Asana XL Research Articles

Yellow Sugarcane Aphid Management on Sugarcane, 1991

Abstract Insecticides were applied aerially to plant cane varieties 'CP 74-383' (3 replications) and 'CP 70-331' (1 replication) at the Goldmine Plantation near Edgard, LA, for evaluation of control of secondary infestations of YSA. Experimental plots were 30 rows wide (1.8 m row spacing) and 152.4 m in length (0.84 ha) arranged in a randomized block design (4 replications). Each treatment was applied in water using a Cessna Ag Truck with a swath width of 18 m (10 rows) delivering 18.7 liters of finished form/ha. The first application was made when 60% of the stalks exhibited visible internodes above ground and infestations of sugarcane borer (SCB) exceeded the Louisiana State University recommended threshold of 5% of the stalks infested with live larvae in the leaf sheaths (17 Jun). Second (10 Jul), third (1 Aug), and fourth (21 Aug) applications were made when the SCB infestation exceeded this threshold in plots treated with Asana XL 0.66 EC. YSA infestations were monitored by counting the number of aphids on 20 randomly selected leaves of the whorl and 20 randomly-selected leaves 3 positions below the whorl in each plot each wk.

Effectiveness of Bacillus Thuringiebisis-Transgenic Potato Plants for CONTROL OF COLORADO POTATO BEETLES, 1991

Abstract Transgenic and nontransformed seed potatoes were planted on 20 May at the Michigan State University, Montcalm Potato Research Station, Entrican, MI. Treatment rows were 10 ft long, 12 in. within the row and 34 in. between rows, and were bordered by a row of commercial 'Russet Burbank' potatoes and a blank row. Treatments included four Btt transformed minitubers, a nontransformed minituber, commercial 'Russet Burbank' seed, and commercial 'Russet Burbank' seed yielding plants that were treated with Asana XL and PBO (0.05 lb Al/acre and 8.0 oz/acre, respectively) weekly from 6 Jun, through 8 Aug. Treatment effectiveness was determined by counting the total number of insects found on the center six plants of each treatment twice weekly from 19 Jun through 9 Aug. Plants were visually assessed for defoliation and given a damage rating on 8 Jul.

Aerial Application Control of the Sugarcane Borer, 1991

Abstract Insecticides were applied to plant cane varieties 'CP 74-383" (3 replications) and 'CP 70-331' (1 replication) at the Goldmine Plantation near Edgard, LA, for evaluation of season long SCB control. Experimental plots were 30 rows wide (1.8 m row spacing) and 152.4 m long (0.84 ha) arranged in a randomized block design (4 replications). Each treatment was applied in water using a Cessna Ag Truck with a swath width of 18 m (10 rows) delivering 18.7 liters of finished form/ha. The first application was made when 60% of the stalks exhibited visible intemodes above ground and SCB infestations exceeded the Louisiana State University recommended threshold of 5% of the stalks infested with live larvae in the leaf sheaths (17 Jun). Second (10 Jul), third (1 Aug), and fourth (21 Aug) applications were made when the SCB infestation exceeded this threshold in plots treated with Asana XL 0.66 EC. SCB damage was assessed by counting the number of bored internodes, exit holes, and total internodes from 60 randomly-selected stalks (4 locations of 15 stalks each) of sugarcane in each plot.

Control of Pyrethroid Resistant Colorado Potato Beetle, Crookston, Minnesota, 1991

Abstract Potatoes were planted 17 May on the Northwest Experiment Station at Crookston, MN using B-size 'Norchip' certified seed. Plots were four rows, 0.9 m wide, 7.6 m in length, replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were arranged side by side but were separated on the ends by 1.5 m of fallow. Soils at this location are finely textured clays with adequate moisture at planting time. Soil systemics were applied over the tops of the rows immediately after planting. Foliars were applied on 13, 19, 28, Jun, 4, 9, 18, and 26 Jul. The total material used was 2 liter/0.0088 ha. Asana XL .66 E was combined with each initial application of a biological material. The biological was then used exclusively for the indicated number of applications. Monitor 4 E was applied, as needed, following the completion of each biological regime. An application of Asana XL .66 E (.013 kg Al/ha) was sprayed on all plots on 30 Jul to protect against potato leafliopper. Percent defoliation was estimated on 28 Jun, 4, 10, 18, and 26 Jul. Larval ratings were made on 10, 18, and 26 Jul and adult (wintering) CPB counts per plant were made on 26 Jul.

