Athletic Body Research Articles

Structure and content of special physical training of fencers at the stage of specialized basic training

The article examines the structure and content of special physical training of fencers at the stage of specialized basic training. The goal is to analyze the structure and content of special physical training of fencers at the stage of specialized basic training. The results. The training process includes several aspects of training, namely: physical, technical, tactical, psychological, theoretical and integral training. The main tasks at the stage of specialized basic training, which served to create prerequisites for increasing the level of general physical training, developing special physical qualities, increasing the level of special work capacity, improving the technique and tactics of fencers and success in competitive matches, were considered. The training process at the stage of specialized basic training of athletes is organized in the form of individual and group, educational and training, training and competitive classes of a selective and complex orientation. It is at the stage of specialized basic training that the prerequisites for effective training and competitive activities are created. Since this stage is characterized by the focus on creating a high-quality foundation for versatile special physical training of athletes, as well as creating prerequisites for the effective implementation of technical and tactical actions in fencing based on means, a wide functional impact on the organs and systems of the athlete's body, with a certain amount of special exercises that will contribute sports improvement and effectiveness of implementation of competitive activities of fencers. Conclusions. Sports training of rapier fencers is characterized by speed with various movements and their unexpected changes, high demands are made on various types of preparation (physical, technical, tactical, psychological, theoretical, integral) which affects the performance in competitive activities. One of the acute problems in the theory and practice of training rapier fencers is increasing the level of special physical training, the relevance of which increases with the improvement of sports results and the peculiarity of the structure and content of their training. In recent years, relevant scientific approaches to improving the training process of fencers at the stage of specialized basic training have been formed.

Medals, Rings, and Olympic Dreams: A Review Essay of Antonio Sotomayor and Cesar R. Torres, eds., Olimpismo

Medals, Rings, and Olympic Dreams: A Review Essay of Antonio Sotomayor and Cesar R. Torres, eds., <i>Olimpismo</i>

Efficiency of competitive activities in cybersports and factors affecting it

The prospects for the development of e-sports as a modern sport are very great. At the current stage, more and more different segments of the population are involved in this sport. Therefore, there is a need for a detailed study of the effectiveness of competitive activity. In the process of research, it was found that the sports training of cyber athletes for competitive activities is subject to the general laws and principles of sports training. In the process of training cyber athletes/e-athletes (вибeри необхідне), theoretical, physical, technical, tactical, psychological, and integrative types of training are distinguished, and each type has its own specificity, which is determined by the nature of the athlete's interaction with the virtual environment.&#x0D; Competitive activity in sports involves the demonstration and evaluation of the capabilities of athletes in various sports in accordance with their inherent rules, the content of motor actions, methods of competitive combat and evaluation of results. At the same time, competitive activity has a significant impact on the athlete's body, due to its extreme movement modes (maximum speed of movements and actions; manifestation of maximum strength, endurance; coordination complexity of actions with elements of risk, etc.), neuro-emotional tension, stressful effects, etc. connected with the social status of competitions, their prestige, etc. Therefore, in recent years, much more attention has been paid to studying the patterns of competitive activity.&#x0D; The key factors for the effectiveness of an e-athlete in competitive activities are good knowledge of tournament competitions and deep knowledge of the current game, love for the game, psychological stability, the right attitude to winning and losing, technical skill, ability to adapt, knowledge or ability to other games of similar kind, and skills for assessing the situation.&#x0D; Preparation for competitive activities in e-sports should be considered as a "metagame", i.e., a certain "fashion" that has developed in the current period in the discipline.

Sociocultural predictors of obligatory exercise in young men: A Polish-Chinese comparison.

Obligatory exercise has been shown to have negative physical and mental effects on exercisers and is more prevalent among young people. However, there is limited research on obligatory exercise among young men. Social comparison theory offers a novel perspective to explore the relationship between sociocultural factors and obligatory exercise among young men, which offers an opportunity to understand potential factors contributing to obligatory exercise among young men across different cultures. We recruited a purposive sample of young people aged 18-30 from Poland (n=79) and China (n=194). Participants completed self-report measures including the Sociocultural Attitudes Toward Appearance Questionnaire3, Inventory of Physical Activity Objectives, and Obligatory Exercise Questionnaire. In the data analysis stage, we examined the strength of the relationships between the independent variables and the dependent variable through multiple regression analysis, and tested the role of the mediating variables. The main analyses revealed that Internalization-Athlete was a common direct predictor of obligatory exercise for both Polish and Chinese young men; that there were direct sociocultural predictors of obligatory exercise that were only used in relation to Polish or Chinese young men; and that social adaptation goals for motivation for physical activity mediated the development of obligatory exercise for Polish and Chinese young men, and that there were cross-cultural differences. Attention should be paid to their attitudes towards the idea of a muscular and athletic body and socially adapted physical activity motivations when understanding young men's obligatory exercise, while also considering cross-cultural differences.

