconventional authorial interpretation among representatives of existentialism, with Jean-Paul Sartre being a prominent figure. It is shown that suicide, as interpreted by the writer, does not have the usual contours, as it is explained from the perspective of the inability to avoid “superfluous things” in the world. An even more revolutionary position regarding murder is that it is positioned from the standpoint of “liberation from existence” as a “beneficent act”. The absurdity of Jean-Paul Sartre's assertions is caused by a reinterpretation of the paradigm of “hostages of being”, who are unable to independently make the right choice and should be "grateful" to those who shorten their lives. This paradigm has an existential nature that is reinterpreted through a reassessment of the burden of choice by humans. The relevance of our research is determined by the inevitability of the problem of death throughout human history. It is proven that Jean-Paul Sartre made a significant breakthrough in comprehending the mystery of death. A range of aspects for comprehending the theme of death is proposed: death in historical past, death in the future, murder, suicide, and so on. An overview of some scholarly investigations regarding the life and works of the writer concerning the theme of death is provided. It is demonstrated that death is devoid of purely negative connotations since its nature merely reproduces general disorder. Sartre believes that the disorder itself is not based on the nature of chaos but on the inability of humans to encompass the entirety of events. It is noted that the primitivization of death does not contribute to understanding its nature but rather makes it more incomprehensible.

Устойчивое производство масличных культур: факторы и принципы

The purpose of the study is to identify the main functions and principles of sustainable production of oilseeds, taking into account the specifics of their cultivation, based on approaches to the definition of the concept of sustainability of production and presentation, based on this study of the author's interpretation of the concept of sustainable production of oilseeds. During the research, the following research methods were used: analytical, abstract-logical, etc. The article discusses the main approaches to determining the sustainability of production, both Russian and foreign, identifies the advantages and disadvantages of these approaches, which consist in the lack of complexity and narrow focus, domestic authors focus on innovative development, foreign on environmental aspects. The key factors influencing the sustainable production of oilseeds have been identified. The principles of sustainable production that underlie the work of the UN FAO and the Union of Organic Agriculture of Russia are analyzed, the basis of these principles is greening, but a number of other principles are not taken into account. In this regard, the author's set of principles of sustainable production has been proposed, which has been adapted for the production of oilseeds. Based on the conducted research, the author formulated the following definition of sustainable production of oilseeds – it is economically efficient and stable production in a certain natural and climatic zone with respect to ecological balance in the cultivation of specific oilseeds, ensuring the social well-being of the population of this territory.

ЦИФРОВАЯ ЭКОСИСТЕМА МОНОПРОФИЛЬНОГО МУНИЦИПАЛИТЕТА: ОСОБЕННОСТИ, ПРИНЦИПЫ ФУНКЦИОНИРОВАНИЯ И СТРУКТУРА

This scientific article reveals the theoretical aspects of the essence and construc-tion of the digital ecosystem of a single-profile municipal formation. The signifi-cant role of digitalization is shown to increase the efficiency of the functioning of a single-industry municipality, improve operational efficiency, develop innova-tion and attract investment, as well as improve interaction with the population. The analysis of modern approaches to the essential characteristic of the "digital ecosystem" allowed us to propose an author's interpretation of the term "digital ecosystem of a municipal formation", to present its structure through a complex of interacting variators. The forms of interaction of participants in the digital eco-environment of the municipality were systematized, and the principles that underlie the communications of the main participants were developed to ensure a comprehensive effect and opportunities for the development of the territory. It was concluded that the introduction of digital technologies can become an im-portant success factor for the development of a single-industry municipality and increase its competitiveness, which served as the basis for highlighting methods for evaluating the effectiveness of forms of interaction between the parties.