Control of Pyrethroid Resistant Colorado Potato Beetle, Grand Forks, North Dakota, 1991

Abstract This experiment was located on the Red River Valley Potato Growers Research farm in Grand Forks, ND. The field was planted on 28 May using cut A-size 'Norchip' certified seed. Plots were four rows, 0.9 m wide, 7.6 m in length, with a 1.5 m fallow aisle at the end of each plot. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Soils at this site were Bearden silt-loam and moisture was adequate at planting. Soil systemics were applied just as the potato plants were emerging (21 Jun). Foliars were applied in 2 1 of total material per 0.0088 ha on 27 Jun, 5, 10, 19, and 25 Jul. Asana XL .66 E was combined i with the first treatment of each biological (i.e., Trident II, MYX-1806). Karate 1 E was combined with Trident II and MYX-1806 each time the biological was used. In this case a reduced dosage of each was applied. Monitor 4 E was applied, as needed, following the appropriate predetermined number of biological treatments. Percent defoliation was estimated on 19 Jul.

Cabbage Looper Control with Esfenvalerate Tank Mixed with Urea Fertilizer, 1991

Abstract Field trials were conducted to determine if addition of urea fertilizer to spray tank mixes of Asana XL would affect insecticide efficacy. Collards were transplanted 26 Jul in a Calloway silt loam on the ASU Research Farm in single rows on raised beds spaced 6.6 ft apart with plant spacing at 12 inches. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Plot size was 1 row, 20 ft long. All plots received season long protection from pests until 10 days prior to test initiation. At that time all plants were fully shucked then sprayed 5 days later with of 0.03 lb AI Asana XL. For the experiment, prilled urea was dissolved in tap water in the spray tank, the insecticide was added, and pH of the final spray mixture determined. Treatments were applied on 26 Aug using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 40 psi and equipped with 2 hollow cone nozzles spaced 20 inches apart and directed at a 45° angle toward the center of the plant. Temperature at application time was 89°F with 40% RH. Treatment evaluations were made 31 Aug by sampling 5 randomly selected plants per plot. No. of larvae, damaged leaves, and marketable leaves per plant were determined. In addition, insect damage was rated on a 1 to 5 scale with 1 = no damage, 2 = slight damage (<2 leaves unmarketable), 3 = moderate damage (<3 leaves unmarketable), 4 = heavy damage (>3 leaves unmarketable with <10% loss of leaf area), and 5 = severe damage (>3 leaves unmarketable with >10% loss of leaf area). Phytotoxicity was rated on a 0 to 3 scale with 0 = no damage, 1 = moderate damage (1 leaf damaged), 2 = heavy damage (>1 leaf damaged with <25% of damaged leaves affected), and 3 = severe damage (>1 leaf damaged with >25% of damaged leaves affected). Data including log transformations of insect count data were subject to ANOVA.

Effect of Various Chemigation Methodologies on Suppression of the Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Corn

Studies were conducted in Tifton, Georgia during 1989 to compare the effectiveness of center-pivot irrigation sprinkler packages and various formulations of insecticides for the control of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), infesting corn. Chemigation with Whirl-jet (E53) sprinklers provided better control of the pest than impact sprinklers or a Pass system. Chemigation with whirl-jet sprinklers controlled fall armyworm as well as a conventional hi-clearance sprayer. Asana XL 0.66 EC + oil chemigated with an irrigation simulator provided the most consistent control of fall armyworm larvae in whorl stage corn when compared with Asana XL + water, Lorsban 4E + oil, Lorsban 4E + water, Lorsban 6 (tech.) + oil, Larvin 3.2 + oil, and Larvin 3.2 + water. All tested materials resulted in significant reductions in fall armyworm damage to the whorls of corn.