Intersex: bodies exclued in sport

This review study analyzes the relationships that emerge from the practice, over the years, of sex/gender verification policies, female eligibility regulations with hyperandrogenism and the rights of intersex people. It discusses the relationship between intersexuality and sport, a place that should promote equal opportunities and respect for individualities, but when dealing with intersex people, violates fundamental individual rights. The study follows a line of investigation that has historically approached the regulatory policies of athletic bodies, discusses some cases of emblematic excluded and investigated bodies in the history of sport, ending with an ethical analysis of the fact that bodies with intersex variations that do not fit the binary standards present in the sporting scenario are scrutinized and banned from competitions.

The effect of stress on the sportsman’s body and training activities

In the modern conditions of the development of sports, a great place is given to the impact of stress on the athlete's body. During preparation for competitions of various levels, the Olympic Games, world championships, continental championships, city competitions, athletes are "accompanied" by mental and emotional tension. Accordingly, when being in a given state of stress, corresponding negative disturbances appear in the performed sports activity. In general, stress is a fairly common and common phenomenon. Minor stresses are inevitable and harmless, but excessive stress creates problems for both individuals and organizations in accomplishing tasks. Psychologists believe that a person suffers more and more often from insults inflicted on him, a sense of his own insecurity, uncertainty about the future. There are two main groups of stress factors that most significantly affect the results of sports activities and are most often encountered: pre-competitive and competitive. Competitive stressors are stressors related directly to the sporting situation the athlete finds themselves in. Essentially, they are the most obvious stressors and are most directly linked to what happens during training or in a game. Organizational stressors can be attributed to, and therefore solved by, the coaching and organizational set up surrounding a team. The athlete needs to be helped to identify actions aimed at improving performance. Success in reaching sports peaks depends on the individual psychological characteristics of the athlete, and certain types of sports make demands and at the same time form personal qualities that are necessary for successful competitive activities. Each athlete is different, and their response to these competitive stressors will vary too. Finding the sweet spot where these stressors are contributing to an engaged, locked-in mindset can be the difference come crunch time. Knowing when a competitive stressor is overwhelming an athlete and having a detrimental affect can be an important preventative measure to avoid further issues down the road.

The effect of antioxidants on lipid peroxidation in modern pentathlon athletes

Analysis of the data of modern literature on this problem, as well as the results of previous studies Stankevych L.G, Zemtsova I.I. (2014), showed that a significant acceleration of free radical oxidation processes, under various nonspecific effects on the body, which occurs in tissues and organs during physical activity, can lead to the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids (SFA) of membrane lipids, which causes a change in the physicochemical properties of the membranes and leads to changes in the concentration of a number of organic and inorganic components in the cell, the release of enzymes, amino acids, and trace elements from the cell and subcellular formations, which can reduce sports performance and slow down recovery processes. One of the ways to solve this problem is to use antioxidants in muscle activity; data on their use as nonspecific means of stimulating the effectiveness of training activity are often scattered and contradictory and therefore require further clarification. Objective: To substantiate the possibility of regulating the adaptive reactions of modern pentathlon athletes in the pre-competition period by targeted correction of the state of the AO system with the help of antioxidants. Results: Under the influence of the AO-complex, a decrease in the content of MDA was found both at rest and after exercise, which indicates an increased reserve of the body's AO system. The study of the state of individual links of the AO system under the influence of the AO complex revealed a significant activity of SOD and CAT after exercise (10 km) in the experimental group compared to the control group. Conclusions. The conducted studies of the antioxidant status of the body of athletes are of great practical importance, since they allow us to recommend the use of agents with antioxidant properties for the implementation of anti-stress measures during competitions, to increase the antioxidant reserve of the body and to preserve the health of athletes.