OPTIMIZATION PRINCIPLES OF RURAL TOURISM ORGANIZATION

The article presents the theoretical substantiation of the optimization principles of the organization of rural tourism development. The urgency of rural tourism development in Ukraine is noted. It is emphasized that today the development of rural tourism is mainly spontaneous, which requires scientifically sound optimization of such activities. Its organizational structure, functional features and problems and prospects of development are shown. The author's interpretation of the concept of "optimization of rural tourism" as a process of organization of relevant tourism activities, which contributes to the provision of these activities the most efficiently, with appropriate unity of its structural components, minimizing resource costs and maximizing emotional and health effects for tourists. The issues of organizational functions are considered. Concerning rural tourism in particular, its organizational function is represented by such a ratio of internal and external organizational factors that ensure the existence of a relevant individual rural facility focused on the provision of tourist services. The structure of rural tourism organizations is analyzed. It should be understood as a set of organizationally integrated forms of activity that are implemented as sustainable processes and aimed at the connection between all organizational components. The unity of organizational structural components of rural tourism becomes the basis for its overall optimization. It should be noted that all organizational structural components of rural tourism are not only interconnected but also interpenetrating, mutually supportive and generally form a single organizational unit, which is a property of tourism-oriented rural systems, aimed at coordinated development of their structured basis. organizational mechanisms. Specific measures to further improve the development of rural tourism in Ukraine are presented.

DIRECTIONS FOR THE FORMATION OF AN ADAPTIVE CASH FLOW MANAGEMENT MECHANISM AT SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED BUSINESS ENTERPRISES UNDER CONDITIONS OF NATIONAL ECONOMY RECOVERY

The methodological and practical recommendations for forming an adaptive cash flow management mechanism at small and medium-sized business enterprises under conditions of the post-war recovery of the Ukrainian economy are substantiated. The author's interpretation of the category «cash flow» is proposed as a dynamic indicator that characterizes the constant movement of cash resources as a result of the operational, investment, and financial activities of the enterprise associated with the receipt (incoming cash flows) or spending (outgoing cash flows) of the enterprise's cash resources, which can have a cash and non-cash form, expressed in national or foreign currency and related to a certain point in time. This made it possible to determine the ontological content of the scientific category «mechanism of managing cash flows of the enterprise» and specify its components (management goals and tasks, management criteria, management methods, management levers, management factors, management principles, specifics and features of management, management tools, managerial functions, management resources, regulatory and legal support, and information support). The author's version of the stages of formation of an adaptive cash flow management mechanism at small and medium-sized business enterprises based on the criterion of their optimization is recommended. By the functional specialization of top managers and employees of the financial subsystem, the procedure for making a managerial decision regarding forming an adaptive cash flow management mechanism at small and medium-sized business enterprises is proposed. This clarified the functional responsibilities of employees of the financial subsystem in the cash flow management process. The expediency of using a payment calendar is substantiated, which will help to synchronize cash receipts and payments. A set of measures to increase (decrease) cash flow at small and medium-sized business enterprises has been formed.

PRINCIPLE APPROACH TO FORMING AND IMPLEMENTING AN EFFECTIVE SYSTEM OF ENTERPRISE'S ECONOMIC SECURITY UNDER CONDITIONS OF ECONOMIC RECOVERY

The methodological and practical recommendations for the formation and implementation of an effective system of economic security at enterprises under conditions of the post-war recovery of the national economy are substantiated. The author's interpretation of the category «enterprise security» is proposed as a set of organizational, technical, managerial, and personnel measures that ensure the enterprise's stable functioning within the defined tasks of its development under the influence of destabilizing factors of the external environment. This made it possible to determine the content of the scientific categories «financial security of the enterprise» and «personnel security of the enterprise». At the conceptual level, the components of the mechanism for managing the financial security of the enterprise are substantiated, which, together with the process of its management, form the basis of the general system for managing the financial security of the business entity. It is recommended to consider the personnel security subsystem as an essential component in the structure of a modern enterprise's human resources management system, which combines it with the economic security system. A principled approach to understanding the role and place of the subsystem of financial and personnel security in the general system of the enterprise's economic security was formed, which made it possible to reveal in more detail the functional purpose of these subsystems and generalize the main elements (subjects and objects of management). The main areas of operation of the enterprise's economic security system under conditions of risks of economic activity and threats of the external environment are specified. The stages of evaluating the effectiveness of the enterprise's economic security system based on the resource and functional approach were considered. The practical implementation of the proposed author's approach will contribute to a proper mechanism for monitoring the enterprise's economic security system and a clear division of work between functional executors. The tasks of forming the enterprise's financial and personnel security subsystems are summarized.