Evaluation of a Biological and a Botanical Insecticide for Colorado Potato Beetle Control, Rosemount, 1990

Abstract Natural product insecticides used in this experiment were B. thuringiensis var. tenebrionis (BK-102) and azadirachtin (RH 0000 and RH 9999) from the neem tree, Azadirachta indica. Es-fenvalerate (Asana XL) was used as a conventional insecticide. Certified B-size seed potatoes were planted 23 May at the Plant Pathology Farm, Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Minnesota. Plots were 1 row wide, 7.6 m (25 ft) long, with 102 cm (40 in) spacing between rows and 30 cm (12 in) between plants. A completely randomized plot design with 4 replications was used. Potatoes were scouted daily for CPB egg masses beginning 18 Jul. When egg masses were found these were flagged and checked daily for hatch. Timing of first spray application was based on egg hatch. Two basic spray schedules were used: first application at 30% hatch of flagged egg masses and subsequent applications on a 7 d schedule, or first application at 30% hatch of all eggs (unflagged) laid on or before that sampling date and subsequent applications on a 7 d schedule. Plots were sprayed 1-4 times for second generation of CPB larvae. Spray dates were: 20 Jul (30% hatch of flagged eggs—2nd generation), 25 Jul (30% total hatch—2nd generation), 27 Jul, 1, 3, 8, 10 and 15 Aug. Insecticidal sprays were applied in 935 liters water/ha with a CO2-powered handsprayer. CPB larvae were counted on 20 whole plants per plot on 1, 8, 15, and 22 Aug. Two way analysis of variance was used to test for differences in CPB densities.

Comparative Efficacy of Two Toxicants as Foliar Spray for the Bigheaded Grasshopper, 1990

Abstract Two toxicants for mulated as foliar sprayable were compared in field cages for efficacy against the bigheaded grasshopper, Aulocara elliotti in Belle Fourche, S. Dak. Western wheatgrass, Agropyron smithii Rydb., blue gramma, Bouteloua gracilis (H. B. K.) and buffalograss, Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm dominated the dense vegetation at the test site. Field cages (1.0 m2) were placed on the test site and freed of grasshoppers and other predators. Asana (esfenvalerate) XL and Lorsban were applied using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer on 13 Aug at rates equivalent to field application. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 20 gal water/acre at 20 psi from a hand held boom equipped with six, 8002 Teejet nozzles on 12-inch spacings. Each cage was then stocked with 20 females (ca. 2-wk old adults) of Aulocara elliotti which had been starved for 24 h after being collected in the vicinity of the study site. Eight cages were used for each treatment and the untreated control. Grasshopper mortalities were recorded 4 DAT.

Tabm Greenhouse Ground Cover Test, 1990

Abstract Larvae feeding on dandelion plants (Taraxacum officinale Weber) were treated using a herbicide sprayer and held in a greenhouse to test insecticides for use in the ground cover under apple trees in the spring. Six dandelions were grown from seed in each of 24 nurSery flats (31 × 56 cm) (Kaden Co., Dayton, Ohio). Twenty field strain, third through early fifth instar TABM larvae were placed on the plants in each flat on 11 Oct. Tape with Insect Trap Coating (The Tanglefoot Co., Grand Rapids, Mich.) on the rims of the flats prevented larval escape. After larvae had opportunity to construct shelters, treatments were made using a Bean herbicide sprayer calibrated to deliver 935 liters*ha-1 on 12 Oct (Asana XL applied at 987 liters*ha-1). The mean daily max/min temperatures in the greenhouse were 24.5 and 13.2°C, respectively. Photoperiod was maintained at 16L:8D to prevent diapause. On 9 Nov larvae, pupae and pupal exuvia were removed from flats and live larvae and pupae transferred to the laboratory (28°C, 16L:8D) where they where held on diet until adult eclosion was complete in the control. Percent mortality was based on the initial no./ flat less those removed from the trap coating. The data was analyzed as a completely randomized design.

