Asana XL Research Articles

Evaluating toxicity of Asana XL ® (esfenvalerate) amendments in agricultural ditch mesocosms

Agricultural ditches primarily serve to remove and store excess water associated with irrigation and storm events. The ability of these ecosystems to mitigate potential contaminants is not well understood. Five sites along a 650-m agricultural ditch located in the Mississippi Delta Management Systems Evaluation Area (MDMSEA) were used to measure fate and effects of an esfenvalerate (insecticide) exposure. Following a 0.64-cm simulated storm event, samples were collected from water and sediments and analyzed spatially from five sites and temporally from 0.5 h to 56 d. Results of aqueous toxicity bioassays indicated that lethality progressed downstream throughout all sampling intervals, while sediment toxicity bioassays only elicited biological responses at the point of pesticide application to the ditch (0 m). Significant reductions in survival of Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pimephales promelas in water were measured at the 0-, 20-, and 80-m sites following application. Ten-day solid phase sediment testing of Chironomus tentans indicated persistent toxicity only at the point of application (0 m) and throughout 56 d (mean=14.4% survival). No lethality or significant reduction in midge growth was measured for remaining downstream sites. These measurements were used to evaluate the potential of agricultural ditches to reduce potential deleterious effects of contaminants in agricultural drainage systems that precede receiving streams.

Persistence and performance of esfenvalerate residues on broccoli.

The efficacy of esfenvalerate (84 g litre-1 EC; Asana XL) at 7.0 g AI ha-1 on broccoli was tested against the flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae Goeze (Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera) and the imported cabbage worm, Pieris rapae L (Pieridae: Lepidoptera) under field conditions. Insect populations were monitored before and after treatment. Periodic sweep-net collections and examination of the leaves in treated and untreated broccoli plots revealed mean reductions of P cruciferae levels of nearly 98% 1 week post-application compared with untreated plots. The residual toxicity of esfenvalerate was also effective for 2 weeks in reducing population density of P rapae by 69% on broccoli leaves. The impact of esfenvalerate on feeding damage to broccoli leaves was established by counting the number of feeding holes made by P cruciferae on spring broccoli and P rapae on fall broccoli. As the leaf area ingested increased, a linear relationship was seen between the number of holes and number of insects. Results indicated that forage destruction by the two pests was significantly reduced by esfenvalerate application. Esfenvalerate was extracted from broccoli at 1 h and 1, 3, 7, 10, and 14 days post-application for residue analysis. Residues on spring broccoli were 12.2, 5.2 and 2.9 micrograms cm-2 on the leaves and 0.13, 0.05 and 0.02 microgram g-1 on the heads at 1 h, 1 and 3 days, respectively. Only trace levels (0.001 microgram g-1) were detected in/on the heads 14 days after spraying. On the basis of half-life (T1/2) values, persistence of esfenvalerate on spring broccoli leaves (T1/2 = 1 day) was shorter than on fall broccoli (T1/2 = 1.6 days). T1/2 values were 2.1 and 3.6 days on spring and fall broccoli heads, respectively. The implications of these residue levels on re-entry times into treated fields are discussed.

Median Lethal Concentration and Efficacy of Bacillus Thuringiensis Against Banded Sunflower Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

This study was conducted to determine dose-mortality response of the banded sunflower moth, Cochylis hospes Walsingham, to Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner and its effect on sunflower seed damage and yield. Of B. thuringiensis products tested, Cutlass AF and Javelin WG had the lowest LC50 values and highest slopes and relative potencies for C. hospes. Javelin WG was superior to the other B. thuringiensis materials tested and to Asana XL in preventing seed damage. Sunflower heads sprayed with Javelin WG had higher yields than sunflower heads sprayed with Asana XL or the other B. thuringiensis products tested. Asana XL is a standard chemical insecticide and is considered to give good control of banded sunflower moth. As an alternative to Asana XL, any of the B. thuringiensis products tested could be employed for control of C. hospes larvae and to reduce the impact on beneficials in sunflower fields.