The Experience Economy in the Prism of Cultural and Value Paradigms

The article considers the experience economy (the economy of impressions) in the prism of its dependence and interdependence on the cultural and value paradigms of modern society. The relevance of the research is determined by the novelty of the analysis of the concept in relation to modern social axiology. The purpose of the article is to analyze the structure-forming elements of the experience economy in its correlation with cultural and value paradigms. The scope of the research includes the formulation of the principles of the experience economy as an important element of the service sector based on a customized approach to the client, consideration of its conceptual characteristics, as well as the analysis of the value-ethical component of this objective socioeconomic phenomenon inherent to post-industrial society. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the author's interpretation of this relatively modern marketing approach. The essence of the experience economy, its functions and basic principles are analyzed. The reasons for its increasing importance as a socio-humanitarian component contributing to sustainable development are discussed since that is especially relevant in the current conditions when the ontological, axiological and ethical aspects of the society are being reinterpreted. The importance of considering the values of different customer generations to form impressions and experiences is emphasized. The working principles of the experience economy are considered. In the course of the research, general scientific methods were used: in particular, integrative and systemic approaches, to allow the identification of the essential content of the marketing element; structural and functional approach, allowing for the exploration of the structure and functions of the experience economy; socio-cultural approach, in order to examine the characteristics of the phenomenon and its impact on the system of interaction between the brand and the consumer; as well as axiological approach, which allow for the identification of value orientations and attitudes in their correlations with social axiology. The prospects of the experience economy as a factor contributing to sustainable development from the point of view of its impact on the consumer behavior and society are analyzed. The research indicates the emergence of a new paradigm of sociocultural experience based on co-creation and acquisition of a unique collective experience. The increasing importance of growing social capital by doing work for public causes is emphasized. Specificities of the economy of impressions are described and its core concepts systematized. The author concludes that the economy of impressions is a response to the value orientations of millennials to modern challenges which determines their consumer behavior.

Historical Cossack Portrait in the Work of Natalia Pavlusenko

The purpose of the work is to explore the genre of the historical Cossack portrait in the work of contemporary Kyiv artist Natalia Pavlusenko. The methodology of the research consists in the application of the art method, biographical, research, as well as analytical, historical, descriptive, which together made it possible to achieve substantiated research results. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time the work of the contemporary Kyiv artist N. Pavlusenko is examined within the framework of the author's artistic project "Heroes of Cossack Ukraine". Conclusions. As a result of the conducted research, it was established that the work of N. Pavlusenko in the genre of historical Cossack portrait belongs to modern artistic phenomena and is a notable contribution to the development of the Ukrainian historical genre of painting. The series of the artist's works, united by the artistic project "Heroes of Cossack Ukraine", is a series of portraits of hetmans and atamans of the Cossack period in the author's performance with high professional skill. Each of the works is the author's interpretation of the image based on the study of a significant number of historical sources, which conveys not only the authenticity of the era, but is marked by a certain psychologism and character. The designated project of the historical Cossack portrait is a significant contribution to the popularisation of Ukrainian history and art, as well as the promotion of patriotism and national-cultural identity. Keywords: Natalia Pavlusenko, historical Cossack portrait, historical painting, picture, "Heroes of Cossack Ukraine" project, historical figures, Cossack hetmans.

The language of a political scientist: mental conflict and the problem of understanding

The article analyzes the situation in the world, shows that the cardinal changes that have occurred in Russia and in the West in recent decades, associated with the spread of neocolonialism, the degradation of Western culture, the growth of international tension, are accompanied by a war for the consciousness of citizens. The author emphasizes that the concepts and terms used in scientific, political and everyday speech are a means of manipulating people's consciousness. The task of the scientist is to resist these influences by adjusting their content accordingly to the conditions created. The author's interpretation of the content of the concepts "choice", "Russia", "Europe", "West", "nuclear strike" is given, the need for responsibility for their use is emphasized. The article describes the methodology and principles of logical sociology, reveals the specifics of the use of the conceptual apparatus in a situation of mental conflict, and formulates the basic principles of the study of social reality in logical sociology by A. A. Zinoviev. The meaning of the superidea and the argumentation of S. Karaganov's thesis are revealed: "There is no choice: Russia will have to launch a nuclear strike on Europe", the logical inconsistency of the thesis is shown.

