Audio Watermarking Research Articles

Dual Channel Audio Watermarking Algorithm Based on Embedded Strength Optimization

This work proposes a new dual-channel audio watermarking algorithm to improve the imperceptibility of watermark while maintaining the robustness. First, we use the correlation method to detect the pitch of the origin audio, by which the audio will be segmented adaptively. Then, we implement the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) on the audio signal to get the approximate decomposition coefficients. On this basis, the coefficients are divided into odd-order and even-order channels by the coefficient serial number. According to the high similarity between the two channels, the coefficients of the even-order channel are embedded into the odd-order channel in the form of an echo. To improve the imperceptibility of the watermark, we apply the cross-correlation method to optimize the embedding strength to minimize the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). By this way, the robustness of the watermark will be improved without significantly affecting the original audio quality. In the watermark extraction stage, the coefficients cross-correlation between the embedding channel and the embedded channel is used to detect the signal peaks. According to the peak positions, the watermark can be extracted, so the blind detection is realized. We test the proposed method by simulation experiments, and the experimental data show that the robustness of the proposed method is higher than the method proposed in [1].

High-capacity, transparent and robust audio watermarking based on synergy between DCT transform and LU decomposition using genetic algorithm

Digital watermarking technology is countered as one of the best solutions for solving the problem of copyright protection, content identification, duplication, data authentication and distribution of the digital media due to the great developments in Internet technology. Lately, protection of digital audio signals has fascinated the attention of researchers in watermarking area. In this paper, we propose a new high-capacity, transparent and robust audio watermarking scheme based on synergy DCT transform and LU decomposition using genetic algorithm (GA) for embedding watermark data into an audio signal. In the proposed scheme, the original audio signal is first split into set of segments, and then each segment is taken DCT transform. After then, DCT coefficients are framed and finally decomposed by LU factorization to obtain upper and lower-triangular matrices. GA is applied to optimally select frequency sub-band and frame length. The watermark data is embedded into upper-triangular matrices based on Fibonacci sequence. The watermark can be blindly drawn out without knowledge of the original audio signal. Experimental results show that the transparency and robustness of the proposed scheme is satisfied, and that high watermarking payload capacity (2002 bit per second) is obtained through the proposed watermarking scheme.

Patchwork-Based Audio Watermarking Robust Against De-Synchronization and Recapturing Attacks

Watermarking is a solution for copyright protection and forensics tracking, but recapturing and de-synchronization attacks may be used to effectively remove audio watermarks. Although much effort has been made in recent years, the robustness of audio watermarking against recapturing and de-synchronization attacks is still a challenging issue. Specifically, we first construct the frequency-domain coefficients logarithmic mean (FDLM) feature of digital audio. By theoretical analysis, we conclude that the residual of the two groups’ FDLM feature is robust against recapturing attack. We then propose a robust audio watermarking method based on this feature using the patchwork framework. Compared with the method having the best robustness performance against recapturing attack, the BER value of our method is decreased by 7%. Besides that, the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art patchwork-based watermarking methods notably, under recapturing and post-processed with signal processing operations and de-synchronization attacks.

Audio watermarking based on synergy between Lucas regular sequence and Fast Fourier Transform

The growth of digital technology over the recent years has led to increased sending and saving of electronic media. Taking advantage of digital works without observing copyright is always considered as an important threat for publishers. One of the techniques proposed for overcoming this threat is watermarking. Audio watermarking is one of the most challenging fields of watermarking, because detection of watermark in audio is much easier than in image. In this paper, a new approach is proposed for audio watermarking based on the values of energy levels in FFT domain. Despite preservation of imperceptibility and robustness, this method has also a very high capacity. The main idea of the proposed method is employing a regular embedding procedure on the basis of closing the energy of the sub-frames to Lucas math sequence, which is capable of embedding two bits in each audio frame. In addition, appropriate parameters values of the proposed approach such as frame-size and frequency-band are calculated by an intelligent recursive tuning process. Extraction process is done in a blind manner and without any need to the host original signal. In order to evaluate the proposed method, five types of audio files including Electronic, Classic, Jazz, Blues, and Rock audio files have been used in wave format. The results show that despite having a high watermarking capacity, the proposed method has a high imperceptibility and an acceptable robustness against the common attacks such as Noise Addition, 64 kbps MPEG Compression (MP3), FFT-Invert, Re-sampling etc., compared with the previous methods.