Internalization of athletic body ideal as a mediating variable between family influence and body image of young women. A cross-cultural study of polish, Italian, and Ukrainian women.

Our aim was to analyze the strength of the family's influence on the internalization of the ideal of an athletic figure and, consequently, on the multifactorial image of the body, from the perspective of intercultural differences. A total of 488 healthy women aged 19-26; of Polish (154), Ukrainian (228), and Italian (106) took part in the study. The Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire (SATAQ-4) and the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ 69) were used to measure athletic ideal internalization and family pressure. The body image of Ukrainian, Polish, and Italian women depends both on the degree of internalization the ideal of an athletic figure and influence of the family. The research also suggests significant differences between the three populations, which may suggest cultural differences between young women living in Eastern, Central, and South European countries.

THE IMPACT OF AEROBICS ON THE PHYSICAL CONDITION OF STUDENTS

The article reveals the influence of aerobics on the physical condition of students. The physical condition of student youth who regularly attend aerobics classes was analyzed. In the process of numerous studies in the field of physical education and sports, morphological and functional indicators were found that characterize the improvement of the physical condition of students who specialize in aerobics. Use of visual and verbal cues in conjunction with demonstration exercises are most often recommended during initial training. Importantly, for the teacher to control the quality of the students' performance of the exercises and to use various methods of information regarding the results of their actions. It there may be corrective information about the biomechanical characteristics of movements (speed, amplitude, direction, etc.), evaluation information (about efficiency, responsibility to aesthetic standards and other characteristics). The assessment should have a positive, energizing color. Peculiarities of the human constitution attract the close attention of researchers when studying the factors of success in high-achieving sports. Among the large number of constitutional indicators, the most interesting are the morpho-functional features of the athlete's body. They affect the manifestation of strength, flexibility, speed, endurance, work capacity and adaptation of the body to various conditions of the external environment, the speed of recovery after physical and mental stress. Therefore, the analysis of literary sources and numerous studies broadens the understanding of the importance of a comprehensive approach to the selection of the most promising athletes who practice aerobics. Indicators will increase the development of sports skills testify to more perfect mechanisms and regularities of the process of adaptation of athletes to physical exertion, thereby confirming the need to take into account the individual and morphofunctional characteristics of the body.

The Influence of Caffeine and Guarana on Dehydration of Young Soccer Players and Physiological Aspects of Dehydration of the Athlete's Body

Abstract Introduction The aim of the study was to assess the effect of caffeine and caffeine with guarana on the dehydration of young soccer players and the effect of dehydration on their reaction time. Material and Methods The study involved 57 players aged 16.8 ± 0.5 years, with an average body weight of 66.5 ± 9.3 kg, and height 178 ± 6.7 cm. An analysis of the body composition was performed. Thus, the results regarding body weight, adipose tissue, muscle tissue, BMI and body hydration were obtained. Next, the competitors performed successively a test for reaction time and speed over a distance of 5 and 15 meters with the use of photocells. After the tests, the players were randomized into 3 groups, where they received 200 mg caffeine, caffeine + guarana (200 mg + 40 mg), and placebo. Then, the players participated in a soccer training of medium intensity on the pitch, which lasted about 60 minutes. Immediately after completing the training, the procedure for testing reaction time and speed as well as body composition analysis were repeated. Results Water loss occurred in each of the study groups and was the highest in players consuming caffeine with guarana and caffeine, but these were not statistically significant differences compared to placebo. Lower BMI correlated with water loss; however, statistically significant differences were noticed only in the placebo group (p ---lt--- 0.001). Water loss also correlated with a smaller decrease in speed over a distance of the 5-meter sprint (p ---lt--- 0.039) and the 15-meter sprint (p ---lt--- 0.035), but only in the caffeine-guarana group. Conclusions Caffeine consumption in the amount of about 3 mg/kg of body weight and also caffeine with guarana did not result in significantly greater loss of water in young soccer players. The loss of water during training in players was almost 0.7 l and did not affect the reaction time. The obtained results are important in the context of consuming supplements based on caffeine and guarana for young footballers in order to improve parameters such as speed or reaction time. However, it is also worth conducting research on a group of adult players.

Dynamic valgus knee revealed with single leg jump tests in soccer players.