The Tungkot Tunggal Panaluan Batak Statue As A Source Of Inspiration For The Creation Of Painting Artworks

The author's fascination inspired the creation of this work with the Tungkot Tunggal Panaluan Batak statue, a significant element of Batak culture, notable for its shape, history, and function. This statue portrays seven individuals supporting each other, diminishing in size, set against diverse backgrounds. The research seeks to visualize the form, history, and applicability of the Tungkot Tunggal Panaluan statue from the distant past to the present day, manifesting as paintings accompanied by descriptions of their meanings and the techniques employed in their creation. The author produced 12 paintings in this study using acrylic and oil paints on canvas. These artworks feature human figures and primitive Batak figurative statues, characterized by stylized forms, set against a simple village backdrop that serves as a historical context for Tungkot Tunggal Panaluan. Historically, this statue was employed by leaders in traditional Batak community events. The author combined three techniques—plaque, chiaroscuro, and bravura—to infuse the paintings with dynamic impressions, contrasts, and vitality. Notably, the chiaroscuro technique was employed to balance dark and light, utilizing paint colors derived from raw umber and yellow ocher combined with primary colors to evoke a vintage atmosphere. The outcomes of this research comprise 12 paintings, each titled uniquely, reflecting the author's interpretation of the Tungkot Tunggal Panaluan statue in the realm of fine art. These works offer a profound insight into the statue's form, history, and function, contributing significantly to the author's impact on the evolution of painting.

Профжаргон американского военнослужащего в гендерном аспекте

The article is devoted to the analysis of the professional world perception of American military personnel from an axiological and gender perspective. The object of this study is the value system of the US military community, as expressed in military jargon. The subject of the research is the linguistic forms through which gender stereotypes are manifested in the nominal units of the socio-group dialect. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the thesis on the patriarchal nature of the US military community, which is permeated with gender stereotypes and relies on the language phenomena of the military sociolect. This work aims to empirically identify social stereotypes explicit in the speech practices of informal communication. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the author's interpretation and categorization of gender-marked jargon vocabulary used by the representatives of the US military community. The results of the study revealed that the unofficial register of military jargon reflects the androcentrism of the military culture cluster. This is the first attempt to dissect the axiosphere of the GI through the conflicts of communicative practices in the standard and substandard (sociolect) registers of military jargon. The study also identified the most common gender stereotypes about women in the military environment.

IMPROVING THE METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT
 OF PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCES OF STUDENTS IN ECONOMIC SPECIALTIES:
 THE AUTHOR'S APPROACH

The article is devoted to the study of the methodological foundations for the development of professional
 competencies of students of economic specialties. The essence of these competencies is studied, various approaches to its
 interpretation are considered, their advantages and disadvantages are identified. An analysis of modern types of
 professional competencies of economic specialists was carried out, which made it possible to group them into several
 enlarged groups and determine the possibilities for supplementing them. Based on the results of the study, an author's
 approach to improving the methodological foundations for the development of professional competencies of students of
 economic specialties was developed, including the substantiation of the author's interpretation of the term «professional
 competencies» and expanding the specific composition of these competencies, taking into account the realities of the
 modern world.

Interpretive legislation: comparative legal analysis

The author tries to show and explain a rather controversial legal mechanism called "authentic interpretation” of legal norms or "interpretative legislation”. By showing a comparative overview of different legal systems in Romano-German and Common law families, the author wants readers to guess whether interpreting laws (statutes, by-laws) with retrospective power is purely a judicial task. Why have we gotten used to thinking this way, and what in the separation of powers thesis excludes lawmakers from the authority to interpret their laws? At the same time, it is mentioned that the retrospectivity of laws does not necessarily violate the rule of law requirements when it is aimed at lacuna in laws or fixing technical defects in law.
 Specific attention is paid to constitutional case law in different countries that classify the authority of abstract interpretation as a part of legislative power. Judicial deference as a doctrine developed by the US Supreme Court also described in this article. Having analyzed the experience of Slovenia, Croatia, Italy, Belgium, Australia and the USA, the author returns to Ukraine and shows some tendencies towards authentic interpretation, though not fully realized so far neither by the Supreme Court nor by Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine.
 There are many questions on how justifiable it is to employ the authentic interpretation and whether it is instead an ultima ratio than regular practice. On the other hand, taking into account the current state of development and complexity of legislation in all spheres of social life, there is a need not only for legal monitoring, but also for preventive interpretive measures to eliminate ambiguity in judicial practice, correct judicial errors in interpretation and prevent undermining of legislation by courts due to incorrect interpretation.