Different Types of Attacks and Performance Evaluation Factors in Digital Audio Watermarking

The 21st century is the digital world, the utilization of digital information like multimedia that contains image, audio and video is massively expanding because of the progression in innovation and web transformation. With this headway to achieve the one's proprietorship and copyrights for this advanced information is the greatest test. Digital watermarking is one of the procedures to accomplish one's proprietorship and copyrights with safely and securely. Digital watermarking is the strategy in which the proprietor's copyright data can be installed into the original media either as an image, audio or video. There are two fundamental components we have to consider for this digital audio watermarking to get the high robustness and also imperceptibility against the piracy, malevolent assaults, and different kind of transformation attacks. Despite the fact that there are numerous difficulties to accomplish these outcomes, in this paper, our proposed audio watermarking system is utilized to enhance the robustness, reliability and imperceptibility of the embedded data with security. For Security, in our proposed work we are utilizing DSSS encryption algorithm and some vital transformation techniques utilized that are DWT (Discreet Wavelet Transformation) up to 4-level to get most reduced frequency sub-band and after that DFT(Discrete Fourier Transform) is applied to get least frequency component from sub-band found by DWT in which the alterations are done and after that SVD (Singular esteem Decomposition)is used to it, so unique audio document does not have any effect of watermark bits to improve robustness and imperceptibility. This algorithm is implemented in MATLAB software that is used for numerical computation and data analysis. The GUI is presented in this paper for audio watermarking with different calculations.

Audio watermarking algorithm against synchronization attacks using global characteristics and adaptive frame division

Achieving resistance to synchronization attacks on audio watermarking is a challenging task. Available synchronization methods based on local features utilize sample alignments. The local features vanish easily after operation, hindering resynchronization. This study proposes a new audio watermarking method that divides frames adaptively; it is based on the global characteristics of the frame and achieves indirect synchronization by employing a corresponding frame sequence number. The experimental results reveal that the proposed scheme exhibits effective robustness against conventional signal processing manipulation and synchronization attack processes such as jittering, time scale modification, and pitch shift modification.

Design of a blind quantization‐based audio watermarking scheme using singular value decomposition

SummaryWatermarking is a mechanism in which owner of the audio file hides the watermark information into a audio for various applications. The identity of the owner of the audio file is hidden in the audio, which is known as watermark. In this article, a quantization‐based audio watermarking using singular value decomposition (SVD) is proposed. The original audio signal is converted into non overlapping two dimensional matrix blocks. The SVD is applied to each block. The watermark is embedded into audio signal by quantization of largest singular value of the block. The watermark is extracted blindly without using original audio signal. Experimental results show the watermark's high imperceptibility in the audio signal and good performance against Stirmark as well as traditional signal processing attacks. Compared with other audio watermarking methods, our method has higher embedding capacity and robust against various traditional signal processing attacks.

Enhancement of Ground-to-Aircraft Communication Using Audio Watermarking

This paper presents research on improving the intelligibility of spoken messages transmitted to aircraft from a ground station. The proposed solution is based on the selective calling (SELCAL) system and the audio watermarking technique. The most important elements of a spoken message (commands, numerical values) are transmitted as a watermark embedded in the speech signal and are displayed to the cockpit crew. The synchronization signal is embedded in SELCAL duo-tones. The proposed system is resistant to resampling and channel noise (at SNR > 25 dB).