Dynamic valgus knee occurs in sports that involve jumps and landing such as soccer and pose an increased risk for anterior cruciate ligament injury. Visual estimation is biased by the athlete's body type, the experience of the evaluator and the movement phase at which the valgus is assessed - thus the result is highly variable. The aim of our study was to accurately assess dynamic knee positions during single and double leg tests through a video-based movement analysis system. Young soccer players (U15, N.=22) performed single leg squat, single leg jump, and double leg jump tests while the knee medio-lateral movement was monitored with a Kinect Azure camera. Jumping and landing phases of the movement were determined within the continuous recording of the knee medio-lateral position over the ankle and the hip vertical position. Kinect measurements were validated by Optojump (Microgate, Bolzano, Italy). Soccer players retained their predominantly varus knee positions in all phases of double-leg jumps, which was far less prominent in single leg tests. Interestingly, a marked dynamic valgus was observed in athletes who participated in traditional strengthening exercises, while this valgus shift was mostly prevented in those who participated in antivalgus training regimes. All these differences were only revealed during single leg tests, while the double leg jump tests masked all valgus tendencies. We propose to use single-leg tests and movement analysis systems for evaluating dynamic valgus knee in athletes. These methods can reveal valgus tendencies even in soccer players who have a characteristic varus knee while standing.

Spirit and Sport: Religion and the Fragile Athletic Body in Popular Culture by Sean Samuel O’Neil

Reviewed by: Spirit and Sport: Religion and the Fragile Athletic Body in Popular Culture by Sean Samuel O’Neil Dr. Nick J. Watson Sean Samuel O’Neil, Spirit and Sport: Religion and the Fragile Athletic Body in Popular Culture (Sport and Popular Culture Series, The University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville), 2022. During the last two decades there has been a marked increase in publications, events and practical initiatives surrounding sports and the Christian faith. Within this corpus of work there has been limited explorations of the theology of disability sport, in particular, scholarship that specifically addresses bodily fragility and vulnerability. Therefore, Sean O’Neil’s book is a welcome and timely contribution to the literature, especially because of its rich and provocative content rooted in popular culture, which makes it ideal for classroom discussion and study—the author himself teaches a sport and religion class from which some of the book’s content emerged. This book’s content is provocative (in a good way). The book comprises six thematic chapters, a conclusion and afterword. Chapter titles such as, Eunuchs and Suicidal Athletes: Co-Creating Meaning in Times of Despair (Ch. 2), Pilgrimage, Prozac, and Pentecostals: Synchronicity on God’s Path (Ch. 3) and Cowboys and Soul Surfers: Gender, Disability, and Nature from Bethany Hamilton to The Rider (Ch. 6), reflect the provocative, challenging and engaging content of the text. An auto-ethno-graphic approach is adopted by the author—a hospital chaplain, bishop and pastor—who carefully weaves parts of his own life story into the book’s narrative. One methodological reason to deploy an auto-ethno-graphic approach in scholarly writing or empirical research, is that the author/researcher has an in-depth and experiential understanding of some, or all, of the subject matter. The following excerpt from the Preface, which was written by the author, demonstrates how the use of autoethnography organically emerged during the book project: When I began this project, I did not plan to use personal details. I did not anticipate that body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), a personal antagonist that I thought had weakened over the years would revive [End Page 67] with such overwhelming force in my life. My mental health struggles became so acute when I worked as a hospital chaplain during the pandemic that I wondered tearfully at times whether my wife would ultimately end up completing this book in my post-humous absence. . . . Something happened, though, even before that grueling emotional stretch, that made me determined to include aspects of my personal life in this book. As is the case for so many of the meaningful events I describe in this book, the turning point was the result of a coincidence [at] a Christian writer’s conference. (p. xiii) Vulnerability, coincidence (some would say God-incidence), God’s providence and what the psychoanalyst Carl Jung called synchronicity, are frequent themes in the book, both in the description of the author’s life and of those athletes whose stories of bodily vulnerability and fragility are included within the narrative—Bethany Hamilton, Oscar Pistorius and Steve Gleason, for instance. Other strong themes in the book are the secular-sacred dyad, depression and anxiety, race, pilgrimage, brain trauma from participation in violent sports, intersectionality, platform ministry-evangelism, embodiment, human limitations and the American dream (and the myth of individual opportunity), the Great Sports Myth (the widespread belief that sports are always intrinsically good) and the use of fictional accounts of the sport-religion relationship, for example, A Prayer for Owen Meaney. And so, this book is truly interdisciplinary, broad in its scope and in some ways polemic in that it provides a critique of the dominant big-business American sports model and ableist attitudes in wider US culture. Given the diversity of themes presented in the book it is challenging to know which to highlight and discuss in a brief review essay, so to best represent the book’s overall content and merits (and limitations). Arguably, chapter four—The Perils of Black Athletic Success: What ‘Get Out’ Gets Right about Inspiration Porn—is an important one, if one measures importance by the number of people across America that its content may impinge upon. The...