005 Investigations Into the Cause of Gold Flecking on the Surface of Ripe Tomato Fruit

In recent years there has been an increase in the incidence of “gold flecking,” which develops on the surface of ripe tomato fruit. Gold flecking looks like a light sprinkling of gold on the skin of the fruit. There are no lesions and the interior of the fruit is not affected. Usually, gold flecking is barely noticeable. In 1998, however, gold flecking was severe enough in some cases to cause economic losses. It has been suggested that gold flecking is due to use of the insecticide Asana or it may be a genetic disorder. The objective here was to determine if gold flecking is caused by Asana and/or is cultivar-dependent. Treatments consisted of three cultivars (Mountain Fresh, Celebrity, and Mountain Pride) and four insecticides (Asana XL, Karate 1 EC, Thiodan 50 WP, and a water control). There were two plantings. Only red fruit was harvested. For both plantings, there was more gold flecking in the control than any of the insecticide treatments. There were no differences among the insecticides. For the early planting, `Mountain Fresh' had more gold fleck than the other cultivars. In the late planting, there were no differences between cultivars. This study demonstrates that Asana was not responsible for gold flecking and actually reduced it compared to the control. These results also suggest that insects may play a role in gold flecking.

Insect Control on Apples Using Bt, 1997

Abstract A block of ‘Law Rome’ apple trees with a tree-row volume of approximately 200 gpa was used for this study in Dana, NC. Plots consisted of five trees with two trees serving as sample trees set up in a RCBD with four replications. All plots received the same fungicide program throughout the season and received 2% oil at green tip, Asana XL at tight cluster (29 March), and Guthion 50 W at petal fall (8 May). Applications for first-generation TABM were made on 17 Jun and 3 and 16 Jul which corresponded to 3rd, 4th and 5th cover sprays. Applications were made with a handgun sprayer operating at 175 psi and delivering 200 gpa.

Evaluation of Dimilin and Boron on Soybean in Virginia, 1997

Abstract Dimilin 2 L and Boron 10 (1.0 lb B/gal), alone and tank mixed, were evaluated for effects on BLB adults, GCW larvae, leaf defoliation, pod number and yield of soybean. Asana XL was included as an insecticide standard, as was an untreated control. ‘Accomac’ soybean was planted 29 May at the Tidewater Agric. Res. and Ext. Ctr., Suffolk, VA, using a 36-inch row spacing. All treatments were applied as foliar sprays with water on 8 August at the R3 soybean growth stage (beginning pod development, with a 3/16-inch long pod at one of the 4 uppermost nodes on the main stem with a fully developed leaf) using a tractor sprayer calibrated to deliver 15.0 gpa at 50 psi through 3, D3-23 hollow cone nozzles per row. A RCB experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 8 rows by 50 ft. Insect samples were taken using a standard beat cloth on 6 row ft per plot on 18, 26, 31 and 38 days after treatment (DAT). Defoliation was assessed by visual inspection of all leaves on 10 plants per plot. Pod number was determined just prior to harvest by counting all pods on 20 plants per plot (5 adjacent plants in the row, in 4 locations in each plot). Yield was determined by harvesting 2, 2-row samples per plot (a total of 200 row ft per plot) using a commercial soybean combine.