Apple, Evaluation of Foliar-Applied Insect Growth Regulators for Leafroller Control, 1990

Abstract Experimental sprays were applied to 4-tree plots arranged in a randomized complete block design. Each plot contained the following cultivars: Delicious, Golden Delicious, Stayman, and Rome Beauty. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. Each plot was surrounded by an adjacent 4-tree plot that was treated twice during each brood with a combination of Lannate 1.8 L plus Asana XL to prevent TABM larvae from dispersing onto treated trees. The trees were planted to a spacing of 12 × 35 ft. Treatments were applied with a truck-mounted John Bean sprayer, 35 gpm pump, equipped with a handgun to thoroughly wet the trees. Approximately 4.6 gal of spray was applied per replicate tree (ca. 475 GPA). Dates of application were Insegar treatment (1 Jun, 9 and 23 Jul); RH-5992 and Penncap M plus Lannate treatments (12 and 25 Jun, and 8 and 24 Aug). During the experiment, general maintenance sprays of Rubigan, captan, and Thiram and calcium chloride, as well as one alternate-row application (18 Jun) and one complete application (29 Jun) of Swat 8 E (0.375 and 0.56 lb (AI)/acre, respectively for aphid control) were applied to all plots. One complete application of Kelthane 35 WP (2.1 lbs (AI)/acre) was made on 21 May to 3 replicates of the Insegar treatment, 4 replicates of the RH-5992 treatment and one replicate of the Penncap M plus Lannate treatment to balance the mite populations across plots. The effect of treatments on mites was evaluated by counts taken several times during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree (cv Delicious only), 100 leaves/treatment. The effect of treatments on the mite predator S. punctum was evaluated by 3-min counts of adults, larvae, and pupae around the periphery of test trees (cv Delicious and Stayman). TABM leaf shelters and STLM mines were counted by making a 5-min examination of the cvs Golden Delicious and Stayman. Effectiveness of treatments on leafrollers was assessed by scoring for injury all drops after 1 Jul and 1 picked sample of approximately 200 apples/tree on the cvs Rome Beauty, Stayman, and Golden Delicious in late Sep and early Oct. Pest pressure was heavy.

Heliothis Control with Insecticides, 1988

Abstract This test was designed to compare Asana XL and Baythroid, each with and without Folex as a possible synergist, and Cypermethrin with Curacron as a possible synergist. Plots were 4 rows wide and 40 ft long with 3 replications arranged in a randomized complete block. Treatments were applied with a hand-held CO2 sprayer with wide angle fan tip to deliver 15 gal/acre. There was a moth flight during the period of 5 to 11 Jul which consisted of 90% tobacco budworm. An average of 60 eggs/100 terminals were deposited. Applications were made on 11 Jul (washed off), 12 Jul, and 19 Jul. Treatments and rates, lb (AI)/acre, were as follows: Asana XL, 0.025 and 0.03; Asana XL, 0.025, + Folex, 0.025; Baythroid, 0.025 and 0.03; Baythroid, 0.025, + Folex, 0.025; Ultra Curacron, 0.36, + Cypermethrin, 0.03; and an untreated check. The percent square damage and boll damage was determined by examining 50 square and bolls at random in each plot on 19, 26 Jul, and 3 Aug. Yield was obtained on 26 Aug by stripping 2 center rows of each plot.

Control of Southern Corn Rootworm Injury in Insect Resistant and Susceptible Peanut, 1989

Abstract Insect resistant and susceptible peanut varieties, and full and reduced insecticide rates were evaluated for control of SCR pod injury. Peanuts were planted on 16 May with 36- inch row spacing. Bravo 720, Rovral 4 F and Kocide 404 S were applied during Jun, Jul and Aug for management of fungal diseases. Asana XL was applied at 0.01 lb (AI)/acre on 28 Aug for control of corn earworm. Test treatments were applied at planting (IF) or at pegging (Peg) time. IF treatments were applied in the seed furrow with a Noble applicator. Peg treatments were applied on 20 Jul in 14-inch bands over rows with a Noble applicator, then lightly incorporated with cultivator sweeps in row middles. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 40 ft. Pod injury was determined on 5 Sep from 100 randomly selected pods/plot, taken from 5 plants/plot (20 pods/plant). Yield was based on digging (5 Oct), drying, combining and weighing peanuts from 2 center rows (80 row-ft)/plot.