Methodological approaches to assessing the level of execution of safety measures by athletes to prevent the negative impact of visual pollution of visual space

The issue of determining methodological approaches to assessing the level of athletes' implementation of safe behavior measures to prevent the negative impact of factors of visual pollution of the visual space on their health is important and urgent, which needs to be resolved. The purpose of the study: determination of methodological approaches to assessing the level of performance of safety measures (safe behavior) by athletes to prevent the possible negative impact of factors of visual pollution of the visual space on the body of athletes. Research methods: used methods of theoretical analysis of theoretical literature: generalization, synthesis, formalization, abstraction. Research results and conclusions. A questionnaire was developed for a questionnaire survey to assess the level of performance by athletes of safety measures (safe behavior) to prevent the possible negative impact of factors of visual pollution of the visual space on the health of athletes. According to the results of the survey of 50 athletes, it was concluded that they have an insufficient level of safety measures (safe behavior) to prevent the possible negative impact of factors of visual pollution of the visual space on health, which requires appropriate educational work.

Knee pain in young sports players aged 6–15 years: a cross-sectional study in Japan

BackgroundKnee is the most commonly injured part of the body in young athletes. Knee pain in several studies have been seen to be more prevalent in active adolescents compared to inactive, although common in both groups. Nevertheless, few studies with large sample size have been published reporting the difference of the prevalence of knee pain for each sport among young sports players. This study investigated the point prevalence of knee pain among young sports players aged 6–15 years old according to age, sex, and sports discipline. Furthermore, this study investigated the association between knee pain and sports discipline among young sports players.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-reported questionnaire on young sports players aged 6–15 years from the Miyagi Amateur Sports Association. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the association between knee pain and sports discipline and were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), training days per week, and training hours per weekday and weekend.ResultsA total of 7234 young sports players were included. The point prevalence of knee pain was 10.9%. Females (13.3%) had more knee pain than males (9.8%). Young, 13-year-old sports players had the highest prevalence of knee pain (19.1%). The multivariable analysis showed that the highest odds ratio [95% confidence interval] was observed for handball players (2.42 [1.01–5.81]). In addition, hand ball, mini-basketball (odds ratio 1.85; 95% CI 1.38–2.47), and basketball (odds ratio 1.66; 95% CI 1.23–2.26) were significantly associated with knee pain, compared with football. The lowest odds ratio was observed for swimming (0.34 [0.05–2.54]), followed by karate (odds ratio 0.38; 95% CI 0.16–0.89) and baseball (odds ratio 0.47; 95% CI 0.35–0.64).ConclusionThe prevalence of knee pain among young athletes differed according to age, sex, and sports discipline. Their parents and clinicians should recognize this information to manage knee pain among young sports players.

Reverse Periodization Model to Increase Anaerobic and Aerobic Capacity

Circuit training is a training method used to efficiently maximize training time while providing more comprehensive, greater, and faster benefits in shaping, developing, and improving the work function of an athlete's body. This study aimed to increase anaerobic and aerobic capacity which includes speed, agility, power, power endurance, and endurance through the circuit training method applied to the Reverse periodization model. The method used in this research is an experiment with a One-Group Pretest-Posttest design. The sample in this study was a university's Women's Futsal Student Activity Unit with a total of 14 Students. The research instrument was in the form of anaerobic and aerobic ability tests. The results showed a significant effect of the circuit training method on the reverse periodization model on anaerobic and aerobic capacity. To get optimal results, athletes must manipulate a small volume of exercise at the beginning and keep increasing until the end of the meeting. Moreover, the high intensity at the beginning of the meeting was followed by a decrease until the end of the meeting. Indeed, this also should be supported by utilizing the forms of agility and power movements at each post in a structured, measured, orderly manner and interspersed activity.