High-capacity and Transparent Digital Audio Watermarking using Rounding Reduced-arc MPSK and a Genetic Algorithm

In this paper, a novel, high-capacity and transparent blind audio watermarking system based on rounding reduced-arc M-ary phase shift keying (MPSK) is presented. Signal samples of the audio file are divided into several frames and then transformed into the frequency domain using fast Fourier transform. The watermark is embedded in the phase element of the selected samples based on several criteria. Two modified modulation schemes (256-PSK and binary phase shift keying) are used for the embedding process to compare the effects of the M-ary number used in the system. To improve the system, a genetic algorithm is utilized to obtain the best embedding parameters, which produces the optimal output based on the perceptual quality of the watermarked audio and the robustness of the extracted watermark. Experimental results show that the proposed audio watermarking system produces high-quality watermarked audio while loading a huge amount of data.

A robust digital audio watermarking scheme based on DWT and Schur decomposition

The vulnerability of digital audio signals for different types of risks requires an imperceptible and robust digital audio watermarking scheme. In this research, we propose creating one such imperceptible and robust hybrid watermarking scheme based on a discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and Schur decomposition hybrid method. The proposed scheme embeds the foreground bits of the watermarking image into the least significant bit of the diagonal coefficients of the triangular matrix S generated from Schur decomposition. Schur decomposition is applied on the second sub-band HL2 generated from applying a second-level 2D-Haar DWT on the first channel of the original audio signal. We analyze the proposed digital audio watermarking scheme’s performance in terms of signal to noise ratio (SNR), objective difference grades (ODG), and subjective difference grades (SDG) that resulting 81.43, 4.78 and 0.184, respectively. The resulting of payload capacity, NC, and BER are as high as 319.29 bps, 0.9911, and 0.0135, respectively. Experimental results confirm that the proposed scheme is inaudible and robust against common types of attacks such as Gaussian noise, re-quantization, re-sampling, low-pass filter, high-pass filter, echo, MP3 compression, and cropping. In comparison with state-of-the-art audio watermarking schemes, the proposed scheme’s performance is superior in term of imperceptibility, robustness, and data payload size.

QIM - Based Audio Watermarking with Combination Technique of DCT-QR-CPT

ABSTRAKAudio watermarking adalah teknik memasukkan informasi ke dalam file audio dan untuk melindungi hak cipta data digital dari distribusi ilegal. Makalah ini memperkenalkan audio stereo watermarking berdasarkan Quantization Index Modulation (QIM) dengan teknik gabungan Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) - QRCartesian Polar Transform (CPT). Host audio dibagi menjadi beberapa frame, selanjutnya setiap frame ditransformasi oleh DCT, kemudian output DCT diuraikan menjadi matriks orthogonal dan matriks segitiga menggunakan metode QR. Selanjutnya, CPT mengubah dua koefisien kartesian dari matriks segitiga (R) pada posisi (1,1) dan (2,2) menjadi koefisien polar. Setelah itu, penyisipan dilakukan pada koefisien polar oleh QIM. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa imperseptibilitas audio terwatermark berkualitas baik dengan Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)> 20, Mean Opinion Score (MOS)> 4 dan tahan terhadap serangan seperti Low Pass Filter (LPF) dan Band Pass Filter (BPF) dengan cut off 25-6k, resampling, Linear Speed Change (LSC) dan MP3 Compression dengan rate diatas 64 kbps.Kata kunci: Audio Watermarking, CPT, DCT, QIM, QR ABSTRACTAudio watermarking is a technique for inserting information into an audio file and to protect the copyright of digital data from illegal distribution. This paper introduces a stereo audio watermarking based on Quantization Index Modulation (QIM) with combined technique Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) – QR – Cartesian Polar Transform (CPT). Each frame of a host audio is transformed by DCT, then DCT output is decomposed using QR method. Next, CPT transform two cartesian coefficients from triangular matrix (R) in position (1,1) and (2,2) to polar coefficients. After that, embedding is executed on polar coefficients by QIM. The simulation result shows that the imperceptibility is good with Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)>20, Mean Opinion Score (MOS)>4 and it is robust against attacks such as Low Pass Filter (LPF) and Band Pass Filter (BPF) with cut off 25-6k, Resampling, Linear Speed Change and MP3 Compression with rate 64 kbps and above. Keywords: Audio Watermarking, CPT, DCT, QIM, QR