Control of Lepidopterous Insects on Cabbage, 1996

Abstract Six-week-old field-grown cabbage transplants (cv. ‘Rio Verde’) were planted on 20 May at the Mountain Horticultural Crops Research Station (Fletcher, NC). Plots consisted of two 25-ft-long rows on 3.5 ft. centers, with 7 ft. of cultivated soil between treatment rows. Plants were spaced 12 in. within rows. Each treatment was replicated four times and arranged in a RCBD. Treatments consisted of an untreated control and approximately 7-d interval applications of the following materials (see table for rates): Asana XL, Baythroid, Karate, Able, Agree, Biobit, Dipel, Xentari; and unregistered materials TD-2344-02, Confirm, Spinosad, Proclaim and MYX 833. All materials were applied on 14 and 24 Jun, 1, 9, 18, and 25 Jul. Applications were made with a tractor-mounted PTO-sprayer delivering 50 gpa through 3 hollow cone nozzles per row (1 overhead and 2 drop nozzles). Latron B-1956 (0.06%) was added to the spray solution of all treatments. Lepidopterous larval populations were counted on 10 heads/treatment on 20 and 27 Jun and 3, 11, 17 and 24 Jul. Crop quality was assessed on 30 Jul, by rating 10 heads/treatment on a scale of 0-5 (0 = no damage, 1 = frame leaf damage, 2 = minimal wrapper leaf damage, 3 = significant wrapper leaf damage, 4 = some head damage, and 5 = severe head damage). All heads receiving a rating of ≤ were considered marketable. All data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA, and means were separated by LSD (P = 0.05).

Control of Green Peach Aphid on Potato, 1996

Abstract Potatoes were planted 21 May at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experimental Station, Rosemount, MN. Treatments were replicated four times in a RCB design in plots 4 rows wide by 50 ft long. Plant spacing was 36 inches between rows and 12 inches between plants within rows. Plots were separated by 12 ft of cultivated soil. Treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted Brittonya boom sprayer delivering 40 gal/acre at 90 psi with 3 nozzles per row. All plots were treated with Novodor (1 qt/acre) on 7 Jul (30% egg hatch) to control Colorado potato beetle larvae. Additionally, all plots were treated with Asana XL 0.66EC (9.6 oz/acre) on 19 Jul and 26 Jul to enhance the aphid population and to control Colorado potato beetle adults and late instar larvae. Admire 2F was applied over the top of the potato seed pieces just before the furrows were covered. Temik was applied to the soil surface on 30 May. Foliar applications were made 30 Jul and 14 Aug. Treatments that included Asana XL 0.66EC received additional applications of Asana on 2, 9, and 19 Aug. Early and late blight were controlled by eight applications of chlorothalonil. Thirty-five midplant leaves were sampled from the center two rows of each plot on each sample date. Plots were vine-killed 30 Aug. One outer row was harvested from each plot on 17 Sept. Analyses of variance were calculated following transformations of count data using log10(x).

NEW PEST CONTROL STRATEGIES AND EFFECTS ON POLLINATION OF CUCUMBERS

Cucumbers are susceptible to the bacterial wilt organism that overwinters in the gut of Diabroticite (cucumber) beetles. This disease is transmitted in feces via open feeding wounds and plugs xylem vessels of water conductive tissues. Insecticides can be applied to control Diabroticite beetles. Adios, a semiochemical bait impregnated with cucurbitacin is combined with the insecticide carbaryl, which can be applied after plant emergence to control Diabroticite beetles. However, the method of application for giving the maximum control was unknown. This study evaluates the rate of application, number of applications, methods of application using pressure and airblast sprays, and compares two Adios formulations. Also studied were the effects of Adios on bee fertilization and the quality of the fruit, since carbaryl is toxic to bees and thus affects pollination. Adios was also compared to a foliar insecticide, Asana XL.

Interaction of Mulch and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis on Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Populations and Damage in Potato