Ukrainian Military Themes in the Historical Battle Painting of Andrii Kholomeniuk

The purpose of the work is to investigate the topic of Ukrainian military history in the historical-battle painting of A. Kholomeniuk; analyse the main cycles and their plot, imagery, author's interpretation. The research methodology consists in the application of the historical-chronological method, comparison and generalisation, art analysis, with the application of the principles of systematicity and historicism. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the systematic generalisation and analysis of the artistic works of the famous artist-battalist A. Kholomeniuk, which reproduce various historical periods of the military history of Ukraine, mainly the late Middle Ages and the Cossack region. Conclusions. As a result of the conducted research, it was established that in his work A. Kholomeniuk addresses various topics and plots of Ukrainian military history, among which the large cycle of works "The Khotyn War of 1621" (approx. 80 paintings) occupies a prominent place, which serves as a kind of pictorial encyclopaedia of Ukrainian Cossacks. A. Kholomenyuk's battle paintings have a distinct author's style of painting, with an expressive manner and play of colour, light and shadow, characterised by perfect composition and a deep study of historical details and context. The battle-historical works of A. Kholomeniuk belong to the important examples of modern Ukrainian historical-battle painting, which vividly reflects Ukrainian military themes.
 Keywords: A. Kholomeniuk, battle-historical painting, battle studies, historical themes, military history of Ukraine, Cossack period.

The structure and content of the process of forming the professional and metric reputation of future teachers of higher education

The need to ensure the effectiveness of the formation of the representative competence of the professional-metric reputation of future teachers of higher education has been updated. A pedagogical study of the process of forming the professional and metric reputation of future teachers of higher education was carried out. The author's interpretation defines the concept, content and structure of the educational process of professional training of teachers.
 The organizational-management and organizational-pedagogical conditions for the formation of the professional-metric reputation of future teachers of higher education are substantiated: the psychological-pedagogical environment of promoting the formation of the professional-metric reputation of future teachers of higher education; methodological and information-technological platform of the functioning of ensuring professional metrics of educational-scientific-cognitive and innovative activities of education seekers; special organizational administration procedures for the formation of professional metrics of the image of future teachers of higher education.
 The model of formation of representative competence of the professional and metric reputation of future teachers of higher education was substantiated and developed.

Forecasts of K. Marx and F. Engels on the Post-Capitalist Future: The Test of Time

The modern world has entered a complex controversial era of changing economic systems, clearly visible in a variety of new phenomena. These include the completion of industrialization in developed countries with the development of the third industrial revolution and the entry into the era of technology development of the Fourth industrial revolution. Such a change resolves the fundamental contradiction of capitalism that has reached a critical level, in the author's interpretation, on the side of the productive forces acting as an environmental crisis, on the side of industrial relations – inequality in income and property. In the era of changing economic systems, it is appropriate to ask a question about the relevance of classical forecasts regarding the future of capitalism, and there are two such in their scientific heritage. The first of them is the well–known socialist one, set out in the Manifesto of the Communist Party, published in 1848, and, on the contrary, the forecast about the «transformation of the capitalist mode of production into an associated one,» which Marx outlined very succinctly, but clearly and unambiguously in the third volume of Capital. The followers of the classics picked up the first forecast, contrary to their expectations, which never took place in the history of capitalism in developed countries, addressed directly to them by the classics, but implemented in semi-feudal Russia. However, the age of socialism turned out to be short-lived in it, but the reasons for its fleeting death are not fully realized to this day. And on the contrary, the second forecast took place: capitalism underwent such a transformation at the stage of mastering the second industrial revolution and even more – the third. Let's try to figure out how popular a socialist forecast can be in modern conditions. This is also relevant in view of the steady increase in state ownership, which abolishes the monopoly of private ownership forms inherent in capitalism and contributes to the increasing role of the state as a macroeconomic entity.