Use of 'A light weight secure image encryption scheme based on chaos and DNA computing' for encrypted audio watermarking

Watermarking is one of the best way to authenticate the ownership or the source of data by embedding copyright information onto the image, audio or video. At the same time to maintain anonymity or source of data from unintended users its need to encrypt before embedding. This paper presents an effective use of encryption algorithm in audio watermarking. The watermark data is initially encrypted with 'A light weight secure image encryption scheme based on chaos and DNA computing'. In the second part, the encrypted data embedded onto an audio using discrete cosine transform (DCT) and discreet wavelet transformation (DWT). The test results are promising and the watermarked audio does not looses its quality.

High-Performance Self-Synchronous Blind Audio Watermarking in a Unified FFT Framework

This paper presents a blind audio watermarking method that uses two different schemes to hide binary bits and auxiliary information within separate ranges of a fast Fourier transform (FFT) sequence. An adaptive vector norm modulation (AVNM) scheme is introduced to achieve a satisfactory balance of imperceptibility, robustness, and payload capacity. An improved spread spectrum (ISS) scheme is developed to produce a striking correlation peak, which facilitates the detection of synchronization codes in the FFT domain. The combination of robust audio segment extraction and recursive FFT makes it possible to execute these two FFT-based schemes in tandem on a sample-by-sample basis. The experiment results confirm that watermark embedding causes merely a negligible degradation in perceptual quality. A detectability test proved the effectiveness of the ISS scheme in self-synchronization as well as hiding auxiliary data. Three versions of AVNM with capacities ranging from 344.53 to 1033.59 bits per second were demonstrated. Compared with six recently developed schemes, AVNM exhibited advantages in terms of negligible quality distortion, flexible payload capacity, and excellent robustness against a variety of common signal processing attacks.

Dual-Domain Audio Watermarking Algorithm Based on Flexible Segmentation and Adaptive Embedding

This paper proposes a novel dual-domain audio watermarking approach based on flexible segmentation and adaptive embedding aimed to improve robustness and imperceptibility. Compared with conventional watermarking strategies, the proposed approach has two advantages. First, a novel audio beat detection approach is designed to flexibly segment the audio, which provides stronger robustness to synchronization attacks. The audio is decomposed by the discrete wavelet packet transform. Then, the covariance relationships of the decomposition coefficients at different time instants are calculated to determine the locations of the beats and to establish a flexible segmentation model. Second, a dual-domain embedding approach is proposed to realize better robustness to compression attacks while maintaining imperceptibility. In each segment, the psychoacoustic model is used to calculate the audio masking threshold, which divides the signals into the masking signal domain and masked signal domain. The signals in the masking signal domain are robust to compression attacks, and the signals in the masked signal domain have better imperceptibility. To combine these advantages, we embed the watermark into the two domains simultaneously by using the distortion-compensated dither modulation quantization approach. To reduce the impact of the watermark on the original audio, the frequency band with the lowest mask-to-noise ratio is selected as the embedding position for each domain. Moreover, the adaptive quantization steps are calculated to control the embedding strength according to the masking effect. The adaptive embedding will improve the robustness to compression attacks without significantly affecting the original audio quality. The effectiveness of our approach is verified through simulation experiments.

Use of 'A light weight secure image encryption scheme based on chaos and DNA computing' for encrypted audio watermarking

Watermarking is one of the best way to authenticate the ownership or the source of data by embedding copyright information onto the image, audio or video. At the same time to maintain anonymity or ...