The use of straw mulch and no-mulch, a synthetic pyrethroid (esfenvalerate, Asana XL) and a bioinsecticide, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis, were compared for their main and interactive effects on Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), populations in potato, Solanum tuberosum L. Numbers of Colorado potato beetle adults and egg masses were not significantly different in mulch versus no-mulch plots. There were fewer adults and egg masses in Asana-treated plots than in plots treated with B. thuringiensis (Mtrak) or the control (untreated). Significantly fewer small (1st and 2nd instars) and large (3rd and 4th instars) larvae were recorded in mulch treatments than in no-mulch treatments, and significantly fewer small and large larvae in Asana-treated plots compared with M-trak or untreated plots. However, the M-trak plots had significantly fewer large larvae than the untreated plots. Defoliation levels were significantly greater in no-mulch plots than mulch plots. Defoliation levels were significantly lower in Asana plots compared with M-trak or untreated plots. There was a significant interaction between mulch plus M-trak. This combination had numbers of large larvae, defoliation levels and yields as low as the Asana treatment. M-trak had its greatest effect on 1st instars and neonates, and did not affect natural enemies.

Furadan 4F Soil Treatment Vs Asana Xl 0.66e For Season-Long Sunflower Beetle Control, Valley City, Nd, 1995

Abstract Four 80 acre commercial sunflower fields were divided into 40 acre strips 0.5 mile in length. Furadan at a rate of 1.0 lb (AI)/acre was applied with the seed at planting time in 1 strip and a similar strip was left untreated. Fields were bordered with 32 treated rows Asana XL was applied by air in equal width strips perpendicular to the direction of planting. An early treatment using Asana XL in 1.0 gpa total was applied at the 4-6 leal plant stage. A late treatment of Asana XL was applied at bud stage; both applications were made to 1 strip, and one strip remained untreated. Treatments were randomized and arranged in a split plot design. Individual plot size was approximately 10 acres. Yields were obtained by taking two 3 ft X 20 ft subsamples per 10 acre plot from the center of each 10 acres. Means were compared using LSD.

Colorado Potato Beetle Control on Potatoes With Foliar Insecticide Sprays, 1995

Abstract ‘Red Norland’ potatoes were planted in 20 foot rows on 29 Mar, ’95. Plots consisted of a single treatment row. The distance between rows was 64 inches and the distance between plants within the row was 10 inches. Plots were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 1.5 gallons of water and applied with a custom built compressed air row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 30 psi. Treatments were applied 23 May and 4 and 12 Jun. Trigard plots were sprayed with Asana XL 0.05 lb (AI)/ acre and PBO 8EC 0.375 (AI)/acre on 12 and 19 Jun. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle adults, larvae, egg masses/10 plants and the % defoliation were recorded. Defoliation categories were assigned using a pretransformed defoliation rating scale, based on dividing 90° into 13 steps corresponding to arcsin transformation values (Little & Hills 1978). Yields were taken on 26 Jun from 20 feet of row.

Soil and Foliar Insecticides on Colorado Potato Beetles And Defoliation in Potato, 1995

Abstract The trial was conducted at the Panhandle Research and Extension Ctr., Scottsbluff, NE, on a drained sandy loam with a pH of 7.5 and 1% organic matter. Fertilization was 150 lb N/acre, 100 lb P/acre, no potassium or sulfur. Plots were double rows spaced 36 inches and 40 feet long. Treatments were replicated five times in a latin square design. Precut, TOPS 2.5D-treated potatoes variety ‘Atlantic’ were planted on 12 May in soil at 45-50 deg F. Turbo was applied at emergence for weed suppression. Spring (Apr-Jun) was unusually wet and cold while Aug was unusually hot and dry. Irrigation was by a Lockwood Linear Move (overhead sprinkler) system applying ½ inch per week during tuber bulking. Thimet 20G and Admire 2F were applied in a band into the furrow prior to seedpiece drop. Foliar treatments, Asana XL and Provado 1.6F, were applied on 13 Jul (38 days after plant emergence) above canopy in 20 gal/acre. CPB population and defoliation were rated on a visual scale from 0 (no beetles) to 10 (totally covered with beetles), and 0 to 100%, respectively, by two people. Readings were taken at foliar treatment, 11, 18 and 25 DAT.