Beauty to the Modernist Eyes: Katsura Imperial Villa as an Experience of Modernism and Modernity

This article explores a 1960 book project on the Japanese Imperial Palace and Garden complex Katsura, entitled Katsura: Tradition and Creation in Japanese Architecture (1960), in collaboration with Walter Gropius, Kenzo Tange, Yasuhiro Ishimoto, and Herbert Bayer, as an experience of modernism and modernity. Through photography and written records, this article traces the rediscovery of the villa by modern architects since the 1930s, from Bruno Taut to Walter Gropius to appreciate the beauty of Katsura and, finally, Yasuhiro Ishimoto’s photographic rendering in 1983, to understand the visual interpretation of authenticity and objectivity through developing perspectives of observation. The 1960 book project was a modernist reinvention on the traditional architectural and garden landscape of Katsura. Through Ishimoto’s lens, a series of observations and impressions were projected in the modernist eyes that were distinct from traditional experiences of the villa. The meticulous capture of spatial dynamics and layered material presented in this visual tour have provided a new perspective of interpreting the Katsura Palace, which is fundamentally different from traditional ways of documentation and continues in Ishimoto’s visual reinterpretation in 1983, mirroring a developing conversation of cultural exchange between Japanese tradition and the West.

Driven Towards Death – A Psychoanalysis Approach In Interpreting The Novel Kokoro By Natsumi Soseki

This paper aims to attest the author's interpretation that Sensei's character in the novel "Kokoro" by Natsume Soseki, fits into the category of individuals who are driven to death. Through Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic approach, the writer is expected to prove his interpretation through an integrated analysis. Psychoanalytic elements contained in the novel include instincts, structure of personality and death drive. According to Freud, human instincts are divided into two: life instincts and death instincts. In Freud’s structure of personality, the discussed topic will be focused on the id, ego, and superego. Id, ego, and superego will be the subject of how Sensei's character falls into the category of individuals who are driven to death. The method used in answering the research problems is by using close reading, focalization, and data collection. The novel "Kokoro" tells the characters of I and Sensei. I and Sensei are two people met just by chance, unrelated to each other. This paper focuses on Sensei’s part where he tells his past to I. At the end of the contents of the letter, Sensei stated that he had committed suicide. The letter turns out to be Sensei’s testament. The results of this paper are, in the novel "Kokoro", Sensei's character is an individual who: 1) has a life instinct and a death instinct in different periods of time, 2) has an id, ego, and superego which is proof that Sensei has the trait of being driven to death.

Everyday Representations of Authenticity: From Childhood to Youth

Authenticity is a personality trait, which implies loyalty to one's true self, correspondence to the personality, spatiotemporal life circumstances, and vocation. Three main paradigms of the interpretation of authenticity are compared - person-centered, existential, and agent paradigms. To study the dynamics of everyday experience of authenticity, an exploratory study was conducted on the respondents of three ages: primary school children (7–12 years old, SDage = 1.12), adolescents (12–17 years old, SDage = 1.62), and youth (18–23 years old, SDage = 0.92). Each group included 150 people and was balanced by gender. The main method was a research interview followed by a structured tabular thematic analysis. The interview included five thematic blocks covering the main manifestations of authenticity - authentic living, accepting external influence, self-alienation, behavior, and balance of social/individual. The results demonstrate the greater relevance of the existential and agent paradigms for describing the respondents’ authenticity. In all ages, authenticity was described as an initially social feature, stimulated by interaction with other people and manifested in it. The influence of other people was not considered by respondents as a source of selfalienation, regardless of age. The descriptions of authenticity become richer and more differentiated with age. In primary school children, authenticity is reflected weaker, and the state of selfalienation is recognized with difficulty. Finally, manifestations of authenticity are age-specific and closely related to the content of the developmental tasks of each of the considered stages. The results obtained can be used in further research and applied programs.