A Mean Quantization Watermarking Scheme for Audio Signals Using Singular-Value Decomposition

Recently, research in audio watermarking technology makes it a promising tool for copyright protection of digital audio files in networked environments. In this paper, we propose a new mean quantization based watermarking mechanism for audio based on the technique due to Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). In this method, the host signal is divided into a number of two-dimensional matrix frames. The SVD is then employed to every frame, and also the Euclidean norm of the Singular Values (SVs) are calculated for every frame. The watermark is then hidden into an audio signal by quantization of the norm of the SVs. The watermark is extracted blindly using the inverse process. Both the subjective and objective tests demonstrate good imperceptibility of the watermark in the audio file. Furthermore, the experimental results show good robustness of the proposed scheme against various common audio attacks and Stirmark benchmark attacks. The false-negative error of the method is very near to zero against Stirmark and audio attacks. The proposed scheme has a high payload, and its performance is superior compared to other related watermarking methods for audio signals. Finally, the proposed method achieves better trade-offs between conflicting requirements of imperceptibility, payload, and robustness.

Hybrid Blind Audio Watermarking for Proprietary Protection, Tamper Proofing, and Self-Recovery

Hybrid Blind Audio Watermarking for Proprietary Protection, Tamper Proofing, and Self-Recovery

IMPLEMENTATION OF QIM BASED AUDIO WATERMARKING USING HYBRID TRANSFORM OF SWT-DCT-SVD METHODS OPTIMIZED WITH GENETIC ALORITHM

Nowadays, almost all data transaction is done through the internet because it is easy and could be accessed anywhere. The file is uploaded directly without any security or scanning making people able to upload illegal files or files that is not owned by them. This violation of copyright becomes a huge problem as it reduces the owner�s profit. That is why watermarking method is created. Watermarking is a method of embedding secret information to a host data. The information could be embedded into an audio, image or video data. This research will design an audio watermarking by combining 3 methods of transformation: Stationary Wavelet Transform (SWT), Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). SWT separates data�s frequency into high and low. After that, DCT maps correlated high frequency data into uncorrelated coefficient. Then those coefficients will be deconstructed into three matrices u, s, and v using SVD method. Later, the s matric will be embedded with the watermark. With these methods, watermarked audio produce SNR>20dB and BER�0,1170 in average.

Modified DCT-based Audio Watermarking Optimization using Genetics Algorithm

Ease process digital data information exchange impact on the increase in cases of copyright infringement. Audio watermarking is one solution in providing protection for the owner of the work. This research aims to optimize the insertion parameters on Modified Discrete Cosine Transform (M-DCT) based audio watermarking using a genetic algorithm, to produce better audio resistance. MDCT is applied after reading host audio, then embedding in MDCT domain is applied by Quantization Index Modulation (QIM) technique. Insertion within the MDCT domain is capable of generating a high imperceptible watermarked audio due to its overlapping frame system. The system is optimized using genetic algorithms to improve the value of imperceptibility and robustness in audio watermarking. In this research, the average SNR reaches 20 dB, and ODG reaches -0.062. The subjective quality testing on the system obtains an average MOS of 4.22 out of five songs tested. In addition, the system is able to withstand several attacks. The use of M-DCT in audio watermaking is capable of producing excellent imperceptibility and better watermark robustness.

A Blind Audio Watermarking Scheme Employing DCT–HT–SD Technique

In this paper, a blind audio watermarking technique using discrete cosine transform (DCT), Hadamard transform (HT) and Schur decomposition (SD) is presented. The embedding of watermark is carried out by modifying the DCT coefficients through HT and SD. Watermark is embedded in the selected high-energy low-frequency frames of audio signal. The watermark bits are adaptively embedded in the unitary matrix obtained from SD. To make the proposed watermarking technique fully blind, embedding of watermark is performed by effectively utilizing the ratio between the first column elements of unitary matrix. Experimental results confirm that the proposed technique is robust to various signal processing attacks, such as re-sampling, re-quantization, noise addition, filtering, scaling and compression. The comparison of payload and robustness reveals that the proposed watermarking technique outperforms the existing techniques.