Colorado Potato Beetle Control on Potatoes With Microbial Insecticides, 1995

Abstract ‘ Red Norland’ potatoes were planted in 20 foot rows on 29 Mar, ’95. Plots consisted of a single treatment row. The distance between rows was 64 inches and the distance between plants within the row was 10 inches. Plots were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. The soil is a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 1.5 gallons of water and applied with a custom built compressed air row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gallacre at 30 psi. Treatments were applied 19 and 24 May and 4 Jun. Plots were treated with Asana XL 0.05 Ib (AI)/acre and PBO 8EC 0.375 Ib (AI)/acre on 9 and 19 Jun to control Colorado potato beetle adults. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of CPB adults, larvae, and egg masses110 plants and % defoliation were recorded. Defoliation categories were assigned using a pretransformed defoliation rating scale, based on dividing 90° into 13 steps corresponding to arcsin transformation values (Little & Hills 1978). Yields were taken on 26 Jun from 20 feet of row.

Use of Cyromazine (Trigard 75W) in a Foliar Spray Program to Control Insects In Potatoes, 1995

Abstract Potatoes were planted on 17 March at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of 4 rows 25ft long, planted on a 3ft row spacing. Plots were separated by 6ft of bare ground. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a RCB design. The Admire 2F treatment was applied in furrow prior to planting with a single nozzle boom backpack sprayer. On 4 May, the Trigard plots were sprayed with Pounce 3.2EC (4oz product/acre) + PBO (8oz product/acre) to control emerging CPB adults. Peak CPB egg hatch occurred on 12 May and the first Trigard sprays were applied. The second Trigard sprays were applied on 22 May. Dimethoate 4EC (8oz product/acre) was added to the Trigard treatments on this date to control potato leafhoppers. On 2 June, the entire test except for the check was sprayed with Monitor 4EC (lqt product/acre) to control European corn borer and again on 15 June with Asana XL (9.6oz product/acre) + PBO (16oz product/acre) for first generation CPB adults. Foliar sprays were applied with a three hollow cone nozzle boom backpack sprayer delivering 60 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Evaluation criteria consisted of counts of all CPB life stages present on 10 randomly chosen stems/plot and defoliation ratings on the dates indicated in the table. On 28 June, the center two rows of each plot were harvested and graded to determine yields.

Foliar Sprays to Control Insects in Spring and Fall Planted Snapbeans, 1995

Abstract A spring and a fall planting of snapbeans were made at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA on 18 May and 03 Aug, respectively. Each plot consisted of two 25 ft long rows planted on 3 ft row spacing and replicated 4 times in a RCBD. An untreated guard row separated each plot. The experimental design and the treatments were identical in both plantings. Treatments were applied with a backpack sprayer using 3 hollow cone nozzles/ row and delivering 60 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Treatments were applied at the appearance of the first trifoliate leaves (spring - 14 Jun, fall - 29 Aug), at beginning bloom (spring - 26 Jun, fall - 11 Sep), and at pin stage pod formation (spring - 30 Jun, fall - 20 Sep). Additional sprays of Asana XL and Asana SP at 0.20 lb(AI)/acre were applied on 21 Jun in the spring and 5 Sep in the fall. No phytotoxicity was observed at this rate of active ingredient for either formulation. Fifty pods/plot were hand-harvested on 11 Jul (spring planting) and 29 Sep (fall planting) and rated for insect damage. The plots were mechanically harvested (both rows) on 12 Jul (spring planting) and 03 Oct (fall planting) and weighed to determine yields. The percent damaged pods was calculated from the 50 pod subsample and subtracted from the yields (adjusted yield).