ПОВЫШЕНИЕ АЭРОБНЫХ СПОСОБНОСТЕЙ ОРГАНИЗМА СПОРТСМЕНА КАК ПРОЦЕСС ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ СПОРТИВНОГО РЕЗУЛЬТАТА

The efficiency of oxygen transport to working muscles for athletes is one of the most important factors, as oxygen is involved in oxidative processes of muscles. The amount of oxygen inhaled is directly proportional to the amount consumed by the cells. The ability of the blood to transfer oxygen is affected by: hemoglobin content, total mass of the hemoglobin, erythrocyte volume and hematocrit. Oxygen transport provides the hemoglobin protein that is contained within the redblood cells that make up the blood. Trainings and medications have a positive effect on the blood and cardiovascular system, contributing to the improvement of both the body's performance and sports performance. Improving the performance of the athlete's body is variable in the training process. The task of the athlete and the coach is to find a constant balance of the training load and the state of readiness of the athlete's body to match the load. An important role in this is played by the changein hematocrit in a changing load, which, in our opinion, should understand the significance of short intensive training in preparing an endurance runner.

TO THE QUESTION OF THE EXPEDIENCY OF USING AN EXPRESS METHOD OF QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE LEVEL OF SOMATIC HEALTH OF YOUNG ATHLETES 10-12 YEARS OLD IN THE CONTEXT OF THEIR BIO-ENERGY RESERVES

Introduction. From the materials of publicly available literary sources, we find the information that an express method of quantitative assessment of the level of somatic health based on bio-energy reserves cannot be used in the assessment of health both of highly trained athletes and young sportsmen of adolescent age (13-16 years old). The reason is the specificity of the impact of various types of physical exercises on the structure of energy metabolism of athletes during muscle activity. As for the problem of quantitative assessment of physical health of young athletes of prepubertal age (initial stage of sports training) according to the body’s bio-energy reserves, it remains unexplored. The aim of the research is the theoretical justification and practical use of the express method of quantitative assessment of the level of somatic health of young athletes aged 10-12 years according to bioenergy reserves. Material and methods. 113 young athletes aged 10-12 years took part in the study, who were divided into two groups: group А – sports that mainly develop speed and strength qualities (judo wrestling, fencing, football) (n=56); group B – endurance sports (skiing, swimming, track and field athletics: running for 800, 1500-meters race) (n=57). The control group (group K) consisted of 30 students aged 10-12 years of a general educational institution, who did not play sports. Results. The nature of changes in life and power indexes as important indicators of aerobic energy potential of the body of children who played various sports. Conclusion. Based on the conducted research, the authors of the article are of the opinion that the questions concerning the expediency to use an express method of quantitative assessment of the level of somatic health of young athletes aged 10-12 years in the context of their bio-energy reserves remains debatable. On the one hand, the absence of statistically significant differences, due to the influence of physical training of different orientation, in the nature of changes in life and power indices characterizing the various functions of the body in young athletes points out the expediency to use an express method in the practice of sports. On the other hand, statistically significant differences in indices of strength training of young athletes having different orientation of training exercises points out the opposite. The reason – significant differences in the structure of energy metabolism during muscle activity, which are determined by specificity of impact of training load on the body of athletes. The result of such impact is the factor of “acquisition” of some and ‘loss” of other functions of the body. And therefore, according to the authors, it is necessary to conduct additional research with the purpose of establishing the final result.

INFLUÊNCIAS DE EXERCÍCIOS COMPOSTOS SOBRE O SALTO NO VOLEIBOL

ABSTRACT Introduction: Volleyball requires athletes to have high global sport capacity. Compound exercises require more than one muscle group to complete a given movement. They are ideal for jump development in volleyball because they replicate how the athlete's body moves naturally. However, the attributes relevant to this technique are not fully understood. Objective: Study compound exercise's effects on volleyball players’ jumping ability. Methods: The controlled experiment method was used in 30 volunteers equally distributed in two groups, with a duration of 8 weeks. The control group received traditional training. The experimental group received training sessions directed by compound exercises. The sessions were applied twice a week, lasting 80 minutes per session, including 15 minutes of warm-up and 10 minutes of cool-down. The indicators were collected individually before and after the experiment, and the data were analyzed and statistically confronted. Results: The experimental group showed better results on standing vertical jump height, touch height, and blocking height after the compound exercise. Conclusion: The proposed compound exercise can improve players’ physical quality, impacting their professional quality, to ensure sporting interest. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