Cherry Pepper, Corn Earworm and European Corn Borer Control, 1988

Abstract Sweet Red Cherry’ pepper was transplanted 18 May, near Benson, NC. Single row plots, 10 ft long on 60 inch centers were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Alleys of 5 ft separated replicates. Treatments were applied using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow cone nozzle (18 X) operating at 60 psi to apply 54 gal/ acre. Treatments were applied 23 Jun, 1, 7, 14, 21, 28 Jul, 4, 11, 18, 25 Aug, 2 and 13 Sep. When Orthene 75 SP and Asana XL were sprayed alternate weeks, Orthene was applied 23 Jun, 7, 21, 28 Jul, 11, 25 Aug and 13 Sep. Asana was applied on the remaining dates. Fruit was harvested 4, 11, 18, 25 Aug, 1, 12, and 21 Sep, and scored for earworm and corn borer damage. Counts were combined, and the percent damaged fruit determined.

Toracco Thrips and Potato Leafhopper Control in Peanut in Virginia, 1989

Abstract Efficacy of selected insecticides was evaluated against TT injury and PL in peanut. Peanuts were planted 15 May with 36-inch row spacing. Dyfonate II 20 G at 2.0 lb (AI)/acre was applied in 14-inch bands over rows for southern corn rootworm control on 13 Jul; Asana XL at 0.01 lb (AI)/acre was applied on 28 Aug for corn earworm control. Treatments for TT and PL were applied on 13 Jun and 4 Aug, respectively, using a CO2 compressed-air backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 13 gal formulation/acre at 25 psi using 3, D2-13 disc-core cone spray nozzles/row. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 40 ft. TT treatments were evaluated before and 6, 14 and 20 DAT by determining plant injury based on a 0—10 scale, where 0 = no injury and 10 = dead due to TT injury. PL treatments were evaluated by comparing number of adults and nymphs/10 sweeps with a 15-inch diam sweep net before and 1, 5 and 10 DAT.

Bell Pepper, Corn Earworm and European Corn Borer Control, 1988

Abstract Marengo’ pepper was transplanted 18 May, near Benson, NC. Single row plots, 10 ft long on 60 inch centers were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Alleys of 5 ft separated replicates. Treatments were applied using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow cone nozzle (18 x) operating at 60 psi to apply 54 gal/acre. Treatments were applied 23 Jun, 1, 7, 14, 21, 28 Jul, 4, 11, 18, 25 Aug, 2 and 13 Sep. When Orhtene 75 SP and Asana XL were sprayed alternate weeks, Orthene was applied the first time. Fruit was harvested 28 Jul, 4, 11, 18, 25 Aug, 1, 12, 21, and 23 Sep, and scored for earworm and corn borer damage. Counts were combined, and the percent damaged fruit determined.

Evaluation of Insect Growth Regulators for Leafroller Control, 1989

Abstract Experimental sprays were applied to single-tree plots (mixed cultivars) arranged in a randomized complete block design. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. Each plot was surrounded by an adjacent single-tree plot that was treated twice during each brood with a combination of Lannate 1.8 L plus Asana XL to prevent TABM larvae from dispersing onto the treated trees. The trees were planted to a spacing of 18 × 24 ft. Treatments were applied with a truck-mounted John Bean sprayer, 35 gal/min pump, equipped with a handgun to thoroughly wet the trees. Approximately 5.4 gal of spray was applied/replicate tree (ca. 540 gal/acre). Dates of application were 8 and 19 Jun, 1, 14 and 22 Aug. During the experiment, general maintenance sprays of fungicides Rubigan and Dithane M-45 and calcium chloride as well as 1 complete spray (17 Jul) of Vydate 2 L plus Omite 30 W (for mite control) were applied to all plots. Effectiveness of chemicals on the tufted apple bud moth was assessed counting the number of shelters observed in a 5 min observation/tree and by scoring for injury all drops after 1 Jul and one picked sample of 150 apples/tree on 13 Sep. Apple samples averaged 192 apples/tree, 768 apples/treatment. Pest pressure was heavy.