Colorado Potato Beetle Control, Crookston, Mn, 1995

Abstract Certified B-size seed was planted on 26 May in a Bearden silt-loam dryland site. Soil moisture was considerably above normal. Plots were 4 40 inch rows 25 ft in length. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design and replicated 4 times. Admire was applied at planting time. Foliar treatments were applied in approximately 20/gal/acre using a hand-held CO2 sprayer and 40 psi. Foliar treatment dates were 29 June, 9 and 20 July, and 4 and 23 August. The initial application was delayed and defoliation was in excess of that normally used to initiate treatment. CPB populations were able to completely defoliate plants by the third week in July. Larval ratings were 0=none and 5≥50 per plant. Potato leafhopper ratings (0=none 5 = severe) were taken but appear to be uniform where potato plants were present. Late blight began to appear in the plots the second week of August. CPB populations were high and have been resistant to Asana XL in recent growing seasons.

Foliar Sprays to Control Cotton Aphids, 1995

Abstract Cotton was planted on 17 May at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a single 25-ft row, bordered on each side by an untreated guard row, with 3 ft row spacing. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a RCB design. In order to flare the aphid population as uniformly as possible throughout the test, the entire site was sprayed with 0.05 lb(AI)/acre Asana XL on 26 Jul and 2 and 8 Aug. The treatments were applied on 15 Aug using a 3 hollow cone nozzle boom backpack sprayer delivering 60 gpa at 40 psi. Evaluation criteria consisted of counts of the total number of aphids on 5 randomly picked leaves/plot pre-treatment and at 7 and 14 DAT.

Evaluation of Selected Insecticides for Control of Red Imported Fire Ant in Grain Sorghum, 1994

Abstract The efficacy of selected insecticides and application methods for management of RIFA in no-till sorghum was evaluated in two tests at the Macon Ridge Branch of the Northeast Research Station in Franklin Parish, LA. Both tests were planted in a Gigger silt loam (pH = 5.0, 1.4% organic matter) in an area that had been covered with a hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) winter cover crop. Plots consisting of 4 rows (40 inch centers) by 35 ft were planted on 28 Apr in a RCB with 4 replications. Lorsban 4EC and Asana XL were applied as in-furrow sprays at planting (IFSAP) with a CO2 charged system calibrated to deliver 5 gpa at 35 psi through 8002E flat fan nozzles (1/row). Lorsban 4EC and Asana XL were also applied as pre-emergence surface sprays (PRE) with a CO2 charged system calibrated to delvier 10 gpa at 35 psi through 8001 flat fan nozzles (1/row) in a 20 inch band immediately post-plant. Other insecticide treatments were applied either as in-furrow granules at planting (IFGAP), T-banded granules at planting (T-BAND) or seed treatments (SEEDT). RIFA numbers were estimated on 11 May by placing an unruled index card (3 × 5 inches) baited with peanut butter in each plot and recording the no. of ants attracted after 3 h. Plant stand densities were recorded on 19 May by sampling the entire 2 center rows in each plot. Plant heights were estimated on 25 May by measuring 20 plants in each plot. Sorghum seed yields were recorded on 15 Aug by harvesting the 2 center rows of each plot.

Colorado Potato Beetle Control on Potatoes with Foliar Insecticide Sprays, 1994

Abstract ‘Kennebec’ potatoes were planted in 20 foot rows on 11 Apr, ‘93. Plots consisted of a single treatment row. The distance between rows was 64 inches and the distance between plants within the row was 10 inches. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 1.5 gallons of water and applied with a custom built compressed air row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 30 psi. Treatments were applied 1, 9, 21 and 29 Jun. On 21 and 29 Jun, Kryocide and Novodor plots were sprayed with Asana XL 0.05 lb Al/acre and PBO 8EC 0.375 lb Al/acre to control adult Colorado Potato Beetle. Abamectin plots were treated with Asana XL 0.05 lb Al/acre and PBO 8EC 0.375 lb Al/acre on 21 Jun to control adult CPB. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle adults, larvae, egg masses/10 plants and the % defoliation were recorded. Defoliation categories were assigned using a pretransformed defoliation rating scale, based on dividing 90° into 13 steps corresponding to arcsin transformation values (Little & Hills 1978). Yields were taken on 8 Jul from 20 feet of row.