ADAPTATION TO INTENSE MUSCULAR ACTIVITY AND PECULIARITIES OF AUTONOMIC REGULATION OF HEART RATE VARIABILITY IN ATHLETES (II MESSAGE)

Introduction. Determining the mechanisms of regulation of the cardiovascular system as an indicator of the functional state of the body, on which the effectiveness of sports activity largely depends, remains relevant in assessing the ways of adaptation of the athlete's body to various physical activities. The purpose of the study is to investigate the peculiarities of physical performance of qualified athletes with different types of autonomic regulation of heart rate based on the mathematical analysis of heart rate variability. Material and methods. The study involved 214 skilled athletes specialising in rowing, basketball, handball, athletics, hockey, triathlon, cross-country skiing, biathlon and other sports. Methods of analysis of heart rate variability features, methods of determining physical performance of qualified athletes and the reaction of the cardiorespiratory system to test loads (ergospirometric complex "Oxycon Pro", treadmill LE-200 C), mathematical and statistical methods. Results. When performing strenuous physical activity, the initial type of autonomic regulation largely determines the effectiveness of compensatory and adaptive reactions of the organism. Thus, the normotonic and moderately vagotonic type of regulation of the HR in a state of relative rest was inherent in highly skilled athletes with a high level of functional fitness. Normotonic and vagotonic types of HR regulation characterise the optimal functional state of a sportsman's organism, high functional capabilities of the organism, which ensure the preservation of vegetative homeostasis, the optimal level of regulation efficiency and the level of functioning economy, and stable regulation. The sympathicotonic type of HR regulation is also inherent in satisfactory adaptation to strenuous physical activity and sufficient functional capabilities of the sportsman's organism. However, there are already signs of dysregulation in the central regulatory circuit, a reduced level of efficiency of HR regulation, an increased level of tension in the regulatory mechanisms of adaptation. Against this background of such regulation of HR, a deterioration of the functional state of a sportsman can be noted, objective signs of fatigue appear. Prognostically unfavourable for athletes in a state of relative rest is a pronounced vagotonic type of SR regulation, as well as a sharply expressed sympathicotonic type of SR regulation - characterising reduced functional capabilities of the organism, unsatisfactory adaptation to strenuous physical activity. Conclusions. The vagotonic, normotonic and sympathicotonic types of HR regulation in a state of relative rest allow us to speak about the satisfactory adaptation of the human body to the influence of various environmental factors. The unsatisfactory adaptation of the human body to environmental factors is characterised by a pronounced vagotonic and pronounced sympathicotonic types of HR regulation in a state of relative rest.

ALTERAÇÕES DA FORÇA MUSCULAR EXPLOSIVA NO TREINAMENTO COM SHUTTLECOCK

ABSTRACT Introduction: Shuttlecock is a popular sport in China. Its level of competition depends on the athlete's body shape, strength, technique, tactics, and mentality, among other factors that require the mastery of the shuttlecock with all body parts except the hands. The physical preparation for this sport requires the explosive strength of specific muscles for its total domination. Objective: To explore the changes in explosive muscle strength in shuttlecock players after short-term physical training. Methods: College students in two shuttlecock elective classes were selected as volunteers for the research. The experiment divided the two classes into experimental and control groups. The conventional training method was used in the control group. The experimental group used a combination of a physical and routine training protocol. The groups were tested for fitness before and after the experimental intervention. The data obtained were statistically analyzed and discussed. Results: The experimental group's specific muscle strength and explosive power after physical training were better than the control groups. The scores of the experimental and control groups were significantly different in terms of physical flexibility, the number of kicks, and motor skill assessment (P&lt;0.05). There was no statistical significance in the number of push-ups between the two groups (P&gt;0.05). Conclusion: Physical training significantly affects the physical quality of college students and their number of shots. Physical training is essential to improve shuttlecock practitioners’ muscular strength and explosive power. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.