Evaluation of Foliar-Applied Fenoxycarb for Tabm Control, 1989

Abstract Experimental sprays were applied to 4-tree plots arranged in a randomized complete block design. Each plot contained the following cultivars: Delicious, Golden Delicious, Stayman, and Rome Beauty. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. Each plot was surrounded by an adjacent 4-tree plot that was treated twice during each brood with a combination of Lannate 1.8 L plus Asana XL to prevent TABM larvae from dispersing onto the treated trees. The trees were planted to a spacing of 12 × 35 ft. Treatments were applied with a truck-mounted John Bean sprayer, 35 gal/min pump, equipped with a handgun to thoroughly wet the trees. Approximately 4.2 gal of spray was applied/replicate tree (ca. 430 gal/acre). Dates of application for the fenoxycarb treatments were: 19 May, 8 Jun, 27 Jul, 16 Aug; for the Guthion treatment: 5 and 19 Jun, 3 Jul, 1, 14, and 28 Aug. During the experiment, general maintenance sprays of the fungicides Rubigan and Dithane M-45 and calcium chloride as well as 4 alternate-row applications (9, 14, and 23 Jun, 5 Jul) of Swat 8 E (for aphid control) were applied to all plots. Three alternate-row middle applications of Carzol 92 SP, Vendex 4 L and Omite 6 E were made on 26 May, 11 Jul, and 4 Aug, respectively. The effect of the treatments on mites was evaluated by counting the mites several times during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree (cv Delicious only), 100 leaves/treatment. The effect of sprays on the mite predator S. punctum was evaluated by 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the test trees. Effectiveness of chemicals on the tufted apple bud moth was assessed by scoring for injury all drops after 1 Jul and one picked sample of approximately 300 apples/tree on all cultivars in late Sep and early Oct. Apple samples averaged 331 apples/tree, 1324 apples/treatment. Pest pressure was heavy.

Control of Boll Weevil, 1988

Abstract A caged-plant study was conducted in a commercial cotton field near St. Paul, Tex., to compare the effects of water and nonemulsified cottonseed oil on the efficacy of Asana XL, Karate, and Baythroid for boll weevil control. A cottonseed oil control (without insecticide) and an untreated control were included in the study to measure boll weevil mortality due to exposure to oil or natural causes. Boll weevils used in the study were collected from blooms in an untreated cotton field approximately 20 miles from the test site. Water treatments were applied to cotton with a CO2-pressurized (40 psi) backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 4.4 gal total spray/acre through 2 size 3X hollow-cone nozzles/row. Oil treatments were applied to cotton with a modified CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer equipped with a controlled droplet atomizer operating at 2,000 revolutions/min. The atomizer produced a droplet size of 130 p.m in volume mean diam based on data from the supplier. The atomizer was powered by a 12 V battery. The flow rate was regulated with a size 4916-16 regulator orifice plate and a pressure of 25 psi. Based on ground speed, this produced a finished spray volume of 1.3 gal/acre. Water treatments were applied to 3-row by 50-ft plots. Oil treatments were applied to one-row by 50 ft plots. Twenty-five untreated buffer rows of cotton were planted between each plot to prevent cross contamination of treatments from spray drift. Adult boll weevils were caged 5-min after application. Cages were constructed of organdy cloth fastened at the top and bottom with Velcro strips. The caged plants were brought into the laboratory and inspected for the presence of live or dead and moribund boll weevils 48 h after infestation. A boll weevil was considered dead if it failed to move when its snout was squeezed with forceps. A boll weevil was considered moribund if it moved its legs only slightly when its snout was squeezed with forceps and if it was unable to walk on a flat surface without falling on its side. Numbers of dead and moribund boll weevils were combined as a measure of percentage of mortality. Each treatment was replicated 6 times in a completely randomized design. A replicate consisted of one plant infested with 10-12 boll weevils.